Control dynamics of collective action: protest policing in Rio Grande do Sul (1970-2015)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/2176-6665.2021v26n3p485Keywords:
Social movements, Protest policing, Police repertoire, Selectivity, Tactical interactionAbstract
The research relates to the debate on social movements and the State, focusing on how state institutions control collective action. Departing from the international literature on protest policing, this work aims to accomplish a longitudinal mapping of patterns and variations in protest policing in the state of Rio Grande do Sul from 1970 to 2015. Based on data from the project “Regimes and Associative Repertoires: political opportunities and social organization in Brazil”, we applied a protest event analysis for the protests that took place in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1970 and 2015, based on two guiding axes: selectivity of the police repertoire regarding actors and claims; tactical interactions between protesters and police forces. The results indicate the predominance of tactics of physical repression, less tolerant to the public manifestation of collective demands, with a predominant role of the Military Police; the concentration of police action in demands and groups that are more “threatening” to political elites; the tendency of disruptive collective action tactics to be more severely policed.References
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ABERS, Rebecca; SILVA, Marcelo K.; TATAGIBA, Luciana. Movimentos sociais e políticas públicas: repensando atores e oportunidades políticas. Lua Nova, São Paulo, v. 105, p. 15-46, 2018.
ALMEIDA, Frederico N. R. Técnicas de Estado securitário e desdemocratização: explorando as relações entre violência, políticas criminais e crise da democracia no Brasil contemporâneo. In: ENCONTRO ANUAL ANPOCS, 44., 2020, São Paulo. Anais [...]. São Paulo: ANPOCS, 2020a.
ALMEIDA, Frederico N. R. “Vândalos”, “trabalhadores” e “cidadãos”: sujeição criminal e legitimidade política na criminalização dos protestos de junho de 2013. Dados, Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 4, p. 1-35, 2020b.
AYOUB, Phillip M. Repressing protest: threat and weakness in the european context, 1975-1989. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 15, n. 4, p. 465-488, 2010.
AZAB, Marian; SANTORO, Wayne A. Rethinking fear and protest: racialized repression of Arab Americans and the mobilization benefits of being afraid. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 22, n. 4, p. 473-491, 2017.
BROMLEY, David G.; SHUPE, Anson D. Repression and the decline of social movements: the case of new religions. In: FREEMAN, Jo (ed.). Social movements of the Sixties and Seventies. New York: Longman, 1983. p. 335–347.
CALDEIRA, Teresa P. R. Cidade de muros: crime, segregação e cidadania em São Paulo. São Paulo: Editora 34: Edusp, 2000.
CHANG, Paul; VITALE, Alex. Repressive coverage in an authoritarian context: threat, weakness, and legitimacy in South Korea's democracy movement. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 18, n. 1, p. 19-39, 2013.
COUTO, Cláudio G. La ultraderecha llega al poder. In: CAETANO, Gerardo; MAYORGA, Fernando (coord.). Giros políticos y desafíos democráticos en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Clacso, 2020.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Social movements, political violence, and the state: a comparative analysis of Italy and Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Social movements and the state: thoughts on the policing of protest. In: MCADAM, Doug; MCCARTHY, John; ZALD, Mayer (ed.). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. Policing protest: the control of mass demonstrations in Western democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. The policing of transnational protest. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; TARROW, Sidney. Interactive diffusion: the coevolution of police and protest behavior with an application to transnational contention. Comparative Political Studies, New York, v. 45, n. 1, p. 119-152, 2012.
DOHERTY, Brian. Tactics. In: SNOW, David A. et al. (ed.). The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2013.
EARL, Jennifer. Controlling Protest: new directions for research on the social control of protest. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Bingley, UK, v. 25, p. 55-83, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer. Political Repression: iron fists, velvet gloves and diffuse control. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 37, p. 261-284, 2011.
EARL, Jennifer. Tanks, Tear gas, and taxes: toward a theory of movement repression. Sociological Theory, San Francisco, v. 21, n. 1, p. 44-68, 2003.
EARL, Jennifer; MARTIN, Andrew; MCCARTHY, John D.; SOULE, Sarah. A. The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 30, p. 65-80, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer; SCHUSSMAN, Alan. Cease and desist: repression, strategic voting and the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election, San Diego, v. 9, n. 2, p. 181-202, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer; SOULE, Sarah. Seeing Blue: a police-centered explanation of protest policing. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 11, n. 2, p. 145-164, 2006.
FERNANDES, Eduardo G. O repertório da ação policial: contribuições da literatura sobre policiamento a protestos para o estudo da repressão política no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Sociologia, Porto Alegre, v. 8, n. 20, p. 102-127, 2020.
FREITAS, Veronica T. Quem são os terroristas no Brasil? A Lei Antiterror e a produção política de um “inimigo público”. 2017. 210 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.
GAMSON, William A. The strategy of social protest. Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1990.
GILLHAM, Patrick F.; EDWARDS, Bob; NOAKES, John A. Strategic incapacitation and the policing of occupy wall street protests in New York City, 2011. Policing and Society, Southampton, v. 23, n. 11, p. 81-102, 2013.
JASPER, James M. The art of moral protest: culture, biography, and creativity in social movements. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1997.
KOOPMANS, Ruud. Dynamics of repression and mobilization: the German extreme right in the 1990s. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 2, n. 2, p. 149-164, 1997.
KOOPMANS, Ruud; NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter (ed.). Acts of dissent: new development in the study of protest. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
KOOPMANS, Ruud; RUCHT, Dieter. Protest Event Analysis. In: KLANDERMANS, Bert; STAGGENBORG, Suzanne (ed.). Methods of social movements research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
LIMA, Renato S.; SINHORETTO, Jacqueline; BUENO, Samira. A gestão da vida e da segurança pública no Brasil. Revista Sociedade e Estado, Brasília, v. 30, n. 1, p. 123-144, 2015.
MCADAM, Doug. Political process and the development of black insurgency, (1930-1970). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
MCADAM, Doug; MCCARTHY, John; ZALD, Mayer (ed.). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
MCPHAIL; Clark; SCHWEINGRUBBER, David; MCCARTHY, John. Policing protest in the United States: 1960-1995. In: DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. Policing protest: the control of mass demonstrations in Western democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter. Methodological issues in collecting protest event data: units of analysis, sources and sampling, coding problems. In: KOOPMANS, Ruud; NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter (ed). Acts of dissent: new development in the study of protest. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
OLIVEIRA, Wilson J. F.; SANTOS, Adrielma F. S. Eventos de protesto, repertórios organizacionais e dinâmicas de construção do transporte público e gratuito como uma causa pública. Revista Dilemas, Rio de Janeiro, v. 10, p. 599-620, 2017.
OLIVER, Pamela E. Repression and crime control: why social movement scholars should pay attention to mass incarceration as a form of repression. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-24, 2008.
OLZAK, Susan. Analysis of events in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 15, p. 119-141, 1989.
PIVEN, Frances F.; CLOWARD, Richard. A. Poor people’s movements: why they succeed, how they fail. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
POLLETTA, Francesca. Culture and Its discontents: recent theorizing on the cultural dimensions of protest. Sociological Inquiry, Austin, v. 67, n. 4, p. 431-450, 1997.
PROTESTOS no Brasil 2013. Artigo 19, São Paulo, 2014. Disponível em: http://artigo19.org/blog/2014/06/23/relatorio-protestos-no-brasil-2013/. Acesso em: 22 set. 2019.
PINHEIRO, Paulo S. Autoritarismo e transição. Revista USP, São Paulo, n. 9, p. 45-56, 1991.
RAFAIL, Patrick. Policy spillover and the policing of protest in New York City, 1960–2006. Policing and Society, [s. l.], v. 25, n. 5, p. 463-483, 2014.
SILVA, Camila F.; FERNANDES, Eduardo G. Ciclo de Protestos de 2013: construção midiática das performances de contestação. Ciências Sociais Unisinos, São Leopoldo, v. 53, p. 202-215, 2017.
SILVA, Marcelo K.; ARAUJO, Gabrielle O.; PEREIRA, Matheus M. Análise de Eventos de Protesto no Estudo dos Repertórios Associativos. In: ROBERTT, Pedro; RECH, Carla M.; LISDERO, Pedro; FACHINETTO, Rochele F. (org.). Metodologia em Ciências Sociais Hoje: práticas, abordagens e experiências de investigação. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial, 2016.
SOULE, Sarah; DAVENPORT, Christian. Velvet Glove, Iron Fist, or Even Hand? Protest Policing in the United States, 1960-1990. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1-22, 2009.
SOUZA, Rafael de; ALONSO, Angela Maria. Cenários de protesto: mobilização e espacialidade no ciclo de confronto de junho de 2013. 2018. 302 f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018.
STOCKDILL, Brett C. Multiple oppressions and their influence on collective action: the case of the AIDS movement. Ph.D. 1996. Dissertation (Department of Sociology) – Northwestern University, Evanston, 1996.
TARROW, Sidney. Democracy and disorder: protest and politics in Italy, (1965-1975). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
TATAGIBA, Luciana; GALVÃO, Andréia. Os protestos no Brasil em tempos de crise (2011-2016). Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 25, p. 63-96, 2019.
TILLY, Charles. From mobilization to revolution. New York: Random House, 1978.
ZALD, Mayer N.; BERGER, Michael A. Social movements in organizations: Coup d'etat, insurgency, and mass movements. American journal of sociology, v. 83, n. 4, p. 823-861, 1978.
ABERS, Rebecca; SILVA, Marcelo K.; TATAGIBA, Luciana. Movimentos sociais e políticas públicas: repensando atores e oportunidades políticas. Lua Nova, São Paulo, v. 105, p. 15-46, 2018.
ALMEIDA, Frederico N. R. Técnicas de Estado securitário e desdemocratização: explorando as relações entre violência, políticas criminais e crise da democracia no Brasil contemporâneo. In: ENCONTRO ANUAL ANPOCS, 44., 2020, São Paulo. Anais [...]. São Paulo: ANPOCS, 2020a.
ALMEIDA, Frederico N. R. “Vândalos”, “trabalhadores” e “cidadãos”: sujeição criminal e legitimidade política na criminalização dos protestos de junho de 2013. Dados, Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 4, p. 1-35, 2020b.
AYOUB, Phillip M. Repressing protest: threat and weakness in the european context, 1975-1989. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 15, n. 4, p. 465-488, 2010.
AZAB, Marian; SANTORO, Wayne A. Rethinking fear and protest: racialized repression of Arab Americans and the mobilization benefits of being afraid. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 22, n. 4, p. 473-491, 2017.
BROMLEY, David G.; SHUPE, Anson D. Repression and the decline of social movements: the case of new religions. In: FREEMAN, Jo (ed.). Social movements of the Sixties and Seventies. New York: Longman, 1983. p. 335–347.
CALDEIRA, Teresa P. R. Cidade de muros: crime, segregação e cidadania em São Paulo. São Paulo: Editora 34: Edusp, 2000.
CHANG, Paul; VITALE, Alex. Repressive coverage in an authoritarian context: threat, weakness, and legitimacy in South Korea's democracy movement. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 18, n. 1, p. 19-39, 2013.
COUTO, Cláudio G. La ultraderecha llega al poder. In: CAETANO, Gerardo; MAYORGA, Fernando (coord.). Giros políticos y desafíos democráticos en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Clacso, 2020.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Social movements, political violence, and the state: a comparative analysis of Italy and Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Social movements and the state: thoughts on the policing of protest. In: MCADAM, Doug; MCCARTHY, John; ZALD, Mayer (ed.). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. Policing protest: the control of mass demonstrations in Western democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. The policing of transnational protest. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella; TARROW, Sidney. Interactive diffusion: the coevolution of police and protest behavior with an application to transnational contention. Comparative Political Studies, New York, v. 45, n. 1, p. 119-152, 2012.
DOHERTY, Brian. Tactics. In: SNOW, David A. et al. (ed.). The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2013.
EARL, Jennifer. Controlling Protest: new directions for research on the social control of protest. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Bingley, UK, v. 25, p. 55-83, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer. Political Repression: iron fists, velvet gloves and diffuse control. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 37, p. 261-284, 2011.
EARL, Jennifer. Tanks, Tear gas, and taxes: toward a theory of movement repression. Sociological Theory, San Francisco, v. 21, n. 1, p. 44-68, 2003.
EARL, Jennifer; MARTIN, Andrew; MCCARTHY, John D.; SOULE, Sarah. A. The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 30, p. 65-80, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer; SCHUSSMAN, Alan. Cease and desist: repression, strategic voting and the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election, San Diego, v. 9, n. 2, p. 181-202, 2004.
EARL, Jennifer; SOULE, Sarah. Seeing Blue: a police-centered explanation of protest policing. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 11, n. 2, p. 145-164, 2006.
FERNANDES, Eduardo G. O repertório da ação policial: contribuições da literatura sobre policiamento a protestos para o estudo da repressão política no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Sociologia, Porto Alegre, v. 8, n. 20, p. 102-127, 2020.
FREITAS, Veronica T. Quem são os terroristas no Brasil? A Lei Antiterror e a produção política de um “inimigo público”. 2017. 210 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.
GAMSON, William A. The strategy of social protest. Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1990.
GILLHAM, Patrick F.; EDWARDS, Bob; NOAKES, John A. Strategic incapacitation and the policing of occupy wall street protests in New York City, 2011. Policing and Society, Southampton, v. 23, n. 11, p. 81-102, 2013.
JASPER, James M. The art of moral protest: culture, biography, and creativity in social movements. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1997.
KOOPMANS, Ruud. Dynamics of repression and mobilization: the German extreme right in the 1990s. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 2, n. 2, p. 149-164, 1997.
KOOPMANS, Ruud; NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter (ed.). Acts of dissent: new development in the study of protest. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
KOOPMANS, Ruud; RUCHT, Dieter. Protest Event Analysis. In: KLANDERMANS, Bert; STAGGENBORG, Suzanne (ed.). Methods of social movements research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
LIMA, Renato S.; SINHORETTO, Jacqueline; BUENO, Samira. A gestão da vida e da segurança pública no Brasil. Revista Sociedade e Estado, Brasília, v. 30, n. 1, p. 123-144, 2015.
MCADAM, Doug. Political process and the development of black insurgency, (1930-1970). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
MCADAM, Doug; MCCARTHY, John; ZALD, Mayer (ed.). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
MCPHAIL; Clark; SCHWEINGRUBBER, David; MCCARTHY, John. Policing protest in the United States: 1960-1995. In: DELLA PORTA, Donatella; REITER, Herbert. Policing protest: the control of mass demonstrations in Western democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter. Methodological issues in collecting protest event data: units of analysis, sources and sampling, coding problems. In: KOOPMANS, Ruud; NEIDHARDT, Friedhelm; RUCHT, Dieter (ed). Acts of dissent: new development in the study of protest. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
OLIVEIRA, Wilson J. F.; SANTOS, Adrielma F. S. Eventos de protesto, repertórios organizacionais e dinâmicas de construção do transporte público e gratuito como uma causa pública. Revista Dilemas, Rio de Janeiro, v. 10, p. 599-620, 2017.
OLIVER, Pamela E. Repression and crime control: why social movement scholars should pay attention to mass incarceration as a form of repression. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-24, 2008.
OLZAK, Susan. Analysis of events in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, Palo Alto, v. 15, p. 119-141, 1989.
PIVEN, Frances F.; CLOWARD, Richard. A. Poor people’s movements: why they succeed, how they fail. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
POLLETTA, Francesca. Culture and Its discontents: recent theorizing on the cultural dimensions of protest. Sociological Inquiry, Austin, v. 67, n. 4, p. 431-450, 1997.
PROTESTOS no Brasil 2013. Artigo 19, São Paulo, 2014. Disponível em: http://artigo19.org/blog/2014/06/23/relatorio-protestos-no-brasil-2013/. Acesso em: 22 set. 2019.
PINHEIRO, Paulo S. Autoritarismo e transição. Revista USP, São Paulo, n. 9, p. 45-56, 1991.
RAFAIL, Patrick. Policy spillover and the policing of protest in New York City, 1960–2006. Policing and Society, [s. l.], v. 25, n. 5, p. 463-483, 2014.
SILVA, Camila F.; FERNANDES, Eduardo G. Ciclo de Protestos de 2013: construção midiática das performances de contestação. Ciências Sociais Unisinos, São Leopoldo, v. 53, p. 202-215, 2017.
SILVA, Marcelo K.; ARAUJO, Gabrielle O.; PEREIRA, Matheus M. Análise de Eventos de Protesto no Estudo dos Repertórios Associativos. In: ROBERTT, Pedro; RECH, Carla M.; LISDERO, Pedro; FACHINETTO, Rochele F. (org.). Metodologia em Ciências Sociais Hoje: práticas, abordagens e experiências de investigação. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial, 2016.
SOULE, Sarah; DAVENPORT, Christian. Velvet Glove, Iron Fist, or Even Hand? Protest Policing in the United States, 1960-1990. Mobilization, San Diego, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1-22, 2009.
SOUZA, Rafael de; ALONSO, Angela Maria. Cenários de protesto: mobilização e espacialidade no ciclo de confronto de junho de 2013. 2018. 302 f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018.
STOCKDILL, Brett C. Multiple oppressions and their influence on collective action: the case of the AIDS movement. Ph.D. 1996. Dissertation (Department of Sociology) – Northwestern University, Evanston, 1996.
TARROW, Sidney. Democracy and disorder: protest and politics in Italy, (1965-1975). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
TATAGIBA, Luciana; GALVÃO, Andréia. Os protestos no Brasil em tempos de crise (2011-2016). Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 25, p. 63-96, 2019.
TILLY, Charles. From mobilization to revolution. New York: Random House, 1978.
ZALD, Mayer N.; BERGER, Michael A. Social movements in organizations: Coup d'etat, insurgency, and mass movements. American journal of sociology, v. 83, n. 4, p. 823-861, 1978.
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2021-12-30
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FERNANDES, Eduardo Georjão; SILVA, Camila Farias da. Control dynamics of collective action: protest policing in Rio Grande do Sul (1970-2015). Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais, Londrina, v. 26, n. 3, p. 485–501, 2021. DOI: 10.5433/2176-6665.2021v26n3p485. Disponível em: https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/mediacoes/article/view/43501. Acesso em: 22 jul. 2024.
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