Use of cashew and castor essential oils to improve fibre digestibility in high forage diets: digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6Supl2p3429Keywords:
Brachiaria humidicola, Biocompounds, Grazing, Methane, Natural additives.Abstract
High forage diets in the tropics are less efficient and more contaminating due to high energy losses as methane and the low digestibility of tropical forages. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of essential oils (EO) of Anacardium occidentale and Ricinus communis as additives in high forage diets on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and synthesis of microbial protein. Four ‘Holstein’ steers fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-day period). The treatments were 1, 2, 4 and 8 g day-1 EO per animal (essential oils, Oligobasics®). The diet was total mixed ration (TMR) of Brachiaria hay (Brachiaria humidicola cv. Lanero) and concentrate (ground corn, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, urea and minerals) in an 80:20 ratio. Differences were observed in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in levels above 2 g day -1 EO (P < 0.05). The VFA (volatile fatty acids) acetate and propionate were higher in diets with 2 g day -1 EO (P < 0.05), without affecting the acetate:propionate ratio. Levels above 2 g day -1 EO negatively affected the faecal N excretion (P < 0.05). The inclusions of A. occidentale and R. communis EOs at 2 g day-1 per day animal improved fibre digestion and decreased N excretion. These results indicate that this mixture of EOs may have strong antimicrobial activity at lower doses. The N losses, fibre digestion and digestibility could be improved with the use of cashew and castor essential oils in high forage diets.Downloads
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References
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Allen, S., & de Brauw, A. (2018). Nutrition sensitive value chains: theory, progress, and open questions. Global Food Security, 16, 22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.07.002
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2016). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. Gaithersburg: J. George Latimer.
Archimède, H., Eugène, M., Marie Magdeleine, C., Boval, M., Martin, C., Morgavi, D. P.,… Doreau, M. (2011). Comparison of methane production between C3 and C4 grasses and legumes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.003
Benchaar, C., Duynisveld, J. L., & Charmley, E. (2006). Effects of monensin and increasing dose levels of a mixture of essential oil compounds on intake, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86 (1), 91-96. doi: 10.4141/A05-027
Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P. W., Castillejos, L., & Ferret, A. (2007). Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(6), 2580-2595. doi: 10. 3168/jds.2006-644
Chaney, A. L., & Marbach, E. P. (1962). Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical Chemistry, 8(2), 130-132. doi: 10.1021/AC60252A045
Chen, X. B., & Gomes, M. J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle basid on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. Buchsburnd, Aberdeen: Ed. Rowett Research Institute.
Chen, X. B., Mejia, A. T., Kyle, D. J., & Ørskov, E. R. (1995). Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative-creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants - studies in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, 125(1), 137-143. doi: 10.1017/S002185960007458X
Chen, X. B., Methieson, J., DeB Hovel, F., & Reeds, P. J. (1990). Measurement of purine derivative in urine of ruminants using automated methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 53(1), 23-33. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740530104
Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., & Yu, Z. (2016). Science of the total environment critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modi fi ers in ruminant nutrition : a review. Science of the Total Environment, 546, 556-568. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.103
Coneglian, S. M., Castañeda Serrano, R. D., Cruz, O. T. B., & Branco, A. F. (2019). Effects of essential oils of Cashew and Castor on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and purine derivatives in beef cattle fed high grain diets. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(5), 2057. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p2057
Daiany, G., Detmann, E., Valadares, S. D. C., Fº., Fukushima, R. S., Souza, M. A. de, Valente, T. N. P., … Queiroz, A. C. de. (2011). Evaluation of lignin contents in tropical forages using different analytical methods and their correlations with degradation of insoluble fiber. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 168(3-4), 206-222. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.001
Dijkstra, J. A. N., France, J., & Davies, D. R. (1998). Different mathematical approaches to estimating microbial protein supply in ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(12), 3370-3384. doi: 10.3168/jds. S0022-0302(98)75902-8
Durmic, Z., Moate, P. J., Eckard, R., Revell, D. K., Williams, R., & Vercoe, P. E. (2014). In vitro screening of selected feed additives, plant essential oils and plant extracts for rumen methane mitigation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(6), 1191-1196. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6396
Elcoso, G., Zweifel, B., & Bach, A. (2019). Effects of a blend of essential oils on milk yield and feed efficiency of lactating dairy cows. Applied Animal Science, 35(3), 304-311. doi: 10.15232/aas.2018-01 825
Fujihara, T., Ørskov, E. R., Reeds, P. J., & Kyle, D. J. (1987). The effect of protein infusion on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants nourished by intragastric nutrition. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 109(1), 7-12. doi: 10.1017/S0021859600080916
Godde, C. M., Garnett, T., Thornton, P. K., Ash, A. J., & Herrero, M. (2018). Grazing systems expansion and intensification: Drivers, dynamics, and trade-offs. Global Food Security, 16, 93-105. doi: 10.1016/ j.gfs.2017.11.003
Goel, G., & Makkar, H. P. S. (2012). Methane mitigation from ruminants using tannins and saponins. Tropical animal health and production, 44(4), 729-739. doi: 10.1007/s11250-011-9966-2
Jena, J., & Gupta, A. K. (2012). Ricinus communis linn: a phytopharmacological review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(4), 25-29.
Jouany, J.-P., & Morgavi, D. P. (2007). Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal, 1(10), 1443-1466. doi: 10.1017/S1751731107000742
Kadri, A., Gharsallah, N., Damak, M., & Gdoura, R. (2011). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of essential oil of Ricinus communis L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(8), 1466-1470. doi: 10.5897/JMPR.9000347
Kahvand, M., & Malecky, M. (2018). Dose-response effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) essential oils on rumen fermentation in vitro. Annals of Animal Science, 18(1), 125-142. doi: 10.1515/aoas-2017-0024
Kim, M., Eastridge, M. L., & Yu, Z. (2014). Investigation of ruminal bacterial diversity in dairy cattle fed supplementary monensin alone and in combination with fat, using pyrosequencing analysis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 60(2), 65-71. doi: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0746
Lin, B., Lu, Y., Salem, A. Z. M., Wang, J. H., Liang, Q., & Liu, J. X. (2013). Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 184(1-4), 24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.011
Lv, F., Liang, H., Yuan, Q., & Li, C. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of selected plant essential oil combinations against four food-related microorganisms. Food Research International, 44(9), 3057-3064. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.030
McGuffey, R. K. (2017). A 100-year review: metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(12), 10113-10142. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12987
Mertens, D. R. (2002). Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: ollaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 85(6), 1217-1240. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/85.6.1217
Michailoff, A. A., Silveira, M. F., Maeda, E. M., Sordi, A. C. B., Francisco, L. F., & Farenzena, R. (2020). Effect of including functional oils in ovine diets on ruminal fermentation and performance. Small Ruminant Research, 185, 106084. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106084
Molero, R., Ibars, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., & Losa, R. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on dry matter and crude protein degradability in heifers fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114(1-4), 91-104. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2003.11.011
Nanon, A., Suksombat, W., & Yang, W. Z. (2014). Effects of essential oils supplementation on in vitro and in situ feed digestion in beef cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 196, 50-59. doi: 10.1016/j. anifeedsci.2014.07.006
National Research Council (2006). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.
Newbold, C. J., McIntosh, F. M., Williams, P., Losa, R., & Wallace, R. J. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114(1-4), 105-112. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.12.006
Oh, J., Harper, M., & Hristov, A. N. (2019). Effects of lowering crude protein supply alone or in a combination with essential oils on productivity, rumen function and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Animal, 13(11), 50-59 1-9. doi: 10.1017/S1751731119001083
Oliveira, M. S. C., Morais, S. M. de, Magalhães, D. V., Batista, W. P., Vieira, Í. G. P., Craveiro, A. A.,… Lima, G. P. G. de. (2011). Antioxidant, larvicidal and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of cashew nut shell liquid constituents. Acta Tropica, 117(3), 165-170. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.003
Owens, F. N., & Mehmet, B. (2016). Ruminal Fermentation. In Rumenology (pp. 63-102). Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2
Patra, A. K., & Yu, Z. (2012). Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(12), 4271-4280. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00309-12
Penner, G. B., Taniguchi, M., Guan, L. L., Beauchemin, K. A., & Oba, M. (2009). Effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio on volatile fatty acid absorption and the expression of genes related to volatile fatty acid absorption and metabolism in ruminal tissue. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(6), 2767-2781. doi: 10. 3168/jds.2008-1716
Playne, M. J. (1985). Determination of ethanol, volatile fatty acids, lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 36(8), 638-644. doi: 10. 1002/jsfa.2740360803
Poudel, P., Froehlich, K., Casper, D. P., & St-Pierre, B. (2019). Feeding essential oils to neonatal holstein dairy calves results in increased ruminal prevotellaceae abundance and propionate concentrations. Microorganisms, 7(5), 120. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7050120
Ribeiro, P. R., Castro, R. D. de, & Fernandez, L. G. (2016). Chemical constituents of the oilseed crop Ricinus communis and their pharmacological activities: a review. Industrial Crops and Products, 91, 358-376. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.010
Schären, M., Drong, C., Kiri, K., Riede, S., Gardener, M., Meyer, U.,… Dänicke, S. (2017). Differential effects of monensin and a blend of essential oils on rumen microbiota composition of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 2765-2783. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11994
Sniffen, C. J., O’Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Tak, J. H., & Isman, M. B. (2015). Enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism for synergy of insecticidal constituents of rosemary essential oil in Trichoplusia ni. Scientific Reports, 5, 1-10. doi: 10. 1038/srep12690
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2020-11-06
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Castañeda-Serrano, R. D., Barreto-Cruz, O. T., Coneglian, S. M., & Branco, A. F. (2020). Use of cashew and castor essential oils to improve fibre digestibility in high forage diets: digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(6Supl2), 3429–3440. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6Supl2p3429
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