Combination of carbohydrases and essential oils improve dietary performance of feedlot steers on a high-energy diet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p523Keywords:
Digestibility, Dry matter intake, Enzymes, Feed additive.Abstract
Essential oils and enzymes are alternatives to feed additives for ruminants that aim to replace the use of ionophores and improve animal performance, but their mechanisms of action are different. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify if there is a synergistic effect in the combined use of enzymes carbohydrates and essential oils on the performance, ingestive behavior and carcass traits of steers fed a high-energy diet. During the finishing period of 78 days, 40 steers were assigned to four treatments: CON- control; ENZ- enzymatic complex; EO- essential oil blend; ENZ+EO - enzymatic complex combined with essential oil blend. Regardless of the feedlot periods, the ENZ+EO treatment caused a reduction in the dry matter intake (12.48%) compared to the control. The ENZ+EO treatment resulted in the lowest mean fecal output and, consequently, the highest dry matter digestibility (DMD) and starch digestibility (SD), compared to the other treatments. Animals that received EO and ENZ+EO in the diet spent more time in feeding. As for the number of times animals visited the feeding trough, the highest values were presented by the animals in the EO, ENZ and ENZ+EO treatments. For the carcass parameters, only the subcutaneous fat thickness on the rib was significantly different between treatments, with the highest values obtained by adding EO and ENZ+EO (8.80 and 8.10 mm respectively). Thus, the combination of carbohydrate enzymes and essential oils proved to be synergistically beneficial in relation to better use of nutrients and productive performance of feedlot steers.Downloads
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References
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Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O’Bryan, C. A., Corliss, A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems - a review. Food Control, 54(1), 111-119. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.040
Drong, C., Meyer, U., Von Soosten, D., Frahm, J., Rehage, J., Breves, G., & Dänicke, S. (2016). Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 537-551. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12401
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Análise de fibras forrageiras: reagentes de aparelhos, procedimentos e algumas aplicações. Washington: Manual Agrícola, DC.
Gonçalves, M. F., Silva Martins, J. M., Oliveira, M. V., Carvalho, C. C. M., Antunes, M. M., Ferreira, I. C., Olivalves, L. C. (2012). Ionóforos na alimentação de bovinos. Veterinária Notícias, 18(2), 131-146.
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Jafari, S., Ebrahimi, M., Goh, Y. M., Rajion, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., & Al-Jumaili, W. S. (2019). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane gas production by plant secondary metabolites (saponin, tannin and essential oil): a review of ten-year studies. Annals of Animal Science, 19(1), 3-29. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0037
Kholif, A. E., Kassab, A. Y., Azzaz, H. H., Matloup, O. H., Hamdon, H. A., Olafadehan, O. A., & Morsy, T. A. (2018). Essential oils blend with a newly developed enzyme cocktail works synergistically to enhance feed utilization and milk production of Farafra ewes in the subtropics. Small Ruminant Research, 161(161), 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.02.011
Khorshidian, N., Yousefi, M., Khanniri, E., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2018). Potential application of essential oils as antimicrobial preservatives in cheese. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 45(62), 62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.020
Lawrie, R. A., & Rubensam, J. M. (2005). Ciência da carne (6a ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed.
Meale, S. J., Beauchemin, K. A., Hristov, A. N., Chaves, A. V., & Mcallister, T. A. (2014). Revisão por convite do conselho: Oportunidades e desafios no uso de enzimas exógenas para melhorar a produção de ruminantes. Journal of Animal Science, 92(2), 427-442.
Morsy, T. A., Kholif, A. E., Kholif, S. M., Kholif, A. M., Sun, X., & Salem, A. Z. (2016). Effects of two enzyme feed additives on digestion and milk production in lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Annals of Animal Science, 16(1), 209-222. doi: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0039
Mullen, K. A. E., Lee, A. R., Lyman, R. L., Mason, S. E., Washburn, S. P., & Anderson, K. L. (2014). An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5587-5591. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7806
Müller, L. (1987). Normas para avaliação de carcaças e concurso de carcaça de novilhos. Santa Maria: UFSM.
National Research Council (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7nd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Neumann, M., Leão, G. F. M., Horst, E. H., Figueira, D. N., & Ribas, T. M. B. (2015). Desempenho de novilhos holandeses recriados com dietas 100% concentrado inteiramente peletizada ou não. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, 17(2), 76-83. doi: 10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v17n2p76-83
Neumann, M., Leão, G. F. M., Horst, E. H., Stuani, O. F., Sangali, C. P., & Castilho, R. (2018). Exogenous enzymes improve performance and carcass traits of feedlot cattle fed high-grain diet. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170308
Nogueira, S. C. P., Bertpáglia, L., Leandro, G. S., Reis, R. A., Jorge, J. A., & Polizeli, M. L. T. (2013). Estabilidade xilanásica no rúmen e digestibilidade in vitro de volumosos tratados com extrato enzimático de Aspergillus niveus. Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal, 7(1), 46-60. doi: 10.5935/1981-2965.20130004
Oh, S., Shitani, R., Koike, S., & Kobayashi, Y. (2017). Ginkgo fruit extract as an additive to modify rumen microbiota and fermentation and to mitigate methane production. Journal of Dairy Science,100(3), 1923-1934. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11928
Oliveira, B. C., Caetano, G. A. O., Caetano, M. B., Jr., Martins, T. R., & Oliveira, C. B. (2017). Mecanismos reguladores de consumo em bovinos de corte. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 14(4), 6066-6075.
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Rojo, R., Kholif, A. E., Salem, A. Z. M., Elghandour, M. M. Y., Odongo, N. E., Montes de Oca, R., Alonso, M. (2015). Influence of cellulase addition to dairy goat diets on digestion and fermentation milk production and fatty acid content. Journal of Agricultural Science, 153(8), 1514-1523. doi: 10.1017/S00 21859615000775
Rossi, C. A., Soares, M., Luchese, F. C., & Santurio, J. M. (2015). Uso de óleos essenciais no controle dos sinais clínicos das diarreias neonatais em leitões nascidos de fêmeas com diferentes ordens de parto. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 16(1), 93-102. doi: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i119669
Salem, A. Z. M., Gado, H. M., Colombatto, D., & Elghandour, M. M. Y. (2013). Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in beef steers. Livestock Science, 154(3), 69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.014
Silva, M. R., Heitor De Paula, E. J., Oliveira, D. F. P., Cervelati, K. F., & Pinheiro, M. S. M. (2011). Importância da deposição de gordura em bovinos de corte e sua mensuração através da técnica de ultrassonografia. Pubvet, 5(15), 1-11.
Silva Vieira, F., Porto, M. R., & Gomes, R. S. (2021). Avaliação do pH do fluido ruminal de vacas leiteira e relação com produtividade em propriedades do distrito federal e entorno. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, 4(2), 1699-1707. doi: 10.34188/bjaerv4n2-012
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS language reference. Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (vol. 174). Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Symposium: carbohydrate methodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/ jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Vigne, G. L. D., Neumann, M., Santos, L. C., Dochwat, A., Venancio, B. J., Heker, J. C., Jr., & Souza, A. M. (2018). Doses of enzyme complex in a high-energy diet on performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170317
Zhang, X. M., Smith, M. L., Gruninger, R. J., Kung, L., Vyas, D., McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A. (2021). Combined effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil supplementation on methane emissions, rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, and total tract digestibility in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 99(4), 81. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab081
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995). Official methods of analysis (16nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: AOAC.
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O’Bryan, C. A., Corliss, A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems - a review. Food Control, 54(1), 111-119. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.040
Drong, C., Meyer, U., Von Soosten, D., Frahm, J., Rehage, J., Breves, G., & Dänicke, S. (2016). Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 537-551. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12401
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Análise de fibras forrageiras: reagentes de aparelhos, procedimentos e algumas aplicações. Washington: Manual Agrícola, DC.
Gonçalves, M. F., Silva Martins, J. M., Oliveira, M. V., Carvalho, C. C. M., Antunes, M. M., Ferreira, I. C., Olivalves, L. C. (2012). Ionóforos na alimentação de bovinos. Veterinária Notícias, 18(2), 131-146.
Goularte, S. R., Ítavo, L. C. V., Santos, G. T., Ítavo, C. C. B. F., Oliveira, L. C. S., Favaro, S. P., Bittar, C. M. M. (2011). Ácidos graxos voláteis no rúmen de vacas alimentadas com diferentes teores de concentrado na dieta. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63(6), 1479-1486. doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352011000600027
Heker, J. C. H., Jr., Neumann, M., Ueno, R. K., Falbo, M. K., Galbeiro, S., Souza, A. M., Askel, E. J. (2018). Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and / or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39(1), 261-274. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1 p26
Hendrix, D. L. (1993). Rapid extraction and analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in plant tissues. Crop Science, 33(6), 1306-1311. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060037x
Herring, W. O., Miller, D. C., Bertrand, J. K., & Benyshek, L. L. (1994). Evaluation of machine, technician and interpreter effects on ultrasonic measures of backfat and longissimus muscle area in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 72(9), 2216-2226. doi: 10.2527/1994.7292216x
Horst, E. H., Mareze, J., Bumbieris, V. H., Jr., Neumann, M., Venancio, B. J., & Souza, A. M. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and ingestive behavior of steers fed with silages of different maize hybrids. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 71(6), 1977-1984. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-11057
Hristov, A. N., Lee, C., Cassidy, T., Heyler, K., Tekippe, J. A., Varga, G. A., Brandt, R. C. (2013). Effect of Origanum vulgare L. leaves on rumen fermentation, production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(2), 1189-1202. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5975
Jafari, S., Ebrahimi, M., Goh, Y. M., Rajion, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., & Al-Jumaili, W. S. (2019). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane gas production by plant secondary metabolites (saponin, tannin and essential oil): a review of ten-year studies. Annals of Animal Science, 19(1), 3-29. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0037
Kholif, A. E., Kassab, A. Y., Azzaz, H. H., Matloup, O. H., Hamdon, H. A., Olafadehan, O. A., & Morsy, T. A. (2018). Essential oils blend with a newly developed enzyme cocktail works synergistically to enhance feed utilization and milk production of Farafra ewes in the subtropics. Small Ruminant Research, 161(161), 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.02.011
Khorshidian, N., Yousefi, M., Khanniri, E., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2018). Potential application of essential oils as antimicrobial preservatives in cheese. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 45(62), 62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.020
Lawrie, R. A., & Rubensam, J. M. (2005). Ciência da carne (6a ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed.
Meale, S. J., Beauchemin, K. A., Hristov, A. N., Chaves, A. V., & Mcallister, T. A. (2014). Revisão por convite do conselho: Oportunidades e desafios no uso de enzimas exógenas para melhorar a produção de ruminantes. Journal of Animal Science, 92(2), 427-442.
Morsy, T. A., Kholif, A. E., Kholif, S. M., Kholif, A. M., Sun, X., & Salem, A. Z. (2016). Effects of two enzyme feed additives on digestion and milk production in lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Annals of Animal Science, 16(1), 209-222. doi: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0039
Mullen, K. A. E., Lee, A. R., Lyman, R. L., Mason, S. E., Washburn, S. P., & Anderson, K. L. (2014). An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5587-5591. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7806
Müller, L. (1987). Normas para avaliação de carcaças e concurso de carcaça de novilhos. Santa Maria: UFSM.
National Research Council (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7nd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Neumann, M., Leão, G. F. M., Horst, E. H., Figueira, D. N., & Ribas, T. M. B. (2015). Desempenho de novilhos holandeses recriados com dietas 100% concentrado inteiramente peletizada ou não. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, 17(2), 76-83. doi: 10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v17n2p76-83
Neumann, M., Leão, G. F. M., Horst, E. H., Stuani, O. F., Sangali, C. P., & Castilho, R. (2018). Exogenous enzymes improve performance and carcass traits of feedlot cattle fed high-grain diet. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170308
Nogueira, S. C. P., Bertpáglia, L., Leandro, G. S., Reis, R. A., Jorge, J. A., & Polizeli, M. L. T. (2013). Estabilidade xilanásica no rúmen e digestibilidade in vitro de volumosos tratados com extrato enzimático de Aspergillus niveus. Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal, 7(1), 46-60. doi: 10.5935/1981-2965.20130004
Oh, S., Shitani, R., Koike, S., & Kobayashi, Y. (2017). Ginkgo fruit extract as an additive to modify rumen microbiota and fermentation and to mitigate methane production. Journal of Dairy Science,100(3), 1923-1934. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11928
Oliveira, B. C., Caetano, G. A. O., Caetano, M. B., Jr., Martins, T. R., & Oliveira, C. B. (2017). Mecanismos reguladores de consumo em bovinos de corte. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 14(4), 6066-6075.
Patra, A. K. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology and ruminant production. Asian Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 6(5), 416-428. doi: 10.3923/ajava.2011.416. 428
Rojo, R., Kholif, A. E., Salem, A. Z. M., Elghandour, M. M. Y., Odongo, N. E., Montes de Oca, R., Alonso, M. (2015). Influence of cellulase addition to dairy goat diets on digestion and fermentation milk production and fatty acid content. Journal of Agricultural Science, 153(8), 1514-1523. doi: 10.1017/S00 21859615000775
Rossi, C. A., Soares, M., Luchese, F. C., & Santurio, J. M. (2015). Uso de óleos essenciais no controle dos sinais clínicos das diarreias neonatais em leitões nascidos de fêmeas com diferentes ordens de parto. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 16(1), 93-102. doi: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i119669
Salem, A. Z. M., Gado, H. M., Colombatto, D., & Elghandour, M. M. Y. (2013). Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in beef steers. Livestock Science, 154(3), 69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.014
Silva, M. R., Heitor De Paula, E. J., Oliveira, D. F. P., Cervelati, K. F., & Pinheiro, M. S. M. (2011). Importância da deposição de gordura em bovinos de corte e sua mensuração através da técnica de ultrassonografia. Pubvet, 5(15), 1-11.
Silva Vieira, F., Porto, M. R., & Gomes, R. S. (2021). Avaliação do pH do fluido ruminal de vacas leiteira e relação com produtividade em propriedades do distrito federal e entorno. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, 4(2), 1699-1707. doi: 10.34188/bjaerv4n2-012
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS language reference. Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (vol. 174). Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Symposium: carbohydrate methodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/ jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Vigne, G. L. D., Neumann, M., Santos, L. C., Dochwat, A., Venancio, B. J., Heker, J. C., Jr., & Souza, A. M. (2018). Doses of enzyme complex in a high-energy diet on performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170317
Zhang, X. M., Smith, M. L., Gruninger, R. J., Kung, L., Vyas, D., McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A. (2021). Combined effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil supplementation on methane emissions, rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, and total tract digestibility in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 99(4), 81. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab081
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2022-02-25
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Abreu, J. A. D. da C., Neumann, M., Paris, W., Souza, A. M. de, Delai Vigne, G. L., Almeida, E. R. de, … Sidor, F. de S. (2022). Combination of carbohydrases and essential oils improve dietary performance of feedlot steers on a high-energy diet. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 43(2), 523–540. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p523
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