Effects of salinity and plant-based diet or animal-plant combination diet on the performance and metabolic status of juvenile Nile tilapia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n1p397Keywords:
Average daily gain, Hepatosomatic index, Osmoregulation, Total protein, Triglycerides.Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salinity and plant-based diet or animal-plant combination diet on the performance and metabolic status of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with four replicates. The treatments were established by the combination of salinities of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g L-1 with an animal-plant combination diet (AP) or plant-based diet (P). The replicates were 60 L tanks with 12 fish per tank. Diets were provided for 32 days, and the fish were fed three times a day (8, 12, and 17 h) until apparent satiety. Daily feed intake (DFI) was measured, body weight (BW) was recorded at the beginning and end of the trial, and total length (TL) and standard length (SL) were measured at the end of the trial. Average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate were calculated. After the biometric measurements were made at the end of the trial, blood samples were collected to determine the plasma concentrations of total protein (TP), glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). The fish were euthanized, and the hepatopancreas was collected and weighed; thereafter, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) was calculated. An interaction was detected between salinity and diet type for final BW, ADG, TL, and SL. These traits were not influenced by salinity when it was associated with the AP diet, but reduced linearly with salinity in the P diet. DFI and survival rate were independently affected by salinity: DFI reduced linearly with salinity levels and survival rate was higher at a salinity of 10 g L-1. HSI increased linearly with salinity levels and was lower in the P diet than in the AP diet. Salinity had a quadratic effect on plasma TP, and the maximum value for this metabolite (2.96 g dL-1) is attained at a salinity of 10.26 g L-1. There was an independent effect of diet on the plasma concentrations of cholesterol and TG, which were lower in the P diet than in the AP diet. The salinity of 10 g L-1 associated with diet composed of animal and plant ingredients led to a better performance, higher survival rate, and less stressful environmental conditions for juvenile Nile tilapia.References
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American Public Health Association (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Araújo-Dairiki, T. B., Chaves, F. C. M., & Dairiki, J. K. (2018). Seeds of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) as a feed ingredient for juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 48(1), 32-37. doi: 10.1590/1809-4392201700753
Bicudo, A. J. A., Pinto, L. F. B., & Cyrino, J. E. P. (2010). Clustering of ingredients with amino acid composition similar to the nutritional requirement of Nile tilapia. Scientia Agricola, 67(5), 517-523. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162010000500004
Boeuf, G., & Payan, P. (2001). How should salinity influence fish growth? Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 130(4), 411-423. doi: 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00268-X
Boonanuntanasarn, S., Nakharuthai, C., Schrama, D., Duangkaew, R., & Rodrigues, P. M. (2019). Effects of dietary lipid sources on hepatic nutritive contents, fatty acid composition and proteome of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Proteomics, 192, 208-222. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.003
Cazcarro, I., López-Morales, C. A., & Duchin, F. (2019). The global economic costs of substituting dietary protein from fish with meat, grains and legumes, and dairy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(5), 1159-1171. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12856
Ferraris, R. P., Catacutan, M. R., Mabelin, R. L., & Jazul, A. P. (1986). Digestibility in milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): effects of protein source, fish size and salinity. Aquaculture, 59(2), 93-105. doi: 10. 1016/0044-8486(86)90123-7
Fonseca-Madrigal, J., Pineda-Delgado, D., Martínez-Palacios, C., Rodríguez, C., & Tocher, D. R. (2012). Effect of salinity on the biosynthesis of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in silverside Chirostoma estor. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(4), 1047-1057. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9589-6
Francis, G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 197-227. doi: 10.1016/S0044-84 86(01)00526-9
Furuya, W. M., Botaro, D., Macedo, R. M. G., Santos, V. G., Silva, L. C. R., Silva, T. C.,… Sales, P. J. P. (2005). Ideal protein concept for dietary protein reduction of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 34(5), 1433-1441. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982005000500002
Hallali, E., Kokou, F., Chourasia, T. K., Nitzan, T., Con, P., Harpaz, S.,… Cnaani, A. (2018). Dietary salt levels affect digestibility, intestinal gene expression, and the microbiome, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLoS One, 13(8), e0202351. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202351
Hardy, R. W. (2010). Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 770-776. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x
Herath, S. S., Haga, Y., & Satoh, S. (2018). Interactive effects of salinity and complete fishmeal replacement on growth, food consumption, and gene expression of hepatic IGF-I, IGF-II and growth hormone receptors in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 49(6), 2128-2139. doi: 10. 1111/are.13667
Hunt, A. O., Ozkan, F., Engin, K., & Tekelioglu, N. (2011). The effects of freshwater rearing on the whole body and muscle tissue fatty acid profile of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture International, 19, 51-61. doi: 10.1007/s10499-010-9340-9
Jumah, Y. U., Traifalgar, R. F. M., Monteclaro, H. M., Sanares, R. C., Jumah, D. S. U., & Mero, F. F. C. (2016). Influence of hyperosmotic culture conditions on osmoregulatory ions, gill chloride cells and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. AACL Bioflux, 9(3), 498-506.
Kalujnaia, S., Gellatly, S. A., Hazon, N., Villasenor, A., Yancey, P. H., & Cramb, G. (2013). Seawater acclimation and inositol monophosphatase isoform expression in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 305(4), R369-R384. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00044.2013
Kucuk, S., Karul, A., Yildirim, S., & Gamsiz, K. (2013). Effects of salinity on growth and metabolism in blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(19), 2715-2721. doi: 10.5897/ AJB12.1296
Kultz, D. (2015). Physiological mechanisms used by fish to cope with salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(12), 1907-1914. doi: 10.1242/jeb.118695
Li, Z., Lui, E. Y., Wilson, J. M., Ip, Y. K., Lin, Q., Lam, T. J., & Lam, S. H. (2014). Expression of key ion transporters in the gill and esophageal gastrointestinal tract of euryhaline Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus acclimated to fresh water, seawater and hypersaline water. PLoS One, 9(1), e87591. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087591
Lima, B. T. M., Takahashi, N. S., Tabata, Y. A., Hattori, R. S., Ribeiro, C. S., & Moreira, R. G. (2019). Balanced omega 3 and 6 vegetable oil of Amazonian sacha inchi act as LC PUFA precursors in rainbow trout juveniles: Effects on growth and fatty acid biosynthesis. Aquaculture, 509, 236-245. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.004
Malik, A., Abbas, G., Ghaffar, A., Dastagir, G., Ferrando, S., Gallus, L.,… Rehman, K. (2018). Assessment of optimum salinity level for maximum growth and survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 585-594. doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.2. 585.594
Moutou, K. A., Panagiotaki, P., & Mamuris, Z. (2004). Effects of salinity on digestive protease activity in the euryhaline sparid Sparus aurata L.: A preliminary study. Aquaculture Research, 35(9), 912-914. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01068.x
National Research Council (2011). Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nitzan, T., Rozenberg, P., & Cnaani, A. (2017). Differential expression of amino acid transporters along the intestine of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the effect of water salinity and time after feeding. Aquaculture, 472(Suppl. 1), 71-75. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.01.020
Novelli, P. K., Barros, M. M., Pezzato, L. E., Araujo, E. P., Botelho, R. M., & Fleuri, L. F. (2017). Enzymes produced by agro industrial co products enhance digestible values for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A significant animal feeding alternative. Aquaculture, 481, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture. 2017.08.010
Pereira, D. S. P., Guerra-Santos, B., Moreira, E. L. T., Albinati, R. C. B., & Ayres, M. C. C. (2016). Hematological and histological parameters of Nile tilapia in response to the challenge of different salinity levels. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(3), 635-647. doi: 10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n3p635
Prunet, P., & Bornancin, M. (1989). Physiology of salinity tolerance in tilapia: an update of basic and applied aspects. Aquatic Living Resources, 2(2), 91-97. doi: 10.1051/alr:1989011
Ronkin, D., Seroussi, E., Nitzan, T., Doron-Faigenboim, A., & Cnaani, A. (2015). Intestinal transcriptome analysis revealed differential salinity adaptation between two tilapiine species. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part D: Genomics & Proteomics, 13, 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.01.003
Sarker, M. A., Yamamoto, Y., Haga, Y., Sarker, M. S. A., Miwa, M., Yoshizaki, G., & Satoh, S. (2011). Influences of low salinity and dietary fatty acids on fatty acid composition and fatty acid desaturase and elongase expression in red sea bream Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 77, 385-396. doi: 10.1007/s125 62-011-0342-y
Statistical Analysis System (2002). SAS User's Guide for Windows: Statistics, Version 9.0. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Taylor, P. W., & Roberts, S. D. (1999). Clove oil: an alternative anesthetic for aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 61(2), 150-155. doi: 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0150:COAAAF>2.0.CO;2
Tocher, D. R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2), 107-184. doi: 10.1080/713610925
Tran-Ngoc, K. T., Schrama, J. W., Le, M. T. T., Nguyen, T. H., Roem, A. J., & Verreth, J. A. J. (2017). Salinity and diet composition affect digestibility and intestinal morphology in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 469, 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.037
Vieira, V. P., Ribeiro, R. P., Moreira, H. L. M., Povh, J. A., Vargas, L., & Barrero, N. M. L. (2005). Evaluation of the productive performance of strain of tilapia of the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) in Maringá-PR. Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal, 3(3), 19-26. doi: 10.7213/cienciaanimal.v3i3.9147
Wang, P. J., Lin, C. H., Hwang, L. Y., Huang, C. L., Lee, T. H., & Hwang, P. P. (2009). Differential responses in gills of euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, to various hyperosmotic shocks. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 152(4), 544-551. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.12.012
Xu, Z., Gan, L., Li, T., Xu, C., Chen, K., Wang, X.,… Li, E. (2015). Transcriptome profiling and molecular pathway analysis of genes in association with salinity adaptation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136506
You, G., Lu, F., Wang, S., Chen, C., & Li, Y. (2019). Comparison of the growth performance and long chain PUFA biosynthetic ability of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in different salinities. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(4), 374-383. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003471
Alvarenga, E. R., Alves, G. F. O., Fernandes, A. F. A., Costa, G. R., Silva, M. A., Teixeira, E. A., & Turra, E., M. (2018). Moderate salinities enhance growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in the biofloc system. Aquaculture Research, 49(9), 2919-2926. doi: 10.1111/are.13728
American Public Health Association (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Araújo-Dairiki, T. B., Chaves, F. C. M., & Dairiki, J. K. (2018). Seeds of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) as a feed ingredient for juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 48(1), 32-37. doi: 10.1590/1809-4392201700753
Bicudo, A. J. A., Pinto, L. F. B., & Cyrino, J. E. P. (2010). Clustering of ingredients with amino acid composition similar to the nutritional requirement of Nile tilapia. Scientia Agricola, 67(5), 517-523. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162010000500004
Boeuf, G., & Payan, P. (2001). How should salinity influence fish growth? Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 130(4), 411-423. doi: 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00268-X
Boonanuntanasarn, S., Nakharuthai, C., Schrama, D., Duangkaew, R., & Rodrigues, P. M. (2019). Effects of dietary lipid sources on hepatic nutritive contents, fatty acid composition and proteome of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Proteomics, 192, 208-222. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.003
Cazcarro, I., López-Morales, C. A., & Duchin, F. (2019). The global economic costs of substituting dietary protein from fish with meat, grains and legumes, and dairy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(5), 1159-1171. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12856
Ferraris, R. P., Catacutan, M. R., Mabelin, R. L., & Jazul, A. P. (1986). Digestibility in milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): effects of protein source, fish size and salinity. Aquaculture, 59(2), 93-105. doi: 10. 1016/0044-8486(86)90123-7
Fonseca-Madrigal, J., Pineda-Delgado, D., Martínez-Palacios, C., Rodríguez, C., & Tocher, D. R. (2012). Effect of salinity on the biosynthesis of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in silverside Chirostoma estor. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(4), 1047-1057. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9589-6
Francis, G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 197-227. doi: 10.1016/S0044-84 86(01)00526-9
Furuya, W. M., Botaro, D., Macedo, R. M. G., Santos, V. G., Silva, L. C. R., Silva, T. C.,… Sales, P. J. P. (2005). Ideal protein concept for dietary protein reduction of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 34(5), 1433-1441. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982005000500002
Hallali, E., Kokou, F., Chourasia, T. K., Nitzan, T., Con, P., Harpaz, S.,… Cnaani, A. (2018). Dietary salt levels affect digestibility, intestinal gene expression, and the microbiome, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLoS One, 13(8), e0202351. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202351
Hardy, R. W. (2010). Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 770-776. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x
Herath, S. S., Haga, Y., & Satoh, S. (2018). Interactive effects of salinity and complete fishmeal replacement on growth, food consumption, and gene expression of hepatic IGF-I, IGF-II and growth hormone receptors in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 49(6), 2128-2139. doi: 10. 1111/are.13667
Hunt, A. O., Ozkan, F., Engin, K., & Tekelioglu, N. (2011). The effects of freshwater rearing on the whole body and muscle tissue fatty acid profile of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture International, 19, 51-61. doi: 10.1007/s10499-010-9340-9
Jumah, Y. U., Traifalgar, R. F. M., Monteclaro, H. M., Sanares, R. C., Jumah, D. S. U., & Mero, F. F. C. (2016). Influence of hyperosmotic culture conditions on osmoregulatory ions, gill chloride cells and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. AACL Bioflux, 9(3), 498-506.
Kalujnaia, S., Gellatly, S. A., Hazon, N., Villasenor, A., Yancey, P. H., & Cramb, G. (2013). Seawater acclimation and inositol monophosphatase isoform expression in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 305(4), R369-R384. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00044.2013
Kucuk, S., Karul, A., Yildirim, S., & Gamsiz, K. (2013). Effects of salinity on growth and metabolism in blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(19), 2715-2721. doi: 10.5897/ AJB12.1296
Kultz, D. (2015). Physiological mechanisms used by fish to cope with salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(12), 1907-1914. doi: 10.1242/jeb.118695
Li, Z., Lui, E. Y., Wilson, J. M., Ip, Y. K., Lin, Q., Lam, T. J., & Lam, S. H. (2014). Expression of key ion transporters in the gill and esophageal gastrointestinal tract of euryhaline Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus acclimated to fresh water, seawater and hypersaline water. PLoS One, 9(1), e87591. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087591
Lima, B. T. M., Takahashi, N. S., Tabata, Y. A., Hattori, R. S., Ribeiro, C. S., & Moreira, R. G. (2019). Balanced omega 3 and 6 vegetable oil of Amazonian sacha inchi act as LC PUFA precursors in rainbow trout juveniles: Effects on growth and fatty acid biosynthesis. Aquaculture, 509, 236-245. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.004
Malik, A., Abbas, G., Ghaffar, A., Dastagir, G., Ferrando, S., Gallus, L.,… Rehman, K. (2018). Assessment of optimum salinity level for maximum growth and survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 585-594. doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.2. 585.594
Moutou, K. A., Panagiotaki, P., & Mamuris, Z. (2004). Effects of salinity on digestive protease activity in the euryhaline sparid Sparus aurata L.: A preliminary study. Aquaculture Research, 35(9), 912-914. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01068.x
National Research Council (2011). Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nitzan, T., Rozenberg, P., & Cnaani, A. (2017). Differential expression of amino acid transporters along the intestine of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the effect of water salinity and time after feeding. Aquaculture, 472(Suppl. 1), 71-75. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.01.020
Novelli, P. K., Barros, M. M., Pezzato, L. E., Araujo, E. P., Botelho, R. M., & Fleuri, L. F. (2017). Enzymes produced by agro industrial co products enhance digestible values for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A significant animal feeding alternative. Aquaculture, 481, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture. 2017.08.010
Pereira, D. S. P., Guerra-Santos, B., Moreira, E. L. T., Albinati, R. C. B., & Ayres, M. C. C. (2016). Hematological and histological parameters of Nile tilapia in response to the challenge of different salinity levels. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(3), 635-647. doi: 10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n3p635
Prunet, P., & Bornancin, M. (1989). Physiology of salinity tolerance in tilapia: an update of basic and applied aspects. Aquatic Living Resources, 2(2), 91-97. doi: 10.1051/alr:1989011
Ronkin, D., Seroussi, E., Nitzan, T., Doron-Faigenboim, A., & Cnaani, A. (2015). Intestinal transcriptome analysis revealed differential salinity adaptation between two tilapiine species. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part D: Genomics & Proteomics, 13, 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.01.003
Sarker, M. A., Yamamoto, Y., Haga, Y., Sarker, M. S. A., Miwa, M., Yoshizaki, G., & Satoh, S. (2011). Influences of low salinity and dietary fatty acids on fatty acid composition and fatty acid desaturase and elongase expression in red sea bream Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 77, 385-396. doi: 10.1007/s125 62-011-0342-y
Statistical Analysis System (2002). SAS User's Guide for Windows: Statistics, Version 9.0. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Taylor, P. W., & Roberts, S. D. (1999). Clove oil: an alternative anesthetic for aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 61(2), 150-155. doi: 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0150:COAAAF>2.0.CO;2
Tocher, D. R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2), 107-184. doi: 10.1080/713610925
Tran-Ngoc, K. T., Schrama, J. W., Le, M. T. T., Nguyen, T. H., Roem, A. J., & Verreth, J. A. J. (2017). Salinity and diet composition affect digestibility and intestinal morphology in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 469, 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.037
Vieira, V. P., Ribeiro, R. P., Moreira, H. L. M., Povh, J. A., Vargas, L., & Barrero, N. M. L. (2005). Evaluation of the productive performance of strain of tilapia of the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) in Maringá-PR. Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal, 3(3), 19-26. doi: 10.7213/cienciaanimal.v3i3.9147
Wang, P. J., Lin, C. H., Hwang, L. Y., Huang, C. L., Lee, T. H., & Hwang, P. P. (2009). Differential responses in gills of euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, to various hyperosmotic shocks. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 152(4), 544-551. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.12.012
Xu, Z., Gan, L., Li, T., Xu, C., Chen, K., Wang, X.,… Li, E. (2015). Transcriptome profiling and molecular pathway analysis of genes in association with salinity adaptation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136506
You, G., Lu, F., Wang, S., Chen, C., & Li, Y. (2019). Comparison of the growth performance and long chain PUFA biosynthetic ability of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in different salinities. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(4), 374-383. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003471
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2022-01-10
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Gonçalves, R. M., Mauerwerk, M. T., Zadinelo, I. V., Fernandes, S. R., Zara, R. F., & Santos, L. D. (2022). Effects of salinity and plant-based diet or animal-plant combination diet on the performance and metabolic status of juvenile Nile tilapia. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 43(1), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n1p397
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