Antifungal activity against Alternaria solani and control of early blight in tomato by essential oil of bergamot orange
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p1861Keywords:
Citrus aurantium, Alternative control, Resistance induction.Abstract
The early blight (caused by the fungus Alternaria solani) results in significant damage to the tomato crop, directly affecting productivity. An alternative to the frequent use of pesticides is the use of essential oils, which can act in defense against phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxic activity in vitro of the bergamot orange (Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia) essential oil against A. solani, the control of the early blight, and the activity of defense enzymes in tomatoes treated with this oil and inoculated with A. solani. Mycelial discs of A. solani were added to dishes with V8 culture media to which essential oil at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 µL L-1, in addition to a standard fungicide treatment (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, 200 + 125 g L-1, respectively) was added. The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Mycelial growth was evaluated daily for 19 days, when all treatments reached maximum growth. Sporulation analysis was performed thereafter. Tomato plants were treated with bergamot essential oil, 30 days after transplanting, in the concentrations and fungicide mentioned, in the second pair of leaves. After 72 hours, the pathogen was inoculated using a spray bottle, on treated leaves (second pair of leaves) and untreated leaves (third pair of leaves). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated based on five severity assessments. The activity of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was evaluated in leaves treated with the concentration of 2500 µL L-1 of essential oil. The concentration of 2500 ?L L-1 reduced mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen by 68.15% and 29.48%, respectively. In treatments with application of essential oil, lower AUDPC was observed for a concentration of 2500 ?L L-1, which was statistically similar to that observed for fungicide application, both in treated and untreated leaves. A greater activity of PPO, POX, and PAL was found locally and systemically, both in the second and third leaves, at concentration of 2500 ?L L-1. The essential oil of bergamot can be an alternative for the control of early blight in tomato.Downloads
References
Araujo, F. F., & Menezes, D. (2009). Indução de resistência a doenças foliares em tomateiro por indutores biótico (Bacillus subtilis) e abiótico (Acibenzolar-S-Metil). Summa Phytopathologica, 35(3), 169-172. doi: 10.1590/S0100-54052009000300001
Balbi-Peña, M. I., Becker, A., Stangarlin, J. R., Franzener, G., Lopes, M. C., & Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F. (2006). Controle de Alternaria solani em tomateiro por extratos de Curcuma longa e Curcumina - II. Avaliação in vivo. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 31(4), 401-404. doi: 10.1590/S0100-41582006000400012
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cruz, C. D. (2006). Programa Genes: estatística experimental e matrizes. Viçosa, MG: UFV.
Duangmal, K., & Apenten, R. K. O. (1999). A comparative study of polyphenoloxidases from taro (Colocasia esculenta) and potato (Solanum tuberosum var. Romano). Food Chemistry, 64, 351-359. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00127-7
Ferreira, D. F. (2011). Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 35(6), 1039-1042. doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001
Filgueira, F. A. R. (2008). Novo manual de olericultura: agrotecnologia moderna na produção e na comercialização de hortaliças (3a ed.). Viçosa, MG: UFV.
Hammerschmidt, T. R., Nucles, E. M., & Kuc, J. (1982). Association of enhanced peroxidase activity with induced systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium. Physiological Plant Pathology, 20, 73-82. doi: 10.1016/0048-4059(82)90025-X
Hillen, T., Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F., Mesquini, R. M., Cruz, M. E. S., Stangarlin, J. R., & Nozaki, M. (2012). Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais no controle de alguns fitopatógenos fúngicos in vitro e no tratamento de sementes. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 14(3), 439-445. doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722012000300003
Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (2010). Tomate. Vitória: Incaper.
Inoue-Nagata, A. K., Lopes, C. A., Reis, A., Pereira, R. B., Quezado-Duval, A. M., Pinheiro, J. B., & Lima, M. F. (2016). Doenças do Tomateiro. In L Amorim, J. A. M.,Rezende, A. Bergamin, Fo, & L. E. A. Camargo (Eds.), Manual de fitopatologia: doenças das plantas cultivadas (pp. 697-735). Ouro Fino: Agronômica Ceres.
Itako, A. T., Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F., Tolentino, J. B., Jr., Stangarlin, J. R., & Cruz, M. E. S. (2008). Atividade antifúngica e proteção do tomateiro por extratos de plantas medicinais. Tropical Plant Pathology, 33(3), 241-244. doi: 10.1590/S1982-56762008000300011
Lorenzetti, E., Stangarlin, J. R., Kuhn, O. J., & Portz, R. L. (2018). Indução de resistência à Macrophomina phaseolina em soja tratada com extrato de alecrim. Summa Phytopathologica, 44(1), 45-50. doi: 10.1590/0100-5405/176895
Lorenzetti, E. R., Monteiro, F. P., Souza, P. E., Souza, R. J., Scalice, H. K., Diogo, R., Jr., & Pires, M. S. O. (2011). Bioatividade de óleos essenciais no controle de Botrytis cinerea isolado de morangueiro. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 13(especial), 619-627. doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722011000500019
Maia, T. F., Donato, A., & Fraga, M. E. (2015). Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais de plantas. Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, 17(1), 105-116.
Oliveira, M. M. M., Brugnera, D. F., Cardoso, M. G., Guimarães, L. G. L., & Piccoli, R. H. (2011). Rendimento, composição química e atividade antilisterial de óleos essenciais de espécies de Cymbopogon. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 13(1), 8-16. doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722011000100002
Pires, T. C., & Piccoli, R. H. (2012). Efeito inibitório de óleos essenciais do gênero Citrus sobre o crescimento de micro-organismos. Revista Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 71(2), 378-385.
Portz, R. L., Fleischmann, F., Koehl, J., Fromm, J., Ernst, D., Pascholati, S. F., & Osswald, W. F. (2011). Histological, physiological and molecular investigations of Fagus sylvatica seedlings infected with Phytophthora citricola. Forest Pathology, 41(3), 202-211. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00667.x
Ranieri, E., Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F., Oliveira, J. S. B., Mesquini, R. M., Clemente, E., & Cruz, M. E. S. (2015). Utilização de compostos bioativos de plantas medicinais na pós-colheita de tomate. Revista Scientia Agraria Paranaensis, 14(3), 160-165. doi: 10.1818/sap.v14i3.9111
Rodrigues, T. T. M. S., Maffia, L. A., Dhingra, O. D., & Mizubuti, E. S. G. (2010). In vitro production of conidia of Alternaria solani. Tropical Plant Pathology, 35(4), 203-212. doi: 10.1590/S1982-56762010000400001
Shaner, G., & Finney, R. E. (1977). The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in knox wheat. Phytopathology, 67, 1051-1056. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-67-1051
Silva, G. J., Jr., & Behlau, F. (2018). Controle químico. In L. Amorim, J. A. M. Rezende, & A, Bergamin, Fo. (Eds.), Manual de fitopatologia: princípios e conceitos (pp. 239-260). Ouro Fino: Agronômica Ceres.
Silva, R. F., Pascholati, S. F., & Bedendo, I. P. (2007). Indução de resistência em tomateiro por extratos aquosos de Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei contra Ralstonia solanacearum. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 32(3), 189-196. doi: 10.1590/S0100-41582007000300002
Stangarlin, J. R., Kuhn, O. J., Assi, L., & Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F. (2011a). Control of plant diseases using extracts from medicinal plants and fungi. In A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.), Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances (pp. 1033-1042). Badajoz: Formatex Research Center.
Stangarlin, J. R., Kuhn, O. J., Toledo, M. V., Portz, R. L., Schwan-Estrada, K. R. F., & Pascholati, S. F. (2011b). A defesa vegetal contra fitopatógenos. Scientia Agrária Paranaensis, 10(1), 18-46. doi: 10.1818/sap.v10i1.5268
Tomazoni, E. Z., Giani, S. G., Ribeiro, R. T. S., Pauletti, G. F., & Schwambach, J. (2013). Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness sobre fungos fitopatogênicos do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Cadernos de Agroecologia, 8(2), 1-5, 2013.
Tomazoni, E. Z., Pauletti, G. F., Ribeiro, R. T. S., & Schwambach, J. (2014). Atividade antifúngica in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda sobre o fungo patógeno de tomateiro Alternaria solani sorauer. Caderno Pedagógico, 11(1), 68-77.
Tundis, R., Loizzo, M. R., Bonesi, M., Menichini, F., Mastellone, V., Colica, C., & Menichini, F. (2012). Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Citrus aurantifolia Swingle, C. aurantium L., and C. bergamia Risso and Poit. peel essential oils. Journal of Food Science, 71(1), 40-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02511.x
Umesha, S. (2006). Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in tomato seedlings and its relationship to bacterial canker disease resistance. Phytoparasitica, 34(1), 68-71. doi: 10.1007/BF02981341
Vale, F. X. R., Zambolim, L., Zambolim, E. M., & Alvarenga, M. A. R. (2004). Manejo Integrado das doenças do tomateiro: epidemiologia e controle. In M. A. R. Alvarenga (Ed.), Tomate: produção em campo, em casa de vegetação e em hidroponia (pp. 217). Lavras: UFLA.
Vale, F. X. R., Fernandes, E. I. F., Fº., & Liberato, J. R. (2003) Quant: a software for plant disease severity assessment. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp.105.
Vale, F. X. R., Zambolim, L., Paul, P. A., & Costa, H. (2000). Doenças causadas por fungos em tomate. In Zambolim, L., Vale, F. X. R. & Costa, H., Controle de doenças de plantas: hortaliças (pp. 699-756). Viçosa, MG: UFV.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Semina: Ciências Agrárias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias adopts the CC-BY-NC license for its publications, the copyright being held by the author, in cases of republication we recommend that authors indicate first publication in this journal.
This license allows you to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform and develop the material, as long as it is not for commercial purposes. And due credit must be given to the creator.
The opinions expressed by the authors of the articles are their sole responsibility.
The magazine reserves the right to make normative, orthographic and grammatical changes to the originals in order to maintain the cultured standard of the language and the credibility of the vehicle. However, it will respect the writing style of the authors. Changes, corrections or suggestions of a conceptual nature will be sent to the authors when necessary.