Which non-fibrous carbohydrates: neutral detergent fiber ratio optimizes the use of cactus cladodes in diets of growing heifers?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6SUPL2p3947Keywords:
Cactaceae, Effective fiber, Protozoa, Ruminal pH, Rumination, Semiarid.Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC):neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.70:1, 0.90:1, 1.14:1, 1.42:1, and 1.85:1) in diets containing cactus cladodes on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, ingestive behavior, and microbial protein of growing heifers. Five rumen-cannulated heifers (194 ± 70 kg of body weight) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). There was a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) (Kg day-1 and %BW) and crude protein (CP) with the increase in non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC): neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, with maximum values of 7.07 kg day-1, 2.86%, and 0.949 kg day-1, estimated for 1.37:1, 1.39:1, and 1.27:1 ratios. When the intake of NDF decreased, in turn, the intakes of NFC and TDN increased. The NDF digestibility decreased with increasing NFC levels in diets. The other nutrients were not influenced. The ruminal pH showed the lowest values at 4 hours after feeding, mainly for animals fed the 1.85:1 ratio. There was a quadratic effect for rumination time with maximum values estimated for an NFC:NDF ratio of 0.88:1. The time spent idle increased linearly, while total chewing time and feeding efficiency of NDF decreased. The urinary volume increased linearly. However, microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis were not influenced. The number of protozoa increased by 64.5% with the elevation of the NFC:NDF ratio. We recommend a NFC:NDF ratio of 1.37:1 in diets containing cactus cladodes, to improve the use of nutrients, without negatively affecting ruminal parameters.References
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Cardoso, D. B., Carvalho, F. F. R., Medeiros, G. R., Guim, A., Cabral, A. M. D., Véras, R. M. L.,... Nascimento, A. G. O. (2019). Levels of inclusion of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) in the diet of lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 247(1), 23-31. doi: 10.1016/j. anifeedsci.2018.10.016
Chen, X. B., & Gomes, M. J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives- an overview of technical details. Aberdeen, UK: International Feed Research Unit. Rowett Research Institute.
Chizzotti, M. L., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Diniz Valadares, R. F., Chizzotti, F. H. M., & Thedeschi, L. O. (2008). Determination of creatinine excretion and evaluation of spot urine sampling in Holstein cattle. Livestok Science, 113(2-3), 218-225. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.013
Conceição, G. C., Ferreira, M. A., Campos, J. M. S., Detmann, E., Siqueira, M. C. B., Barros, L. J. A., & Costa, C. T. F. (2016). Replacement of wheat bran with spineless cactus in sugarcane-based diets for steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(4), 158-164. doi: 10.1590/S1806-92902016000400003
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Queiroz, A. C., Berchielli, T. T., Saliba, E. O. S.,... Azevêdo, J. A. G. (2012). Métodos para análise de alimentos. Instituto nacional de ciência e tecnologia de ciência animal. Visconde do Rio Branco: Suprema.
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Gonzaga, S., Neto, Pimenta, E. C., Fº., & Leite, F. H. S. (2011). Estratégia de manejo alimentar de vacas zebu de dupla função no Cariri e Agreste paraibano: inclusão de cana-de-açúcar e ureia em rações para vacas Guzará e Sindi em lactação. In L. J. F. Ximenes, Produção de bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil, desafios e resultados (pp. 263-298). Fortaleza, CE: Banco do Nordeste do Brasil.
Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Messana, J. D., Souza, V. C., Dias, L. A. V., Kishi, L. T., Rocha, L. R., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017a). Effects of partial replacement of maize in the diet with crude glycerin and/or soyabean oil on ruminal fermentation and microbial population in Nellore steers. British Journal of Nutrition, 118(9), 651-660. doi:10.1017/S0007114517002689
Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Souza, V. C., Dias, L. A. V., Gomez-Insuasti, A. S., Messana, J. D., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017b). Diet containing glycerine and soybean oil can reduce ruminal biohydrogenation in Nellore steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 225(3), 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.021
Hall, M. B. (2000). Neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates. Nutritional relevance and analysis. Gainesville: University of Florida.
Hartanto, R., Cai, L., Yu, J., Zhang, N., Sun, L., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of supplementation with monensin and vegetable oils on in vitro enteric methane production and rumen fermentability of goats. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 693-698. doi: 10.21162/PAKJAS/17.4347
Lima, T. J., Costa, R. G., Medeiros, G. R., Medeiros, A. N., Ribeiro, N. L., Oliveira, J. S.,... Carvalho, F. F. R. (2019). Ruminal and morphometric parameters of the rumen and intestines of sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(2), 363-368. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1697-1
Lins, S. E. B., Pessoa, R. A. S., Ferreira, M. A., Campos, J. M. S., Silva, J. A. B. A., Silva, J. L.,... Melo, T. T. B. (2016). Spineless cactus as a replacement for wheat bran in sugar cane-based diets for sheep: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(1), 26-31. doi: 10.15 90/S1806-92902016000100004
Ma, T., Tu, Y., Zhang, N. F., Deng, K. D., & Diao, Q. Y. (2015). Effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber and protein structure on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Asian-Australas Journal Animal Science, 28(10), 1419-1426. doi: 10.5713/ajas.15.0025
Maciel, L. P. A. A., Carvalho, F. F. R., Batista, Â. M. V., Guim, A., Maciel, M. V., Cardoso, D. C., & Lima, D. M., Jr. (2019). Intake, digestibility and metabolism in sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(6), 1717-1723. doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-01868-4
Monteiro, C. C. F., Ferreira, M. A., Véras, A. S. C., Guido, S. I., Almeida, M. P., Silva, R. C., & Inácio, J. G. (2018). A new cactus variety for dairy cows in areas infested with Dactylopius opuntiae. Animal Production Science, 59(3), 479-485. doi: 10.1071/AN17256
Moraes, G. S. O., Guim, A., Tabosa, J. N., Chagas, J. C. C., Almeida, M. P., & Ferreira, M. A. (2019). Cactus [Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw] cladodes and corn silage: how do we maximize the performance of lactating dairy cows reared in semiarid regions? Livestock Science, 221(3), 133-138. doi: 10.1016/j. livsci.2019.01.026
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D. C.: National Academic Press.
Pinho, R. M. A., Santos, E. M., Oliveira, J. S., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, T. C., Macêdo, A. J. S.,... Zanine, A. M. (2018). Does the level of forage neutral detergent fiber affect the ruminal fermentation, digestibility and feeding behavior of goats fed cactus pear? Animal Science Journal, 89(10), 1424-1431. doi: 10.1111/asj.13043
Pina, D. S., Valadares, R. F. D., Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Chizzotti, M. L. (2010). Degradação ruminal da proteína dos alimentos e síntese de proteína microbiana. In S. C. Fo., Valadares, M. I. Marcondes, M. L Chizzotti, & P. V. R. Paulino (Eds.), Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos e tabelas de composição de alimentos BR-Corte (2a ed., pp. 14-46). Viçosa, MG: Editora UFV.
Pu, X., Guo, X., Shahzad, K., Wang, M., Jiang, C., Liu, J.,… Cheng, L. (2020). Effects of dietary non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio change on rumen bacteria in sheep based on three generations of full-length amplifiers sequencing. Animals, 10(2), 192. doi: 10.3390/ani10020192
Rezende, F.M., Véras, A. S. C., Siqueira, M. C. B., Conceição, M. G., Lima, C. L., Almeida, M. P.,... Ferreira, M. A. (2020). Nutritional effects of using cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta Haw Haw) to replace sorghum silage in sheep diet. Tropital Animal Health and Production, 52(4), 1875-1880. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02213-w
Statistical Analysis System (2015). User’s guide, version 9.3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Siqueira, M. C. B., Ferreira, M. A., Monnerat, J. P. I. S., Silva, J. L., Costa, C. T. F., Conceição, M. G.,... Melo, T. T. B. (2017). Optimizing the use of spineless cactus in the diets of cattle: total and partial digestibility, fiber dynamics and ruminal parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 226(4), 56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.006
Siqueira, M. C. B., Ferreira, M. A., Monnerat, J. P. I. S., Silva, J. L., Costa, C. T. F., Conceição, M. G.,... Chagas, J. C. C. (2018). Nutritional performance and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed spineless cactus. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 20(1), 13-22. Recovered from http://jast. modares.ac.ir/article-23-11336-en.html
Soares, C., Rocha, V. R., Jr., Monção, F. P., Borges, L. D. A., Caldeira, L. A., Costa, N. M.,... Chamone, J. M. A. (2020). Combinations of cactus pear with different roughage sources on the production, chemical composition, and milk fatty acid profile of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(5), 2567-2576. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02290-x
Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Valadares, R. D. F. (2001). Recentes avanços em proteína na nutrição de vacas leiteiras. Anais do Simpósio Internacional em Bovinocultura de Leite, SINLEITE, Simpósio Internacional: Novos Conceitos em Nutrição, Lavras, MG, Brasil.
Weiss, W. P. (1999). Energy prediction equations for ruminant feeds. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference Feed Manufactures, Ithaca, NY, EUA, 61.
Batista, A. M., Mustafa, A. F., Wang, Y., Soita, H., & McKinnon, J. J. (2003). Effects of variety on chemical composition, in situ nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production of spineless cacti. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83(3), 140-145. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.1393
Cardoso, D. B., Carvalho, F. F. R., Medeiros, G. R., Guim, A., Cabral, A. M. D., Véras, R. M. L.,... Nascimento, A. G. O. (2019). Levels of inclusion of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) in the diet of lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 247(1), 23-31. doi: 10.1016/j. anifeedsci.2018.10.016
Chen, X. B., & Gomes, M. J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives- an overview of technical details. Aberdeen, UK: International Feed Research Unit. Rowett Research Institute.
Chizzotti, M. L., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Diniz Valadares, R. F., Chizzotti, F. H. M., & Thedeschi, L. O. (2008). Determination of creatinine excretion and evaluation of spot urine sampling in Holstein cattle. Livestok Science, 113(2-3), 218-225. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.013
Conceição, G. C., Ferreira, M. A., Campos, J. M. S., Detmann, E., Siqueira, M. C. B., Barros, L. J. A., & Costa, C. T. F. (2016). Replacement of wheat bran with spineless cactus in sugarcane-based diets for steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(4), 158-164. doi: 10.1590/S1806-92902016000400003
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A., Valadares, S. C., Fº., Queiroz, A. C., Berchielli, T. T., Saliba, E. O. S.,... Azevêdo, J. A. G. (2012). Métodos para análise de alimentos. Instituto nacional de ciência e tecnologia de ciência animal. Visconde do Rio Branco: Suprema.
Franzolin, R., & Dehority, B. A. (1996). Effect of prolonged high-concentrate feeding on ruminal protozoa concentrations. Journal Animal Science, 74(11), 2803-2809. doi: 10.2527/1996.74112803x
Gonzaga, S., Neto, Pimenta, E. C., Fº., & Leite, F. H. S. (2011). Estratégia de manejo alimentar de vacas zebu de dupla função no Cariri e Agreste paraibano: inclusão de cana-de-açúcar e ureia em rações para vacas Guzará e Sindi em lactação. In L. J. F. Ximenes, Produção de bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil, desafios e resultados (pp. 263-298). Fortaleza, CE: Banco do Nordeste do Brasil.
Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Messana, J. D., Souza, V. C., Dias, L. A. V., Kishi, L. T., Rocha, L. R., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017a). Effects of partial replacement of maize in the diet with crude glycerin and/or soyabean oil on ruminal fermentation and microbial population in Nellore steers. British Journal of Nutrition, 118(9), 651-660. doi:10.1017/S0007114517002689
Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Souza, V. C., Dias, L. A. V., Gomez-Insuasti, A. S., Messana, J. D., & Berchielli, T. T. (2017b). Diet containing glycerine and soybean oil can reduce ruminal biohydrogenation in Nellore steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 225(3), 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.021
Hall, M. B. (2000). Neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates. Nutritional relevance and analysis. Gainesville: University of Florida.
Hartanto, R., Cai, L., Yu, J., Zhang, N., Sun, L., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of supplementation with monensin and vegetable oils on in vitro enteric methane production and rumen fermentability of goats. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 693-698. doi: 10.21162/PAKJAS/17.4347
Lima, T. J., Costa, R. G., Medeiros, G. R., Medeiros, A. N., Ribeiro, N. L., Oliveira, J. S.,... Carvalho, F. F. R. (2019). Ruminal and morphometric parameters of the rumen and intestines of sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(2), 363-368. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1697-1
Lins, S. E. B., Pessoa, R. A. S., Ferreira, M. A., Campos, J. M. S., Silva, J. A. B. A., Silva, J. L.,... Melo, T. T. B. (2016). Spineless cactus as a replacement for wheat bran in sugar cane-based diets for sheep: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(1), 26-31. doi: 10.15 90/S1806-92902016000100004
Ma, T., Tu, Y., Zhang, N. F., Deng, K. D., & Diao, Q. Y. (2015). Effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber and protein structure on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Asian-Australas Journal Animal Science, 28(10), 1419-1426. doi: 10.5713/ajas.15.0025
Maciel, L. P. A. A., Carvalho, F. F. R., Batista, Â. M. V., Guim, A., Maciel, M. V., Cardoso, D. C., & Lima, D. M., Jr. (2019). Intake, digestibility and metabolism in sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(6), 1717-1723. doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-01868-4
Monteiro, C. C. F., Ferreira, M. A., Véras, A. S. C., Guido, S. I., Almeida, M. P., Silva, R. C., & Inácio, J. G. (2018). A new cactus variety for dairy cows in areas infested with Dactylopius opuntiae. Animal Production Science, 59(3), 479-485. doi: 10.1071/AN17256
Moraes, G. S. O., Guim, A., Tabosa, J. N., Chagas, J. C. C., Almeida, M. P., & Ferreira, M. A. (2019). Cactus [Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw] cladodes and corn silage: how do we maximize the performance of lactating dairy cows reared in semiarid regions? Livestock Science, 221(3), 133-138. doi: 10.1016/j. livsci.2019.01.026
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, D. C.: National Academic Press.
Pinho, R. M. A., Santos, E. M., Oliveira, J. S., Carvalho, G. G. P., Silva, T. C., Macêdo, A. J. S.,... Zanine, A. M. (2018). Does the level of forage neutral detergent fiber affect the ruminal fermentation, digestibility and feeding behavior of goats fed cactus pear? Animal Science Journal, 89(10), 1424-1431. doi: 10.1111/asj.13043
Pina, D. S., Valadares, R. F. D., Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Chizzotti, M. L. (2010). Degradação ruminal da proteína dos alimentos e síntese de proteína microbiana. In S. C. Fo., Valadares, M. I. Marcondes, M. L Chizzotti, & P. V. R. Paulino (Eds.), Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos e tabelas de composição de alimentos BR-Corte (2a ed., pp. 14-46). Viçosa, MG: Editora UFV.
Pu, X., Guo, X., Shahzad, K., Wang, M., Jiang, C., Liu, J.,… Cheng, L. (2020). Effects of dietary non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio change on rumen bacteria in sheep based on three generations of full-length amplifiers sequencing. Animals, 10(2), 192. doi: 10.3390/ani10020192
Rezende, F.M., Véras, A. S. C., Siqueira, M. C. B., Conceição, M. G., Lima, C. L., Almeida, M. P.,... Ferreira, M. A. (2020). Nutritional effects of using cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta Haw Haw) to replace sorghum silage in sheep diet. Tropital Animal Health and Production, 52(4), 1875-1880. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02213-w
Statistical Analysis System (2015). User’s guide, version 9.3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Siqueira, M. C. B., Ferreira, M. A., Monnerat, J. P. I. S., Silva, J. L., Costa, C. T. F., Conceição, M. G.,... Melo, T. T. B. (2017). Optimizing the use of spineless cactus in the diets of cattle: total and partial digestibility, fiber dynamics and ruminal parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 226(4), 56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.006
Siqueira, M. C. B., Ferreira, M. A., Monnerat, J. P. I. S., Silva, J. L., Costa, C. T. F., Conceição, M. G.,... Chagas, J. C. C. (2018). Nutritional performance and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed spineless cactus. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 20(1), 13-22. Recovered from http://jast. modares.ac.ir/article-23-11336-en.html
Soares, C., Rocha, V. R., Jr., Monção, F. P., Borges, L. D. A., Caldeira, L. A., Costa, N. M.,... Chamone, J. M. A. (2020). Combinations of cactus pear with different roughage sources on the production, chemical composition, and milk fatty acid profile of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(5), 2567-2576. doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02290-x
Valadares, S. C., Fº., & Valadares, R. D. F. (2001). Recentes avanços em proteína na nutrição de vacas leiteiras. Anais do Simpósio Internacional em Bovinocultura de Leite, SINLEITE, Simpósio Internacional: Novos Conceitos em Nutrição, Lavras, MG, Brasil.
Weiss, W. P. (1999). Energy prediction equations for ruminant feeds. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference Feed Manufactures, Ithaca, NY, EUA, 61.
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2021-10-08
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Melo, A. A. S. de, Silva, D. K. de A., Magalhães, A. L. R., Cordeiro, F. S. B., Almeida, G. H. O., Moraes, G. S. de O., … Pereira, P. H. B. (2021). Which non-fibrous carbohydrates: neutral detergent fiber ratio optimizes the use of cactus cladodes in diets of growing heifers?. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6SUPL2), 3947–3960. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6SUPL2p3947
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