Effect of silicon on aphid populations and wheat yield in Minas Gerais, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2481Keywords:
Induced resistance, Sitobion avenae, Triticum aestivum.Abstract
The area cultivated with wheat has been increasing in the savannahs of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aphids are usually one of the main pests of wheat in many regions of the world; however, little is known about the aphid population in this new environment. The southern region of Brazil, the main wheat production area, has had several problems as a result of aphids, but aphid populations and the resulting impact on wheat production have not been investigated in these new crop production areas. Understanding control strategies to manage this insect could be essential for the “Cerrado” wheat that is grown in this area. The application of silicon (Si) has the potential to reduce the population growth of wheat aphids; however no field studies have been reported. Hence, we evaluated the effect of Si fertilization via soil application on the aphid populations and species composition and on yield components of wheat in three locations in Minas Gerais; the experiment was repeated simultaneously in Uberlândia, at the experimental areas of UFU and IFTM, and in Montes Claros, at the experimental area of UFMG, using the cultivars BRS 264 and BRS 394. The aphids first appeared just before wheat earing; they were then sampled six times over the course of the study, seven days apart, starting from 45 days after sowing. The aphid species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) were observed in all three locations; S. avenae was the dominant species in all locations. The experimental area of UFU had the highest number of S. avenae aphids per tiller for both cultivars, while UFMG had the lowest populations. Aphid populations and wheat yield components were not affected by soil Si fertilization. There was no difference in yield as a result of location or cultivar, but the location UFU and the cultivar BRS 394 had the greatest average hectoliter weight.Downloads
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References
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Asin, L., & Pons, X. (2001). Effect of high temperature on the growth and reproduction of corn aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and implications for their population dynamics on the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Environmental Entomology, 30(6), 1127-1134. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1127
Basagli, M. A. B., Moraes, J. C., Carvalho, G. A., Ecole, C. C., & Gonçalves Gervásio, R. C. R. (2003). Effect of sodium silicate application on the resistance of wheat plants to green-aphids Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotropical Entomology, 32(4), 659-663. doi: 10.1590/ S1519-566X2003000400017
Boer, C. A., Sampaio, M. V., & Pereira, H. S. (2019). Silicon-mediated and constitutive resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in corn hybrids. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 109(3), 356-364. doi: 10.1017/S0007485318000585
Bortolotto, O. C., Menezes, A. O. Jr., & Hoshino, A. T. (2015). Aphidophagous parasitoids can forage wheat crops before aphid infestation, Paraná State, Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1093/ jisesa/iev027
Bortolotto, O. C., Menezes, A. O. Jr., Hoshino, A. T., & Campos, T. A. (2016). Distance from the edge of forest fragments influence the abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in wheat fields. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 38(2), 157-164. doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v38i2.27711
Carvalho, F. J., Santana, D. G. de, & Sampaio, M. V. (2020). Modeling overdispersion, autocorrelation, and zero-inflated count data via generalized additive models and bayesian statistics in an aphid population study. Neotropical Entomology, 49(1), 40-51. doi: 10.1007/s13744-019-00729-x
Castañeda, L. E., Figueroa, C. C., Fuentes-Contreras, E., Niemeyer, H. M., & Nespolo, R. F. (2009). Energetic costs of detoxification systems in herbivores feeding on chemically defended host plants: a correlational study in the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(8), 1185-1190. doi: 10.1242/jeb.020990
Chérif, M., Asselin, A., & Bélanger, R. R. (1994). Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology, 84(3), 236-242.
Companhia Nacional do Abastecimento (2017). Décimo segundo levantamento. acompanhamento da safra brasileira de grãos (ed. rev.) Brasília, DF: Author.
Conti, B. F. de, Bueno, V. H. P., Sampaio, M. V., & Lenteren, J. C. (2011). Development and survival of Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae at six temperatures. Bulletin of Insectology, 64(1), 63-68.
Conti, B. F. de, Bueno, V. H. P., Sampaio, M. V., & Sidney, L. A. (2010). Reproduction and fertility life table of three aphid species (Macrosiphini) at different temperatures. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54(4), 654-660. doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262010000400018
Dias, P. A. S., Sampaio, M. V., Rodrigues, M. P., Korndörfer, A. P., Oliveira, R. S., Ferreira, S. E., & Korndörfer, G. H. (2014). Induction of resistance by silicon in wheat plants to alate and apterous morphs of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomolgy, 43(4), 949-956. doi: 10. 1603/EN13234
Farias, A. R., Mingoti, R., Holler, W. A., Spadotto, C. A., Lovisi, E., Fº., Mori, C. de,... Silva, M. S. E. (2016). Potencial de produção de trigo no Brasil a partir de diferentes cenários de expansão da área de cultivo. Passo Fundo, RS: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Fischer, T., Beyerlee, D., & Edmeades, G. (2014). Crop yields and global food security. Will yield increase continue to feed the world? Monograph, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
Fronza, V., Campos, L. A. C., & Riede, C. R. (2008). Informações técnicas para a safra 2008: trigo e triticale. Londrina: EMBRAPA Soja.
Gianoli, E. (2000). Competiton in cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on wheat plants. Environmental Entomology, 29(2), 213-219. doi: 10.1093/ee/29.2.213
Gomes, F. B., Moraes, J. C., Santos, C. D., & Goussain, M. M. (2005). Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids. Scientia Agricola, 62(6), 547-551. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162005000600006
Keeping, M. G., Kvedaras, O. L., & Bruton, A. G. (2009). Epidermal silicon on sugarcane: cultivar differences and role in resistance to sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66(1), 54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.012
Köppen, W. (1948). Climatologia: con un estudio de los climas de la terra. México: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
Korndörfer, A. P., Grisoto, E., & Vendramin, J. D. (2011). Induction of insect plant resistance to the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata Stål (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane by silicon application. Neotropical Entomology, 40(3), 387-392. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2011000300013
Korndörfer, G. H., Pereira, H. S., & Nolla, A. (2004). Análise de silício no solo, planta e fertilizante. (Boletim Técnico, 2.). Uberlândia: GPSi-ICIAG-UFU.
Large, E. C. (1954). Growth stages in cereals illustration of the Feekes scale. Plant Pathology, 3(4), 128-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1954.tb00716.x
Lau, D., Pereira, P. R. V. da S., Salvadori, J. R., Schons, J., Parizoto, G., & Mar, T. B. (2009). Ocorrência do Barley/Cereal yellow dwarf virus e seus vetores em cereais de inverno no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul em 2008. (EMBRAPA Trigo, Comunicado Técnico online, 256). Passo Fundo: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Luo, Q. (2011). Temperature thresholds and crop production: a review. Climatic Change, 109(3-4), 583-98. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0028-6
Ma, J., & Takahashi, E. (1990a). Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice. Plant and Soil, 126(1), 115-119. doi: 10.1007/BF00041376
Ma, J., & Takahashi, E. (1990b). The effect of silicic acid in a P-deficient soil. Plant and Soil, 126(1), 121-125.
Marafon, A. C., & Endres, L. (2011). Adubação silicatada em cana-de-açúcar. Aracaju, SE, EMBRAPA Tabuleiros Costeiros.
Marsaro, A. L., Jr., Ciociola, A. I., Jr., Raizel, C. B. E., Lira, N. L. A. de, Pereira, P. R. V. da S., Lau, D.,... Soares, J., Sobrinho. (2016). Levantamento de espécies de afídeos e parasitoides associadas à cultura do trigo no cerrado mineiro. Anais da Reunião da Comissão Brasileira de Pesquisa de Trigo e Triticale, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Mendonça, A. O., Tavares, L. C., Brunes, A. P., Monzón, D. L. R., & Villela, F. A. (2013). Acúmulo de silício e compostos fenólicos na parte aérea de plantas de trigo após a adubação silicatada. Bioscience Journal, 29(5), 1154-1162.
Nicol, D., & Wratten, S. D. (1997). The effect of hydroxamic acid concentration at late growth stages of wheat on the performance of the aphid Sitobion avenae. Annals of Applied Biology, 130(3), 387-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb07669.x
Oliveira, R. S. (2016). Silício na indução de resistência à Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), na produtividade do trigo e na produção de voláteis. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
Oliveira, R. S., Peñaflor, M. F. G., Gonçalves, F. G., Sampaio, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Silva, W. D., & Bento, J. M. S. (2020). Silicon-induced changes in plant volatiles reduce attractiveness of wheat to the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and attract the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Plos one, 15(4), e0231005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231005
Porter, J. R., & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, 10(1), 23-26. doi: 10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1
Rebonatto, A., Salvadori, J. R., & Lau, D. (2015). Temporal changes in cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in Northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(10), 71-78. doi: 10.5539/jas.v7n10p71
Salvadori, J. R., & Tonet, G. L. (2001). Manejo integrado dos pulgões de trigo. (EMBRAPA Trigo. Documentos, 34). Passo Fundo: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Sampaio, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Pujade-Villar, J., Hubaide, J. E. A., Ferreira, S. E., Arantes, S. O.,... Caballero-López, B.A. (2017). Brassica aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations are conditioned by climatic variables and parasitism level: a study case of Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 107(6), 410-418. doi: 10.1017/S0007485317000220
Santos, M., Junqueira, A. R., Sá, V. M. de, Zanúncio, J., & Serrão, J. (2015). Effect of silicon on the morphology of the midgut and mandible of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 12(1), 158-165.
Silva, A. M., Sampaio, M. V., Oliveira, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Ferreira, S. E., Polastro, G. C., & Dias, P. A. S. (2013). Antibiosis and non-preference of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on leaves and ears of commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Neotropical Entomology, 42(3), 304-310. doi: 10.1007/s13744-013-0117-5
Stary, P., Sampaio, M. V., & Bueno, V. H. P. (2007). Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) and their associations related to biological control in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51(1), 107-118. doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262007000100018
United States Department of Agriculture (2017). Crop production reports. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov
Wollenweber, B., Porter, J. R., & Schellberg, J. (2003). Lack of interaction between extreme high temperature events at vegetative and reproductive growth stages in wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 189(3), 142-150. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00025.x
Ye, M., Song, Y., Long, J., Wang, R., Baerson, S. R., Pan, Z.,… Zeng, R. (2013). Priming of jasmonate-mediated anti herbivore defense responses in rice by silicon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 110(38), 3631-3639. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305848110
Zanini, A., Alves, L. F., Menezes, A. D. O., Jr., & Prestes, T. M. V. (2006). Aspectos ecológicos de Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) sobre a população de Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura de trigo em Medianeira, PR. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 27(2), 185-198.
Alvarenga, C. B., Soares, J., Sobrinho, & Santos, E. M. (2009). Comportamento de cultivares de trigo em diferentes densidades de semeadura sob irrigação indicadas para a região do Brasil Central. Bioscience Journal, 25(5), 98-107.
Asin, L., & Pons, X. (2001). Effect of high temperature on the growth and reproduction of corn aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and implications for their population dynamics on the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Environmental Entomology, 30(6), 1127-1134. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1127
Basagli, M. A. B., Moraes, J. C., Carvalho, G. A., Ecole, C. C., & Gonçalves Gervásio, R. C. R. (2003). Effect of sodium silicate application on the resistance of wheat plants to green-aphids Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotropical Entomology, 32(4), 659-663. doi: 10.1590/ S1519-566X2003000400017
Boer, C. A., Sampaio, M. V., & Pereira, H. S. (2019). Silicon-mediated and constitutive resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in corn hybrids. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 109(3), 356-364. doi: 10.1017/S0007485318000585
Bortolotto, O. C., Menezes, A. O. Jr., & Hoshino, A. T. (2015). Aphidophagous parasitoids can forage wheat crops before aphid infestation, Paraná State, Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 1-4. doi: 10.1093/ jisesa/iev027
Bortolotto, O. C., Menezes, A. O. Jr., Hoshino, A. T., & Campos, T. A. (2016). Distance from the edge of forest fragments influence the abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in wheat fields. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 38(2), 157-164. doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v38i2.27711
Carvalho, F. J., Santana, D. G. de, & Sampaio, M. V. (2020). Modeling overdispersion, autocorrelation, and zero-inflated count data via generalized additive models and bayesian statistics in an aphid population study. Neotropical Entomology, 49(1), 40-51. doi: 10.1007/s13744-019-00729-x
Castañeda, L. E., Figueroa, C. C., Fuentes-Contreras, E., Niemeyer, H. M., & Nespolo, R. F. (2009). Energetic costs of detoxification systems in herbivores feeding on chemically defended host plants: a correlational study in the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(8), 1185-1190. doi: 10.1242/jeb.020990
Chérif, M., Asselin, A., & Bélanger, R. R. (1994). Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology, 84(3), 236-242.
Companhia Nacional do Abastecimento (2017). Décimo segundo levantamento. acompanhamento da safra brasileira de grãos (ed. rev.) Brasília, DF: Author.
Conti, B. F. de, Bueno, V. H. P., Sampaio, M. V., & Lenteren, J. C. (2011). Development and survival of Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae at six temperatures. Bulletin of Insectology, 64(1), 63-68.
Conti, B. F. de, Bueno, V. H. P., Sampaio, M. V., & Sidney, L. A. (2010). Reproduction and fertility life table of three aphid species (Macrosiphini) at different temperatures. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54(4), 654-660. doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262010000400018
Dias, P. A. S., Sampaio, M. V., Rodrigues, M. P., Korndörfer, A. P., Oliveira, R. S., Ferreira, S. E., & Korndörfer, G. H. (2014). Induction of resistance by silicon in wheat plants to alate and apterous morphs of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomolgy, 43(4), 949-956. doi: 10. 1603/EN13234
Farias, A. R., Mingoti, R., Holler, W. A., Spadotto, C. A., Lovisi, E., Fº., Mori, C. de,... Silva, M. S. E. (2016). Potencial de produção de trigo no Brasil a partir de diferentes cenários de expansão da área de cultivo. Passo Fundo, RS: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Fischer, T., Beyerlee, D., & Edmeades, G. (2014). Crop yields and global food security. Will yield increase continue to feed the world? Monograph, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
Fronza, V., Campos, L. A. C., & Riede, C. R. (2008). Informações técnicas para a safra 2008: trigo e triticale. Londrina: EMBRAPA Soja.
Gianoli, E. (2000). Competiton in cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on wheat plants. Environmental Entomology, 29(2), 213-219. doi: 10.1093/ee/29.2.213
Gomes, F. B., Moraes, J. C., Santos, C. D., & Goussain, M. M. (2005). Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids. Scientia Agricola, 62(6), 547-551. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162005000600006
Keeping, M. G., Kvedaras, O. L., & Bruton, A. G. (2009). Epidermal silicon on sugarcane: cultivar differences and role in resistance to sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66(1), 54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.012
Köppen, W. (1948). Climatologia: con un estudio de los climas de la terra. México: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
Korndörfer, A. P., Grisoto, E., & Vendramin, J. D. (2011). Induction of insect plant resistance to the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata Stål (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane by silicon application. Neotropical Entomology, 40(3), 387-392. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2011000300013
Korndörfer, G. H., Pereira, H. S., & Nolla, A. (2004). Análise de silício no solo, planta e fertilizante. (Boletim Técnico, 2.). Uberlândia: GPSi-ICIAG-UFU.
Large, E. C. (1954). Growth stages in cereals illustration of the Feekes scale. Plant Pathology, 3(4), 128-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1954.tb00716.x
Lau, D., Pereira, P. R. V. da S., Salvadori, J. R., Schons, J., Parizoto, G., & Mar, T. B. (2009). Ocorrência do Barley/Cereal yellow dwarf virus e seus vetores em cereais de inverno no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul em 2008. (EMBRAPA Trigo, Comunicado Técnico online, 256). Passo Fundo: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Luo, Q. (2011). Temperature thresholds and crop production: a review. Climatic Change, 109(3-4), 583-98. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0028-6
Ma, J., & Takahashi, E. (1990a). Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice. Plant and Soil, 126(1), 115-119. doi: 10.1007/BF00041376
Ma, J., & Takahashi, E. (1990b). The effect of silicic acid in a P-deficient soil. Plant and Soil, 126(1), 121-125.
Marafon, A. C., & Endres, L. (2011). Adubação silicatada em cana-de-açúcar. Aracaju, SE, EMBRAPA Tabuleiros Costeiros.
Marsaro, A. L., Jr., Ciociola, A. I., Jr., Raizel, C. B. E., Lira, N. L. A. de, Pereira, P. R. V. da S., Lau, D.,... Soares, J., Sobrinho. (2016). Levantamento de espécies de afídeos e parasitoides associadas à cultura do trigo no cerrado mineiro. Anais da Reunião da Comissão Brasileira de Pesquisa de Trigo e Triticale, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Mendonça, A. O., Tavares, L. C., Brunes, A. P., Monzón, D. L. R., & Villela, F. A. (2013). Acúmulo de silício e compostos fenólicos na parte aérea de plantas de trigo após a adubação silicatada. Bioscience Journal, 29(5), 1154-1162.
Nicol, D., & Wratten, S. D. (1997). The effect of hydroxamic acid concentration at late growth stages of wheat on the performance of the aphid Sitobion avenae. Annals of Applied Biology, 130(3), 387-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb07669.x
Oliveira, R. S. (2016). Silício na indução de resistência à Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), na produtividade do trigo e na produção de voláteis. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
Oliveira, R. S., Peñaflor, M. F. G., Gonçalves, F. G., Sampaio, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Silva, W. D., & Bento, J. M. S. (2020). Silicon-induced changes in plant volatiles reduce attractiveness of wheat to the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and attract the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Plos one, 15(4), e0231005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231005
Porter, J. R., & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, 10(1), 23-26. doi: 10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1
Rebonatto, A., Salvadori, J. R., & Lau, D. (2015). Temporal changes in cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in Northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(10), 71-78. doi: 10.5539/jas.v7n10p71
Salvadori, J. R., & Tonet, G. L. (2001). Manejo integrado dos pulgões de trigo. (EMBRAPA Trigo. Documentos, 34). Passo Fundo: EMBRAPA Trigo.
Sampaio, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Pujade-Villar, J., Hubaide, J. E. A., Ferreira, S. E., Arantes, S. O.,... Caballero-López, B.A. (2017). Brassica aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations are conditioned by climatic variables and parasitism level: a study case of Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 107(6), 410-418. doi: 10.1017/S0007485317000220
Santos, M., Junqueira, A. R., Sá, V. M. de, Zanúncio, J., & Serrão, J. (2015). Effect of silicon on the morphology of the midgut and mandible of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 12(1), 158-165.
Silva, A. M., Sampaio, M. V., Oliveira, M. V., Korndörfer, A. P., Ferreira, S. E., Polastro, G. C., & Dias, P. A. S. (2013). Antibiosis and non-preference of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on leaves and ears of commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Neotropical Entomology, 42(3), 304-310. doi: 10.1007/s13744-013-0117-5
Stary, P., Sampaio, M. V., & Bueno, V. H. P. (2007). Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) and their associations related to biological control in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51(1), 107-118. doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262007000100018
United States Department of Agriculture (2017). Crop production reports. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov
Wollenweber, B., Porter, J. R., & Schellberg, J. (2003). Lack of interaction between extreme high temperature events at vegetative and reproductive growth stages in wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 189(3), 142-150. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00025.x
Ye, M., Song, Y., Long, J., Wang, R., Baerson, S. R., Pan, Z.,… Zeng, R. (2013). Priming of jasmonate-mediated anti herbivore defense responses in rice by silicon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 110(38), 3631-3639. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305848110
Zanini, A., Alves, L. F., Menezes, A. D. O., Jr., & Prestes, T. M. V. (2006). Aspectos ecológicos de Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) sobre a população de Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura de trigo em Medianeira, PR. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 27(2), 185-198.
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2020-09-19
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Rezende, G. F., Sampaio, M. V., Machado, B. Q. V., Lima, D. T. de, Perdomo, D. N., Celoto, F. J., … Pereira, H. S. (2020). Effect of silicon on aphid populations and wheat yield in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(6), 2481–2494. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2481
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