Effects of glutamine and glutamate on nursery piglets fed diets with different digestible lysine content
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6SUPL2p3919Keywords:
Glutamine, Glutamate, Lysine, Nutrition, PigletsAbstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine and glutamate (Gln/Glu) on the growth performance and immune response of nursery pigs fed different digestible lysine content. Two hundred and sixteen piglets, weaned at 21 days old, were assigned to a randomized block design according to their initial body weight (BW), in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of lysine (control-lys and low lys) and two levels of Gln/Glu (0 and 12 g kg-1), with nine replicates. At 26d, piglets consuming the low lys diet not supplemented with Gln/Glu presented a higher (P < 0.01) incidence of diarrhea than the other treatments. From 21 to 32 d of age, the piglets fed the control lys diets performed better than those fed low lys diets (P < 0.01). From 21 to 42 d of age, there was a correlation (P < 0.01) between lysine level and Gln/Glu supplementation for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (FC). Gln/Glu supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the ADFI of pigs fed the low-lys diets, resulting in a higher (P < 0.01) average daily weight gain (ADG) and BW; however, worse (P < 0.05) FC. Piglets consuming control lys diets had higher (P < 0.0) serum urea nitrogen concentration (SUN) and IgG than low lys piglets. In addition, Gln/Glu supplementation correlated with higher (P < 0.01) SUN. Dietary supplementation of glutamine and glutamate improved the growth performance of weaned piglets from 21 to 42 days of age, regardless of the diets lysine levels. In addition, reducing lysine levels 10% below the requirement negatively affects the growth performance and the immune response of nursery piglets.Downloads
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References
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Boisen, S. (1997). Ideal protein—and its suitability to characterize protein quality in pig feeds. A review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A. Animal Science, 47(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709709362367
Burrin, D. G., & Stoll, B. (2009). Metabolic fate and function of dietary glutamate in the gut. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 90(3), 850S-856S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462Y
Cabrera, R. A., Usry, J. L., Arrellano, C., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Moeser, A. J., & Odle, J. (2013). Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (Aminogut) on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 29. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-29
Duan, J., Yin, J., Ren, W., Liu, T., Cui, Z., Huang, X & Wu, G. (2016). Dietary supplementation with L-glutamate and L-aspartate alleviates oxidative stress in weaned piglets challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Amino Acids, 48(1), 53-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2065-3
Fang, L. H., Jin, Y. H., Do, S. H., Hong, J. S., Kim, B. O., Han, T. H., & Kim, Y. Y. (2019). Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 32(4), 556-563. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0294
Gresse, R., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Fleury, M. A., Van de Wiele, T., Forano, E., & Blanquet-Diot, S. (2017). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Postweaning Piglets: Understanding the Keys to Health. Trends in Microbiology, 25(10), 851–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.004
Halas, V., & Nochta, I. (2012). Mannan Oligosaccharides in Nursery Pig Nutrition and Their Potential Mode of Action. Animals, 2(2), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2020261
He, J., Feng, G. D., Ao, X., Li, Y. F., Qian, H. X., Liu, J. B., & He, Z. Z. (2016). Effects of L-glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and expression of genes related to intestinal health in weanling pigs. Livestock Science, 189, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.009
Hou, Y., & Wu, G. L (2018). Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine. Amino Acids, 50, 1497–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2634-3
James, L. A., Lunn, P. G., & Elia, M. (1998). Glutamine metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat assessed by the relative activities of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase. British Journal of Nutrition, 79, 365–372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980061
Ji, F. J., Wang, L. X., Yang, H. S., Hu, A., & Yin, Y. L. (2019). Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs. Animal, 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001800
Johnson, J. S., & Lay, D. C. (2017). Evaluating the behavior, growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets after simulated transport and heat stress when antibiotics are eliminated from the diet or replaced with L-glutamine. Journal of Animal Science, 95(1), 91–102. doi:10.2527/jas2016.1070
Klasing, K. C. (2007). Nutrition and the immune system. British Poultry Science, 48, 525-537. 10.1080/00071660701671336.
Leite da Silva, A., dos Santos, S. G. C. G., Saraiva, E. P., Fonsêca, V. de F. C., Givisiez, P. E. N., Pascoal, L. A. F., & de Amorim, M. L. C. M. (2019). Supplementation of diets with glutamine and glutamic acid attenuated the effects of cold stress on intestinal mucosa and performance of weaned piglets. Animal Production Science, 59(10). doi:10.1071/an17630
Liu, Y., Espinosa, C. D., Abelilla, J. J., Casas, G. A., Lagos, L. V., Lee, S. A. & Stein, H. H. (2018). Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007
Newsholme, P. (2001). Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?. The Journal of nutrition, 131, 25158-25228. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2515s
NRC. (2012). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Oresanya, T. F., Beaulieu, A. D., Beltranena, E., and Patience, J. F. (2006). The effect of dietary energy concentration and total lysine/digestible energy ratio on the growth performance of weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87(1), 45–55. doi:10.4141/a05-064
Reeds, P. J. & Burrin, D. G (2001). Glutamine and the Bowel. Journal of Nutrition, 131: 2505S-2508S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.9.2505S
Rhoads, J. M & Wu, G. (2009). Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino acids, 37, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0225-4
Rostagno, H. S. et al. (2017) Tabelas Brasileiras Para Aves e Suínos: Composição de Alimentos e Exigências Nutricionais (488 p.). Departamento de Zootecnia-UFV, Viçosa, MG, BR.
Ruth, M. R., & Field, C. J. (2013). The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 27. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-27
Taylor, A. E., Toplis, P., Wellock, I. J., & Miller, H. M. (2012). The effects of genotype and dietary lysine concentration on the production of weaner pigs. Livestock Science, 149(1-2), 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.023
Teixeira, A. de O., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Rostagno, H. S., & Lopes, D. C. (2014). Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 15(4), 881–896. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000400013
Van der Hulst, R. R. W. J., Van Kreel, B. K., Von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Brummer, R. K., Arends, J. W., Deutz, N. E., Soeters, P. B. (1993). Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 431, 1363-1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90939-E
Wu, G., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., ... & Yin, Y. (2013). Dietary requirements of “nutritionally non-essential amino acids” by animals and humans. Amino acids, 44(4), 1107-1113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1444-2
Yoo, S. S., Field, C. J., & McBurney, M. I. (1997). Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs. The Journal of nutrition, 127(11), 2253-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2253.
Zhang, G. J., Xie, C. Y., Thacker, P. A., Htoo, J. K., & Qiao, S. Y. (2013). Estimation of the ideal ratio of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for growing pigs (22–50 kg) fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Animal feed science and technology, 180(1-4), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.006
Zhou, H., Chen, D. W., Mao, X. B., He, J., You, J., Zheng, P., Luo, J. Q., Gao, J., Htoo, J., & Yu, B. (2018). Effects of dietary lysine levels on jejunal expression of amino acids transporters and hindgut microflora in weaned pigs. Journal Animal. Feed Science, 27(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/93736/2018
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2021-10-08
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Gomes, M. da S., Valente Júnior, D. T., Silva, F. C. de O., Cunha Júnior, R. L., Ribeiro Junior, V., Saraiva, A., & Rocha, G. C. (2021). Effects of glutamine and glutamate on nursery piglets fed diets with different digestible lysine content. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6SUPL2), 3919–3930. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6SUPL2p3919
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