Resposta do grão-de-bico ao fornecimento foliar da solução de Hoagland em condições de chuva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6Supl2p3053Palavras-chave:
Aplicação foliar, Cicer arietinum, Sequeiro, Crescimento e produtividade, Solução de nutrientes, Força e tempo.Resumo
Sob condições de chuva, a aplicação foliar de nutrientes é uma ferramenta eficiente para eliminar os efeitos adversos da falta de nutrientes e útil para obter o rendimento máximo de qualquer cultura. Experimentos de campo foram executados para avaliar o efeito do spray foliar de diferentes forças e tempos de aplicação da solução de de Hoagland sobre as características de crescimento e rendimento do grão de bico (Cicer arietinum L.) e m condições de chuva. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por água destilada (controle), 25, 50 e 75% da solução de Hoagland pulverizada aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a emergência da colheita (DACE) em duas cultivares de grão de bico (C-44 e CM-72). Em termos de crescimento e rendimento, o CM-72 mostrou superioridade em relação ao C-44. A aplicação de 75% da solução de de Hoagland mostrou uma melhoria de 32,9, 37,9, 35,3, 13,5 e 35% em peso seco, altura da planta, peso de 100 sementes, rendimento de sementes e rendimento biológico, respectivamente, quando pulverizados a 21 DACE do que a água destilada. No entanto, a menor dose(25%) da solução de de Hoagland produziu resultados semelhantes aos da água destilada. Recomenda-se que, em condições de chuva, a cultivar CM-72 seja cultivada com suprimento foliar de 75% da solução de de Hoagland em 21 DACE para obter o máximo crescimento e rendimento.Downloads
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Referências
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Ali, Y., Krishnamurthy, L., Saxena, N. P., Rupela, O. P., Kumar, J., & Johansen, C. (2002). Scope for genetic manipulation of mineral acquisition in chickpea. In J. J. Adu-Gyamfi (Ed.), Food security in nutrient-stressed environments: exploiting plants’ genetic capabilities (pp. 165-176). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-1570-6_18
Arif, M., Chohan, M. A., Ali, S., Gul, R., & Khan, S. (2006). Response of wheat to foliar application of nutrients. American Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(4), 30-34.
Bozorgi, H. R., Azarpour, E., & Moradi, M. (2011). The effects of bio mineral nitrogen fertilization and foliar zinc spraying on yield and yield components of faba bean. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(6), 1409-1414.
Chakmak, I. (2010). Enrichment of fertilizers with zinc: an excellent investment for humanity and crop production in India. Journal of Trace Element and Medical Biology, 23(4), 281-289. doi: 10.1016/j. jtemb.2009.05.002
Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives. New York: Pimprenta.
Fageria, N. K. (2016). The use of nutrients in crop plants. New York: Taylor Francis.
Fageria, N. K., Barbosa, M. P. F., Moreira, A., & Guimaraes, C. M. (2009). Foliar fertilization of crop plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32(6), 1044-1064. doi: 10.1080/01904160902872826
Fatima, Z., Bano, A., Sial, R., & Aslam, M. (2008). Response of chickpea to plant growth regulators on nitrogen fixation and yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5), 2005-2013. Recovered from https://agris. fao.org/agris-search/ search.do?recordID=PK2011000399
Fernández, V., & Eichert, T. (2009). Uptake of hydrophilic solutes through plant leaves: current state of knowledge and perspectives of foliar fertilization. Critical Review of Plant Sciences, 182(1-2), 36-68. doi: 10.1080/07352680902743069
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., & Taifeh-Noori, M. (2010). Soybean performance under salinity stress. Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physiology, 23(1), 6-11. doi: 10.5772/14741
Hoagland, D. R., & Arnon, D. I. (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. (2nd ed.). (Circular. California agricultural experiment station, 347). Berkeley: University of California.
Hu, Y., Ye, X., Shi, L., Duan, H., & Xu, F. (2010). Genotypic differences in root morphology and phosphorus uptake kinetics in Brassica napus under low phosphorus supply. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33(6), 889-901. doi: 10.1080/01904161003658239
Hussain, M. Z., Rehman, N., Khan, M. A., Roohullah, M., & Ahmed, S. R. (2006). Micronutrients status of Bannu basen soils. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 22(2), 283-285.
Jahiruddin, M., Ali, M. S., Hossain, M. A., Ahmed, M. U., & Hoque, M. M. (1995). Effect of boron on grain set, yield and some others of wheat cultivars. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(1), 179-184.
Jha, D. P., Sharma, S., & Amarawat, T. (2015). Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and economics of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) grown during kharif. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 35(3), 224-228. doi: 10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00052.X
Johansen, C., Musa, A. M., Kumar, J. V. D. K., Harris, D., Ali, M. Y., Shahidullah, A. K. M., & Lauren, J. G. (2007). Correcting molybdenum deficiency of chickpea in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170(6), 752-761. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200700249
Kannan, S. (2010). Foliar fertilization for sustainable crop production. In E. Lichtfouse (Ed.), Genetic engineering, biofertilisation, soil quality and organic farming (pp. 371-402). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-8741-6_13
Kerin, V., & Berova, M. (2003). Foliar fertilization in plants. Videnov and Son, Sofia. Bulgarian.
Khan, M. A., Fuller, M. P., & Baluch, F. S. (2008). Effect of soil applied zinc sulphate on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on calcareous soil in Pakistan. Cereal Research Communication, 36(4), 571-582. doi: 10.1556/crc.36.2008.4.6
Krishnaveni, S., Anandha, A., Palchamy, A., & Mahendran, S. (2004). Effect of foliar spray of nutrients on growth and yield of green gram (Phaseolus radiatus). Legume Research an International Journal, 27(2), 149-150.
Kuepper, G. (2003). Foliar fertilization. Butte City: ATTRA -National sustainable Agriculture Information service. NCAT Agriculture specialist.
Law-Ogbomo, K. E., & Egharevba, R. K. A. (2009). Effects of planting density and NPK fertilizer application on yield and yield components of tomato (Lycospersicon esculentum Mill.) in forest location. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), 152-158. doi: 10.1.1.415.1940
Li, H. Z., & Cheng, Z. H. (2015). Hoagland nutrient solution promotes the growth of cucumber seedlings under light-emitting diode light. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 65(1), 74-82. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2014.967285
Liu, F., Andersen, M. N., & Jensen, C. R. (2003). Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean. Functional Plant Biology, 30(3), 271-280. doi: 10.1071/FP02185
Maneetong, S., Chookhampaeng, S., Chantiratikul, A., Chinrasri, O., Thosaikham, W., Sittipout, R., & Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Hydroponic cultivation of selenium-enriched kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedling and speciation of selenium with HPLC–ICPMS. Microchemical Journal, 108(1), 87-91. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.01.003
Muehlbauer, F. J., & Sarker, A. (2017) Economic Importance of Chickpea: Production, Value, and World Trade. In R. Varshney, M., Thudi, & F. Muehlbauer (Eds.), The Chickpea Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-66117-9_2
Nublat, A., Desplans, J., Casse, F., & Berthomieu, P. (2001). Arabidopsis mutant over accumulating sodium in the shoot shows deficiency in the control of the root radial transport of sodium. The Plant Cell, 13(1), 125-137. doi: 10.1105/tpc.13.1.125
Okweche, S. I., & Avav, T. R. (2013). Yield evaluation of some cultivars of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) in southern guinea savanna location of Nigeria. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 85-88. Recovered from http://www.ijpaes.com/.../357_pdf.pdf
Rahim, M. A., Mia, A. A., Mahmud, F., & Afrin, K. S. (2008). Multivariate analysis in some mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) accessions on the basis of agronomic traits. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2), 217-221. doi: 10.1.1.489.8516
Rahman, I. U., Afzal, A., Iqbal, Z., Ijaz, F., Sohail, S. S., Manan, S., & Afzal, M. (2014). Response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to basal applied and foliar feeding of different nutrients application. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 14(9), 72-75. doi: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.09. 12400
Sadeghi, S. M., & Noorhosseini, S. A. (2014). Evaluation of foliar application effects of Zn and Fe on yield and its components of lentil (Lens culinaris, medik), Iran. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(2), 220-225. Recovered from http://www.cibtech.org/J%20LIFE%20SCI
Sahai, V. N. (2004). Mineral Nutrients. Fundamentals of Soil (3rd ed. pp. 151-155). Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli,
Salih, H. O. (2013). Effect of foliar fertilization of Fe, B and Zn on nutrient concentration and seed protein of cowpea “Vigna Unguiculata”. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 6(3), 42-46. doi: 10.97 90/2380-0634246
Sarwar, R. A., Ashraf, M., & Javaid, M. M. (2018). Response of foliar-applied nutrient solution with and without soil-applied fertilizers on growth and yield of mung bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(9), 1083-1093. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2017.1381722
Schwabe, F., Schulin, R., Limbach, L. K., Stark, W., Burge, D., & Nowack, B. (2013). Influence of two types of organic matter on interaction of CeO2 nanoparticles with plants in hydroponic culture. Chemosphere, 91(4), 512-520. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.025
Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Abbas, T., Ayyub, C. M., Mattson, N. S.,… Iqbal, Z. (2012). Screening of pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for salt tolerance based on early growth stage attributes and leaf inorganic osmolytes. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(9), 1324-1331. Recovered from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=732358544071642;res=IELHSS
Singh, H. P., Ramakrishna, Y. S., Sharma, K. L., & Venkateswarlu, B. (1999). Fifty years of dryland agriculture research in India. Hyderabad: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture.
Steel, R. G. D., Torrie, J. H., & Dicky, D. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Multiple comparison (3rd ed. Pp. 178-198). McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2009). Fisiologia vegetal (4nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora ARTMED.
Turner, N. C. (2004). Adaptation to drought: lessons from studies with chickpea. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 9(1), 11-17. Recovered from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3278217
Valenciano, J. B., Boto, A., & Marcelo, V. (2010). Response of chickpea (Cicerarientinum L.) yield to zinc, boron, and molybdenum application under pot conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(3), 797-807. Recovered from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3278217
Waheed, H., Javaid, M. M., Shahid, A., Ali, H. H., Nargis, J., & Mehmood, A. (2019). Impact of foliar-applied Hoagland’s nutrient solution on growth and yield of mash bean (Vigna mungo L.) under different growth stages. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(10), 1133-1141. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2019. 1607380
Zain, M., Khan, I., Qadri, R. W. K., Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Minhas, S.,… Bashir, M. (2015). Foliar application of micronutrients enhances wheat growth, yield and related attributes. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(7), 864-869. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.67094
Ali, Y., Krishnamurthy, L., Saxena, N. P., Rupela, O. P., Kumar, J., & Johansen, C. (2002). Scope for genetic manipulation of mineral acquisition in chickpea. In J. J. Adu-Gyamfi (Ed.), Food security in nutrient-stressed environments: exploiting plants’ genetic capabilities (pp. 165-176). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-1570-6_18
Arif, M., Chohan, M. A., Ali, S., Gul, R., & Khan, S. (2006). Response of wheat to foliar application of nutrients. American Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(4), 30-34.
Bozorgi, H. R., Azarpour, E., & Moradi, M. (2011). The effects of bio mineral nitrogen fertilization and foliar zinc spraying on yield and yield components of faba bean. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(6), 1409-1414.
Chakmak, I. (2010). Enrichment of fertilizers with zinc: an excellent investment for humanity and crop production in India. Journal of Trace Element and Medical Biology, 23(4), 281-289. doi: 10.1016/j. jtemb.2009.05.002
Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives. New York: Pimprenta.
Fageria, N. K. (2016). The use of nutrients in crop plants. New York: Taylor Francis.
Fageria, N. K., Barbosa, M. P. F., Moreira, A., & Guimaraes, C. M. (2009). Foliar fertilization of crop plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32(6), 1044-1064. doi: 10.1080/01904160902872826
Fatima, Z., Bano, A., Sial, R., & Aslam, M. (2008). Response of chickpea to plant growth regulators on nitrogen fixation and yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5), 2005-2013. Recovered from https://agris. fao.org/agris-search/ search.do?recordID=PK2011000399
Fernández, V., & Eichert, T. (2009). Uptake of hydrophilic solutes through plant leaves: current state of knowledge and perspectives of foliar fertilization. Critical Review of Plant Sciences, 182(1-2), 36-68. doi: 10.1080/07352680902743069
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., & Taifeh-Noori, M. (2010). Soybean performance under salinity stress. Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physiology, 23(1), 6-11. doi: 10.5772/14741
Hoagland, D. R., & Arnon, D. I. (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. (2nd ed.). (Circular. California agricultural experiment station, 347). Berkeley: University of California.
Hu, Y., Ye, X., Shi, L., Duan, H., & Xu, F. (2010). Genotypic differences in root morphology and phosphorus uptake kinetics in Brassica napus under low phosphorus supply. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33(6), 889-901. doi: 10.1080/01904161003658239
Hussain, M. Z., Rehman, N., Khan, M. A., Roohullah, M., & Ahmed, S. R. (2006). Micronutrients status of Bannu basen soils. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 22(2), 283-285.
Jahiruddin, M., Ali, M. S., Hossain, M. A., Ahmed, M. U., & Hoque, M. M. (1995). Effect of boron on grain set, yield and some others of wheat cultivars. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(1), 179-184.
Jha, D. P., Sharma, S., & Amarawat, T. (2015). Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and economics of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) grown during kharif. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 35(3), 224-228. doi: 10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00052.X
Johansen, C., Musa, A. M., Kumar, J. V. D. K., Harris, D., Ali, M. Y., Shahidullah, A. K. M., & Lauren, J. G. (2007). Correcting molybdenum deficiency of chickpea in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170(6), 752-761. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200700249
Kannan, S. (2010). Foliar fertilization for sustainable crop production. In E. Lichtfouse (Ed.), Genetic engineering, biofertilisation, soil quality and organic farming (pp. 371-402). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-8741-6_13
Kerin, V., & Berova, M. (2003). Foliar fertilization in plants. Videnov and Son, Sofia. Bulgarian.
Khan, M. A., Fuller, M. P., & Baluch, F. S. (2008). Effect of soil applied zinc sulphate on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on calcareous soil in Pakistan. Cereal Research Communication, 36(4), 571-582. doi: 10.1556/crc.36.2008.4.6
Krishnaveni, S., Anandha, A., Palchamy, A., & Mahendran, S. (2004). Effect of foliar spray of nutrients on growth and yield of green gram (Phaseolus radiatus). Legume Research an International Journal, 27(2), 149-150.
Kuepper, G. (2003). Foliar fertilization. Butte City: ATTRA -National sustainable Agriculture Information service. NCAT Agriculture specialist.
Law-Ogbomo, K. E., & Egharevba, R. K. A. (2009). Effects of planting density and NPK fertilizer application on yield and yield components of tomato (Lycospersicon esculentum Mill.) in forest location. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), 152-158. doi: 10.1.1.415.1940
Li, H. Z., & Cheng, Z. H. (2015). Hoagland nutrient solution promotes the growth of cucumber seedlings under light-emitting diode light. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 65(1), 74-82. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2014.967285
Liu, F., Andersen, M. N., & Jensen, C. R. (2003). Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean. Functional Plant Biology, 30(3), 271-280. doi: 10.1071/FP02185
Maneetong, S., Chookhampaeng, S., Chantiratikul, A., Chinrasri, O., Thosaikham, W., Sittipout, R., & Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Hydroponic cultivation of selenium-enriched kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedling and speciation of selenium with HPLC–ICPMS. Microchemical Journal, 108(1), 87-91. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.01.003
Muehlbauer, F. J., & Sarker, A. (2017) Economic Importance of Chickpea: Production, Value, and World Trade. In R. Varshney, M., Thudi, & F. Muehlbauer (Eds.), The Chickpea Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-66117-9_2
Nublat, A., Desplans, J., Casse, F., & Berthomieu, P. (2001). Arabidopsis mutant over accumulating sodium in the shoot shows deficiency in the control of the root radial transport of sodium. The Plant Cell, 13(1), 125-137. doi: 10.1105/tpc.13.1.125
Okweche, S. I., & Avav, T. R. (2013). Yield evaluation of some cultivars of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) in southern guinea savanna location of Nigeria. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 85-88. Recovered from http://www.ijpaes.com/.../357_pdf.pdf
Rahim, M. A., Mia, A. A., Mahmud, F., & Afrin, K. S. (2008). Multivariate analysis in some mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) accessions on the basis of agronomic traits. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2), 217-221. doi: 10.1.1.489.8516
Rahman, I. U., Afzal, A., Iqbal, Z., Ijaz, F., Sohail, S. S., Manan, S., & Afzal, M. (2014). Response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to basal applied and foliar feeding of different nutrients application. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 14(9), 72-75. doi: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.09. 12400
Sadeghi, S. M., & Noorhosseini, S. A. (2014). Evaluation of foliar application effects of Zn and Fe on yield and its components of lentil (Lens culinaris, medik), Iran. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(2), 220-225. Recovered from http://www.cibtech.org/J%20LIFE%20SCI
Sahai, V. N. (2004). Mineral Nutrients. Fundamentals of Soil (3rd ed. pp. 151-155). Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli,
Salih, H. O. (2013). Effect of foliar fertilization of Fe, B and Zn on nutrient concentration and seed protein of cowpea “Vigna Unguiculata”. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 6(3), 42-46. doi: 10.97 90/2380-0634246
Sarwar, R. A., Ashraf, M., & Javaid, M. M. (2018). Response of foliar-applied nutrient solution with and without soil-applied fertilizers on growth and yield of mung bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(9), 1083-1093. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2017.1381722
Schwabe, F., Schulin, R., Limbach, L. K., Stark, W., Burge, D., & Nowack, B. (2013). Influence of two types of organic matter on interaction of CeO2 nanoparticles with plants in hydroponic culture. Chemosphere, 91(4), 512-520. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.025
Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Abbas, T., Ayyub, C. M., Mattson, N. S.,… Iqbal, Z. (2012). Screening of pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for salt tolerance based on early growth stage attributes and leaf inorganic osmolytes. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(9), 1324-1331. Recovered from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=732358544071642;res=IELHSS
Singh, H. P., Ramakrishna, Y. S., Sharma, K. L., & Venkateswarlu, B. (1999). Fifty years of dryland agriculture research in India. Hyderabad: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture.
Steel, R. G. D., Torrie, J. H., & Dicky, D. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Multiple comparison (3rd ed. Pp. 178-198). McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2009). Fisiologia vegetal (4nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora ARTMED.
Turner, N. C. (2004). Adaptation to drought: lessons from studies with chickpea. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 9(1), 11-17. Recovered from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3278217
Valenciano, J. B., Boto, A., & Marcelo, V. (2010). Response of chickpea (Cicerarientinum L.) yield to zinc, boron, and molybdenum application under pot conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(3), 797-807. Recovered from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3278217
Waheed, H., Javaid, M. M., Shahid, A., Ali, H. H., Nargis, J., & Mehmood, A. (2019). Impact of foliar-applied Hoagland’s nutrient solution on growth and yield of mash bean (Vigna mungo L.) under different growth stages. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(10), 1133-1141. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2019. 1607380
Zain, M., Khan, I., Qadri, R. W. K., Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Minhas, S.,… Bashir, M. (2015). Foliar application of micronutrients enhances wheat growth, yield and related attributes. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(7), 864-869. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.67094
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2020-11-06
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Javaid, M. M., Waheed, H., Nazami, N., Ashraf, M., Li, F.-M., & Tanveer, A. (2020). Resposta do grão-de-bico ao fornecimento foliar da solução de Hoagland em condições de chuva. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(6Supl2), 3053–3066. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6Supl2p3053
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