Influence of energy supplementation on associative effects in Nellore bulls on a tropical pasture during the rainy season
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2585Keywords:
Beef cattle, Grazing, Productive performance.Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of energy supplementation on associative effects between forage and concentrate supplements and on the performance of beef cattle on a tropical pasture during the rainy season. Twenty-eight Nellore bulls averaging 19 months of age and 325.2 ± 4.1 kg were allotted to a completely randomized design and distributed into four paddocks of two hectares each with a tropical pasture for 84 d. The treatments consisted of bulls on Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés pasture without concentrate supplementation or bulls on Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés pasture receiving concentrate supplementation at 15 (S15), 30 (S30) or 45% (S45) of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) requirement. All bulls had ad libitum access to mineral supplementation. The amount and chemical composition of the supplement were adjusted every 28 d. Forage and supplement intakes were evaluated in all animals using fecal markers. Crude protein: digestible organic matter ratio decreased with supplementation; consequently, the imbalance between dietary protein and energy increased. Forage intake decreased with increasing supplementation. The substitution rates of pasture for supplementary feed were 0.14, 0.33, and 0.46 for bulls from S15, S30, and S45 treatments, respectively. However, the apparent DM digestibility increased linearly with supplementation level. Supplementation improved the assimilation of ammonia-N in the rumen. Energy supplementation for Nellore bulls on tropical pastures during the rainy season provides excess energy relative to protein, resulting in a substitution effect of supplement intake on forage intake. Moreover, energy supplementation does not improve body weight gain. Protein sources should be added to supplements for balancing protein and energy levels, thereby reducing a likely substitution effect.Downloads
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References
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Costa, V. A. C., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Carvalho, I. P., & Monteiro, L. P. (2011). Consumo e digestibilidade em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas sob suplementação com fontes de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(8), 1788-1798. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000800024
Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., F., & Huhtanen, P. (2014a). Nutritional aspects applied to grazing cattle in the tropics: a review based on Brazilian results. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4), 2829-2854. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4Suplp2829
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A., Valadares, S. C., F., Queiroz, A. C., Berchielle, T. T., Saliba, E. O. S., & Azevedo, J. A. G. (2012). Métodos para análise de alimentos. Visconde do Rio Branco, MG: Suprema.
Detmann, E., Valente, É. E. L., Batista, E. D., & Huhtanen, P. (2014b). An evaluation of the performance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle fed tropical grass pastures with supplementation. Livestock Science, 162(), 141-153. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.029
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Franco, M. O., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Batista, E. D., Rufino, L. M. A., Barbosa, M. M., & Lopes, A. R. (2017). Intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogen and different levels of starch. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(6), 797-803. doi: 10.5713/ajas.160629
Hackmann, T. J., & Firkins, J. L. (2015). Maximizing efficiency of rumen microbial protein production. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(465), 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00465
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Lazzarini, Í., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Valadares, R. F. D., Oliveira, F. A., & Reis, W. L. S. (2013). Nutritional performance of cattle grazing on low-quality tropical forage supplemented with nitrogenous compounds and/or starch1. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(9), 664-674. doi: 10. 1590/S1516-35982013000900009
Lazzarini, Í., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Paulino, M. F., Batista, E. D., Rufino, L. M. A., & Franco, M. O. (2016). Nutritional performance of cattle grazing during rainy season with nitrogen and starch supplementation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29(8), 1120-1128. doi: 10.5713/ajas. 15.0514
Lu, Z., Shen, H., & Shen, Z. (2019). Effects of Dietary-SCFA on microbial protein synthesis and urinal Urea-N excretion are related to microbiota diversity in rumen. Frontiers in Physiology, 10(1079), 1-13. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01079
Myers, W. D., Ludden, P. A., Nayigihugu, V., & Hess, B. W. (2004). Technical note: a procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide. Journal of Animal Science, 82(1), 179-183. doi: 10.2527/2004.821179x
National Research Council (2000). Requirements of beef cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D.C: Nutrients Requeriments of Beef Cattle. Natl. Acad. Press.
National Research Council (2001). Requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D.C: Nutrients Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Natl. Acad. Press.
Pesqueira-Silva, L. C. R., Zervoudakis, J. T., Araújo, C. V., Cabral, L. S., Hatamoto-Zervoudakis, L. K., Oliveira, A. A., & Silva-Marques, R. P. (2015). Nutritional parameters of Nellore heifers grazing in grass marandu receiving energy, protein and multiple supplement the dry-rainy transition period. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(5), 3293-3302. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n5p3293
Reis, R. A., Ruggieri, A. C., Oliveira, A. A., Azenha, M. V., & Casagrande, D. R. (2012). Suplementação como estratégia de produção de carne de qualidade em pastagens tropicais. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 13(3), 642-655. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402012000300005
Silva, L. F. C., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Chizzotti, M. L., Rotta, P. P., Prados, L. F., Valadares, R. F. D., & Braga, J. M. S. (2012). Creatinine excretion and relationship with body weight of Nellore cattle. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(3), 807-810. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000300046
Tebot, I., Cajarville, C., Repetto, J. L., & Cirio, A. (2012). Supplementation with non-fibrous carbohydrates reduced fiber digestibility and did not improve microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed fresh forage of two nutritive values. Animal, 6(4), 617-623. doi: 10.1017/S1751731111002011
Valadares, S. C., F., Marcondes, M. I., Chizzotti, M. R., & Paulino, P. V. R. (2010). Exigências nutricionais de zebuinos puros e cruzados BR-CORTE (2a ed.). Viçosa, MG: UFV. doi: 10.5935/978-85-8179-111-1.2016B001
Valente, E. E. L., Paulino, M. F., Barros, L. V., Almeida, D. M., Martins, L. S., & Cabral, C. H. A. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of young bulls on tropical pasture receiving supplements with different protein: carbohydrate ratios. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(10), 1452-1460. doi: 10.5713/ ajas.2014.14085
Valente, E. E. L., Paulino, M. F., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Lopes, S. A. (2013). Performance of young bulls supplemented with different relation of protein and carbohydrate from suckling phase until slaughter in tropical pasture. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 18(2), 2711-2722.
Valente, T. N. P., Detmann, E., Queiroz, A. C., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Gomes, D. I., & Figueiras, J. F. (2011). Evaluation of ruminal degradation profiles of forages using bags made from different textiles. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(11), 2565-2573. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011001100039
Wanapat, M., Gunun, N., Gunun, P., & Kang, S. (2013). Changes of rumen pH, fermentation and microbial population as influenced by different ratios of roughage (rice straw) to concentrate in dairy steers. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 152(4), 1-11. doi: 10.1017/S0021859613000658
Williams, C. H., David, D. J., & Iismaa, O. (1962). The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 59(3), 381-385. doi: 10.10 17/S002185960001546X
Chaney, A. L., & Marbach, E. P. (1962). Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical Chemistry, 8(2), 130-132. doi: 10.1021/AC60252A045
Costa, N. L., Monteiro, A. L. G., Silva, A. L. P., Moraes, A., Giostri, A. F., Stivari, T. S. S., & Pin, E. A. (2015). Considerações sobre a degradação da fibra em forragens tropicais associada com suplementos energéticos ou nitrogenados. Archivos de Zootecnia, 64(R), 31-34.
Costa, V. A. C., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Carvalho, I. P., & Monteiro, L. P. (2011). Consumo e digestibilidade em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas sob suplementação com fontes de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(8), 1788-1798. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000800024
Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., F., & Huhtanen, P. (2014a). Nutritional aspects applied to grazing cattle in the tropics: a review based on Brazilian results. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4), 2829-2854. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4Suplp2829
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A., Valadares, S. C., F., Queiroz, A. C., Berchielle, T. T., Saliba, E. O. S., & Azevedo, J. A. G. (2012). Métodos para análise de alimentos. Visconde do Rio Branco, MG: Suprema.
Detmann, E., Valente, É. E. L., Batista, E. D., & Huhtanen, P. (2014b). An evaluation of the performance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle fed tropical grass pastures with supplementation. Livestock Science, 162(), 141-153. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.029
Felix, E. P., & Cardoso, A. A. (2004). Amônia (NH3) atmosférica: Fontes, transformação, sorvedouros e métodos de análise. Quimica Nova, 27(1), 123-130. doi: 10.1590/S0100-40422004000100022
Figueiras, J. F., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Paulino, M. F., Batista, E. D., Rufino, L. M. A., & Franco, M. O. (2015). Desempenho nutricional de bovinos em pastejo durante o período de transição seca-águas recebendo suplementação proteica. Archivos de Zootecnia, 64(247), 269-276. doi: 10.1590/ S0100-204X2009001100023
Franco, M. O., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Batista, E. D., Rufino, L. M. A., Barbosa, M. M., & Lopes, A. R. (2017). Intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogen and different levels of starch. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(6), 797-803. doi: 10.5713/ajas.160629
Hackmann, T. J., & Firkins, J. L. (2015). Maximizing efficiency of rumen microbial protein production. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(465), 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00465
Kaps, M., & Lamberson, W. (2004). Repeated measures. In, M. Kaps & W. Lamberson (Eds.), Biostatistics for animal science (pp. 365-383). Wallingford, CT: CABI Publishing.
Koscheck, J. F. W., Zevoudakis, J. T., Carvalho, D. M. G., Cabral, L. S., Amorim, K. P., Silva, R. G. F., & Silva, R. P. (2011). Suplementação de bovinos de corte em sistema de pastejo. Uniciências, 15(1), 377-412. doi: 10.17921/1415-5141.2011v15n1p%25p
Lazzarini, Í., Detmann, E., Paulino, M. F., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Valadares, R. F. D., Oliveira, F. A., & Reis, W. L. S. (2013). Nutritional performance of cattle grazing on low-quality tropical forage supplemented with nitrogenous compounds and/or starch1. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(9), 664-674. doi: 10. 1590/S1516-35982013000900009
Lazzarini, Í., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Paulino, M. F., Batista, E. D., Rufino, L. M. A., & Franco, M. O. (2016). Nutritional performance of cattle grazing during rainy season with nitrogen and starch supplementation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29(8), 1120-1128. doi: 10.5713/ajas. 15.0514
Lu, Z., Shen, H., & Shen, Z. (2019). Effects of Dietary-SCFA on microbial protein synthesis and urinal Urea-N excretion are related to microbiota diversity in rumen. Frontiers in Physiology, 10(1079), 1-13. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01079
Myers, W. D., Ludden, P. A., Nayigihugu, V., & Hess, B. W. (2004). Technical note: a procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide. Journal of Animal Science, 82(1), 179-183. doi: 10.2527/2004.821179x
National Research Council (2000). Requirements of beef cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D.C: Nutrients Requeriments of Beef Cattle. Natl. Acad. Press.
National Research Council (2001). Requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D.C: Nutrients Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Natl. Acad. Press.
Pesqueira-Silva, L. C. R., Zervoudakis, J. T., Araújo, C. V., Cabral, L. S., Hatamoto-Zervoudakis, L. K., Oliveira, A. A., & Silva-Marques, R. P. (2015). Nutritional parameters of Nellore heifers grazing in grass marandu receiving energy, protein and multiple supplement the dry-rainy transition period. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(5), 3293-3302. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n5p3293
Reis, R. A., Ruggieri, A. C., Oliveira, A. A., Azenha, M. V., & Casagrande, D. R. (2012). Suplementação como estratégia de produção de carne de qualidade em pastagens tropicais. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 13(3), 642-655. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402012000300005
Silva, L. F. C., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Chizzotti, M. L., Rotta, P. P., Prados, L. F., Valadares, R. F. D., & Braga, J. M. S. (2012). Creatinine excretion and relationship with body weight of Nellore cattle. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(3), 807-810. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000300046
Tebot, I., Cajarville, C., Repetto, J. L., & Cirio, A. (2012). Supplementation with non-fibrous carbohydrates reduced fiber digestibility and did not improve microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed fresh forage of two nutritive values. Animal, 6(4), 617-623. doi: 10.1017/S1751731111002011
Valadares, S. C., F., Marcondes, M. I., Chizzotti, M. R., & Paulino, P. V. R. (2010). Exigências nutricionais de zebuinos puros e cruzados BR-CORTE (2a ed.). Viçosa, MG: UFV. doi: 10.5935/978-85-8179-111-1.2016B001
Valente, E. E. L., Paulino, M. F., Barros, L. V., Almeida, D. M., Martins, L. S., & Cabral, C. H. A. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of young bulls on tropical pasture receiving supplements with different protein: carbohydrate ratios. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(10), 1452-1460. doi: 10.5713/ ajas.2014.14085
Valente, E. E. L., Paulino, M. F., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Lopes, S. A. (2013). Performance of young bulls supplemented with different relation of protein and carbohydrate from suckling phase until slaughter in tropical pasture. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 18(2), 2711-2722.
Valente, T. N. P., Detmann, E., Queiroz, A. C., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Gomes, D. I., & Figueiras, J. F. (2011). Evaluation of ruminal degradation profiles of forages using bags made from different textiles. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(11), 2565-2573. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011001100039
Wanapat, M., Gunun, N., Gunun, P., & Kang, S. (2013). Changes of rumen pH, fermentation and microbial population as influenced by different ratios of roughage (rice straw) to concentrate in dairy steers. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 152(4), 1-11. doi: 10.1017/S0021859613000658
Williams, C. H., David, D. J., & Iismaa, O. (1962). The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 59(3), 381-385. doi: 10.10 17/S002185960001546X
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2021-05-20
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Stahlhofer, M., Valente, Ériton E. L., Barros, L. V. de, Damasceno, M. L., Barbizan, M., Melo, B. V. R., … Silva, S. S. da. (2021). Influence of energy supplementation on associative effects in Nellore bulls on a tropical pasture during the rainy season. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(4), 2585–2598. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2585
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