A retrospective study of dogs with vertebral lytic lesions diagnosed tomografically: 28 cases (2012-2017)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2223Keywords:
Bone diseases, Computed tomography, Dogs, Osteopenia, Spine.Abstract
Lytic vertebral lesions cause significant pain and variable neurological deficits can cause sensory, motor and proprioceptive loss, and are causes of bones lysis such as discospondylitis, vertebral tumors, bone cysts and osteomyelitis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vertebral lytic lesions in the canine population, from computed tomographic (CT) image analyses. A retrospective study, based on the descriptive findings from simple and contrast enhanced CT scans of dogs, between the years 2012 to 2017, was performed. The study consisted of the sequential analysis of 371 reports to identify vertebral lytic lesions, in areas with osteopenia and hypoattenuation, based on Hounsfield Unit scores. The Fisher’s exact test and descriptive statistics were used for statistical analyses. Twenty-eight cases (7.54%) of vertebral lytic lesion were observed; 46.42% of these had characteristics of discospondylitis, with a prevalence in males, in the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebrae. Vertebral tumors were identified in 37.71% of the cases, with a higher incidence in defined medium sized breeds, with unifocal lesions in the vertebral body. Single lesion bone cysts were observed in 10.71% of cases and osteomyelitis in 7.14% of cases. A significant association between the number of vertebrae and degree of impairment (unifocal or multifocal) was observed. CT imaging has become a useful tool for evaluating the architecture and vertebral bone density. This study provides perspectives for the analysis of vertebral lytic lesions. In addition to showing the prevalence of lytic lesions, this study emphasizes the importance of using advanced diagnostic imaging techniques, such as CT imaging, for observing and identifying such lesions, thus directing further examinations such as bone biopsy, culture, and antibiogram or histopathology. It can be concluded that lytic lesions have a considerable incidence, impair the architecture of the vertebra and CT imaging is an effective tool for diagnosing them. Prevalence was observed in male dogs, neutered, with defined breed, of medium size, with unifocal lesion and lytic lesions associated with the discspondylitis.References
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BURKERT, B. A.; KERWIN, S. C.; HOSGOOD, G. L.; PECHMAN, R. D.; FONTENELLE, J. P. Signalment and clinical features of diskospondylitis in dogs: 513 cases (1980-2001). Journals - American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 227, n. 2, p. 268-275, 2005. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.268
CHEON, B.; PARKS, S.; LEE, S. K.; CHO KO; CHOI, J. Variation of canine vertebral bone architecture in computed tomography. Journal of Veterinary Science, v. 19, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.145
CHEW, F. S.; KLINE, M. J. Diagnostic yield of CT-guided percutaneous aspiration procedures in suspected spontaneous infectious diskitis. Radiology, v. 218, n. 1, p. 211-214, 2001. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.218.1.r01ja06211
CLEZARDIN, P.; TETI, A. Bone metastasis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, v. 24, n. 8, p. 599-608, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9112-8
COSTA, R. C. da. Neoplasias intracranianas, espinais e de nervos periféricos. In: DALECK, C. R.; NARDI, A. B. B. de Oncologia em cães e gatos. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Guanabara, 2016. p. 864-907.
COSTA, R. C. da. Princípios e aplicações da ressonância magnética. In: DEWEY, C. W.; COSTA, R. C. da. Neurologia canina e felina Guia prático. São Paulo: Ed. Guará. 2017. p. 108-167.
COSTA, R. C. da; COOK, L. B. Cystic abnormalities of the spinal cord and vertebral column. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v. 46, n. 2, p. 277-293, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.010
CSÉBI, P.; JAKAB, C.; JÁNOSI, K.; SELLYEI, B.; IPOLYI, T.; SZABÓ, Z.; ARANY-TÓTH, A.; NÉMETH, T. Vertebral osteomyelitis and meningomyelitis caused by pasteurella canis in a dog - clinicopathological case report. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, v. 58, n. 4, p. 413-421, 2010. DOI: 10.1556/AVet.58.2010.4.2
CULP, W. T.; OLEA-POPELKA, F.; SEFTON, J.; ALDRIDGE, C. F.; WITHROW, S. J.; LAFFERTY, M. H.; REBHUN, R. B.; KENT, M. S.; EHRHART, N. Evaluation of outcome and prognostic factors for dogs living greater than one year after diagnosis of osteosarcoma: 90 cases (1997-2008). Journals - American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 245, n. 10, p. 1141-1146, 2014. DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.10.1141
DAVIS, M. J.; DEWEY, C. W.; WALKER, M. A.; KERWIN, S. C.; MOON, M. L.; KORTZ, G.D.; KOBLIK, P. D.; MAHAFFEY, M. B.; BUDSBERG, S. C.; SLATER, M. R. Contrast radiographic findings in canine bacterial diskospondylitis: a multicenter retrospective study of 27 cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v. 36, n. 1, p. 81-85, 2000. DOI: 10.5326/15473317-36-1-81
GARG, V.; KOSMAS, C.; JOSAN, E. S. et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy for vertebral neoplasms: a department’s experience and hybrid biopsy technique to improve yield. Neurosurgical Focus - Journal of Neurosurgery, v. 41, p. E17, 2016. DOI: 10.3171/2016.4.FOCUS1614
GARG, V.; KOSMAS, C.; YOUNG, P. C.; TOGARU, U. K.; ROBBIN, M. R. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy for vertebral osteomyelitis: a department’s experience. Neurosurgical Focus - Journal of Neurosurgery, v. 37, n. 2, p. E10, 2014. DOI: 10.3171/2014.6.FOCUS14134
GONZALO-ORDEN, J. M.; ALTONAGA, J. R.; ORDEN, M. A. et al. Magnetic resonance, computed tomographic and radiologic findings in a dog with discospondylitis. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, v. 41, n. 2, p. 142-144, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01467.x
GUISE, T. A.; MOHAMMAD, K. S.; CLINES, G. et al. Basic mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastases. Clinical Cancer Research, v. 12, n. 20, p. 6213s-6216s , 2006. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1007
KOEHLER, C. L.; STOVER, S. M.; LECOUTEUR, R. A.; SCHULZ, K. S.; HAWKINS, D. A. Effect of a ventral slot procedure and of smooth or positive- profile threaded pins with polymethylmethacrylate fixation on intervertebral biomechanics at treated and adjacent canine cervical vertebral motion units. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v. 66, n. 4, p. 678-687, 2005. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.678
LOWRIE, M. L.; PLATT, S. R.; GAROSI, L. S. Extramedullary spinal cysts in dogs. Veterinary Surgery, v. 43, n. 6, p. 650-662, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12200.x
LUCAS, K.; BEHRENS, B. A; NOLTE, I.; GALINDO-ZAMORA, V.; BETANCUR, S.; ALMOHALLAMI, A.; BOUGUECHA, A.; MOSTAFA, A.; LERCH, M.; STUKENBORG-COLSMAN, C.; WEFSTAEDT, P. Comparative Investigation of Bone Mineral Density Using CT and DEXA in a Canine Femoral Model. Wiley Online Library, v. 35, n. 12, p. 2667-2672, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jor.23574
PLATT, S., OLBY, N. J. Manual of canine and feline neurology. Gloucester: The British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2013. 552 p.
RUOFF, C. M.; KERWIN, S. C.; TAYLOR, A. R. Diagnostic imaging of discospondylitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v. 48, n. 1, p. 85-94, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.08.007
SAPIERZYŃSKI, R.; CZOPOWICZ, M. The animal-dependent risk factors in canine osteosarcomas. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, v. 20, n. 2, p. 293-298, 2017. DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0035
SCHREIBER, J. J.; ANDERSON, P, A.; HSU, W. K. Use of computed tomography for assessing bone mineral. Neurosurg Focus, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1-8, 2014. DOI: 10.3171/2014.5.FOCUS1483
SEHN, J. K.; GILULA, L. A. Percutaneous needle biopsy in diagnosis and identification of causative organisms in cases of suspected vertebral osteomyelitis. European Journal of Radiology, v. 81, n. 5, p. 940-946, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.125
SHERGILL, U.; VITKOVSKI, T.; STOFFELS, G. MELISSA, KLEIN, M.; GIMENEZ, C.; ALICE, L.; COCKER, R.; CHAU. K.; DAS, K. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of lytic bone lesions: An institution’s experience. Diagnostic Cytopathology, v. 45, n. 11, p. 989-997, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/dc.23807
SIMMONS, J. K.; HILDRETH, B. E.; SUPSAVHAD, W.; ELSHAFAE, S. M.; HASSAN, B. B.; DIRKSEN, W. P.; TORIBIO, R. E.; ROSOL, T. J. Animal models of bone metastasis. Veterinary Pathology, v. 52, n. 5, p. 827-841, 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0300985815586223
TINS, B. J.; CASSAR-PULLICINO, V. N.; LALAM, R. K. Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal infection. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, v. 18, n. 3, p. 213-222, 2007. DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3180f60c3f
TOBIAS, S.; JIMMY, S. Veterinary computed tomography. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. p.211.
TROST, M. E.; INKELMANN, M. A.; GALIZA, G. J. Occurrence of tumours metastatic to bones and multicentric tumours with skeletal involvement in dogs. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v. 150, n. 1, p. 8-17, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.002
WEISBRODE, S. E. Osso e articulações. In: McGAVIN, M. D.; ZACHARY, J. F. Bases da patologia em veterinária. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier/Mosby, 2009. p. 1041-1106.
WIDMER, W. R.; THRALL, D. E. Canine and feline vertebrae. In: THRALL, D. E. Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. 6th ed. Missouri: Elsevier/Mosby, 2013. p. 172-193.
WISE-MILESTONE, L.; AKENSA, M. K.; THUDIB, N.; ROSOLB, T.; HOJJAT, S. P.; GRYNPAS; M. D.; WHYNE, C. M. Evaluating the effects of mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic metastasis on vertebral bone quality in a new rat model. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, v. 30, n. 5, p. 817-823, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/jor.21577
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2019-08-07
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Mendes, G. R., Bach, F. S., Garcia, L. F. C., Weber, S. H., & Villanova Junior, J. A. (2019). A retrospective study of dogs with vertebral lytic lesions diagnosed tomografically: 28 cases (2012-2017). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(5Supl1), 2223–2234. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2223
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