Water restriction periods affect growth performance and nutritional status of Santa Inês sheep in the Brazilian Semi-arid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n3p1037Keywords:
Intermittent water supply, Metabolic water, Small ruminant, Weight gain.Abstract
This study aimed to assess the growth performance and nutritional status of sheep under intermittent water supply by means of performance, intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, water balance and nitrogen. Thirty-two intact male sheep (20.7 ± 2.63 kg, 8 months of age) were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 water supply intervals via drinking trough (0h00, 24h00, 48h00, and 72h00), with 8 replicates. The extension in the water restriction period caused a reduction in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, digestible energy, and metabolizable energy (P < 0.05). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber showed a linear decrease with increasing periods of water restriction (P < 0.05). Water intake via food, total water intake, and water excretion via feces showed a linear increase in response to an increase in the water supply interval (P < 0.05). Water intake via drinking, metabolic water, total water excretion and water balance presented a linear decrease, with increasing periods of water restriction (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake and absorbed nitrogen were influenced by water restriction, presenting a linear decreasing trend according to water supply periods (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain, and total weight gain, were influenced by the periods of water restriction, showing a linear reduction (P < 0.05). Feed conversion increased as the water restriction period increased (P=0.004). Intermittent water supply at intervals of up to 72h00 reduced nutrient intake and digestibility, resulting in a decrease in weight gain of the studied animals.References
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Albuquerque, I., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, F., Carvalho, G., Santos, E., Nobre, I., & Oliveira, R. (2020b). Performance, body water balance, ingestive behavior and blood metabolites in goats fed with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller) silage subjected to an intermittent water supply. Sustainability, 12(7), 1-15. doi: 10.3390/su12072881
Albuquerque, I., Araújo, G. G. L., Voltolini, T. V., Moura, J. H. A., Costa, R. G., Gois, G. C.,... Santos, N. M. S. S. (2020a). Saline water intake effects performance, digestibility, nitrogen and water balance of feedlot lambs. Animal Production Science, 60(13), 1591-1597. doi: 10.1071/AN19224
Al-Khaza’leh, J., Abdelqader, A., Abuajamieh, M., & Hayajneh, F. M. F. (2020). Assessment of water source availability and quality for small ruminant consumption in the Northern Badia region of Jordan. Veterinary World, 13(6), 1073-1082. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1073-1082
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2016). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (20nd ed.) Washington, D.C.: George W. Latimer Jr.
Benatallah, A., Ghozlane, F., & Marie, M. (2019). The effect of water restriction on physiological and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows reared under Mediterranean climate. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 32(1), 152-158. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0098
Cabral, L. S., Neves, E. M. O., Zervoudakis, J. T., Abreu, J. G., Rodrigues, R. C., Souza, A. L., & Oliveira, I. S. (2008). Nutrients requirements estimative for sheep in Brazilian conditions. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9(1), 529-542. Retrieved from https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/ rbspaindex.php/rbspa/article/view/1005
Church, D. C. (1993). The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants: digestive physiology (4nd ed.) Long Grove, Il: Waveland Press.
Conte, G., Ciampolini, R., Cassandro, M., Lasagna, E., Calamari, L., Bernabucci, U., & Abeni, F. (2018). Feeding and nutrition management of heat-stressed dairy ruminants. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(3), 604-620. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1404944
Cordova-Torres, A. V., Costa, R. G., Medeiros, A. N., Araújo, J. T., Fº., Ramos, A. O., & Alves, N. L. (2017). Performance of sheep fed forage cactus with total water restriction. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 18(2), 369-377. doi: 10.1590/s1519-99402017000200015
El Khashab, M. A., Semaida, A. I., & Abd El-Ghany, M. A. (2018). Water restriction and its effect on blood hormones, minerals and metabolite in Baladi Goats. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 747-755. doi: 10.20546/IJCMAS.2018.703.087
Gebreyohanes, M. G., & Assen, A. M. (2017). Adaptation mechanisms of camels (Camelus dromedarius) for desert environment: a review. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 8(6), 1-5. doi: 10.4172/21 57-7579.1000486
Hall, M. B. (2003). Challenges with non-fiber carbohydrate methods. Journal Animal Science, 81(12), 3226-3232. doi: 10.2527/2003.81123226x
Harlan, D. W., Holter, J. B., & Hayes, H. H. (1991). Detergent fiber traits to predict productive energy of forages fed free choice to non lacting dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(4), 1337-1353. doi: 10. 3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78289-1
Hussein, A., Puchala, R., Portugal, I., Wilson, B. K., Gipson, T. A., & Goetsch, A. L. (2020). Effects of restricted availability of drinking water on body weight and feed intake by Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix sheep from different regions of the USA. Journal of Animal Science, 98(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1093/ jas/skz367
Jaber, L. S., Chedid, M., & Hamadeh, S. K. (2013). Water stress in small ruminants. In S. Akinci (Ed.), Responses of organisms to water stress (pp. 115-149). London, UK: IntechOpen. Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/books/responses-of-organisms-to-water-stress/water-stress-in-small-ruminants
Jaber, L. S., Duvaux-Ponter, C., Hamadeh, S. K., & Giger-Reverdin, S. (2019). Mild heat stress and short water restriction treatment in lactating Alpine and Saanen goats. Small Ruminant Research, 175(1), 46-51. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.04.004
Kumar, D., Kalyan, D., Singh, A. K., Kumar, K., Sahoo, A., & Naqvi, S. M. K. (2016). Effect of water restriction on physiological responses and certain reproductive traits of Malpura ewes in a semiarid tropical environment. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 12(1), 54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.11.006
Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M., & Van Soest, P. J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fracionation of ruminant feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57(4), 347-358. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3
Mdletshe, Z. M., Chimonyo, M., Marufu, M. C., & Nsahlai, I. V. (2017). Effects of saline water consumption on physiological responses in Nguni goats. Small Ruminant Research, 153(1), 209-211. doi: 10.1016/j. smallrumres.2017.06.019
Mertens, D. R. (2002). Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beaker or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 85(6), 1217-1240. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477183/
Misra, A., & Singh, K. (2002). Effect of water deprivation on dry matter intake, nutrient utilization and metabolic water production in goats under semi-arid zone of India. Small Ruminant Research, 46(2-3), 159-165. doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00187-6
Mpendulo, C. T., Chimonyo, M., & Zindove, T. J. (2017). Influence of water restriction and salinity on feed intake and growth performance of Nguni does. Small Ruminant Research, 149(1), 112-114. doi: 10.1016/ j.smallrumres.2017.02.002
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.
Nejad, J. G., Lohakare, J. D., West, J. W., & Sung, K. I. (2014). Effects of water restriction after feeding during heat stress on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, blood profile and characteristics in Corriedale ewes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 193(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.03.011
Nobre, I. S., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, E. M., Carvalho, G. G. P., Souza, B. B., Ribeiro, O. L.,... Albuquerque, I. R. R. (2018). Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(4), 1683-1694. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018 v39n4p1683
Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., & Woznicki. S. A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16(1), 145-163. doi: 10.1016/ j.crm.2017.02.001
Santos, F. M., Araújo, G. G. L., Souza, L. L., Yamamoto, S. M., Queiroz, M. A. A., Lanna, D. P. D., & Moraes, S. A. (2019). Impact of water restriction periods on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot lambs in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Meat Science, 156(1), 196-204. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.033
Silva, D. J., & Queiroz, A. C. (2006). Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos (3a ed.). Viçosa, MG: Editora UFV.
Silva, J. F., & Leão, M. I. (1979). Fundamentos de nutrição de ruminantes. Piracicaba, SP: Livroceres.
Sniffen, C. J., O'Connor, J. D., & Van Soest, P. J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Souza, A. F. N., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, E. M., Azevedo, P. S., Oliveira, J. S., Perazzo, A. F., & Zanine, A. M. (2020). Carcass traits and meat quality of lambs fed with cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) silage and subjected to an intermittent water supply. Plos One, 15(4), 1-20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231191
Sun, Z. H., He, Z. X., Tan, Z. L., Liu, S. M., Zhang, Q. L., Han, X. F.,… Wang, M. (2017). Effects of energy and protein restriction on digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of Liuyang Black kids. Small Ruminant Research, 154(1), 13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.023
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd ed.). New York: Cornell University Press.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polyssacharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Vosooghi‐Postindoz, V., Tahmasbi, A., Naserian, A. A., Valizade, R., & Ebrahimi, H. (2018). Effect of water deprivation and drinking saline water on performance, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and rumen parameters in Baluchi lambs. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(3), 445-456. Retrieved from http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_542637.html.
Yirga, H., Puchala, R., Tsukahara, Y., Tesfai, K., Sahlu, T., Mengistu, U. L., & Goetsch, A. L. (2018). Effects of level of brackish water and salinity on feed intake, digestion, heat energy, ruminal fluid characteristics, and blood constituent levels in growing Boer goat wethers and mature Boer goat and Katahdin sheep wethers. Small Ruminant Research, 164(1), 70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.05.004
Albuquerque, I., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, F., Carvalho, G., Santos, E., Nobre, I., & Oliveira, R. (2020b). Performance, body water balance, ingestive behavior and blood metabolites in goats fed with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller) silage subjected to an intermittent water supply. Sustainability, 12(7), 1-15. doi: 10.3390/su12072881
Albuquerque, I., Araújo, G. G. L., Voltolini, T. V., Moura, J. H. A., Costa, R. G., Gois, G. C.,... Santos, N. M. S. S. (2020a). Saline water intake effects performance, digestibility, nitrogen and water balance of feedlot lambs. Animal Production Science, 60(13), 1591-1597. doi: 10.1071/AN19224
Al-Khaza’leh, J., Abdelqader, A., Abuajamieh, M., & Hayajneh, F. M. F. (2020). Assessment of water source availability and quality for small ruminant consumption in the Northern Badia region of Jordan. Veterinary World, 13(6), 1073-1082. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1073-1082
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2016). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (20nd ed.) Washington, D.C.: George W. Latimer Jr.
Benatallah, A., Ghozlane, F., & Marie, M. (2019). The effect of water restriction on physiological and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows reared under Mediterranean climate. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 32(1), 152-158. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0098
Cabral, L. S., Neves, E. M. O., Zervoudakis, J. T., Abreu, J. G., Rodrigues, R. C., Souza, A. L., & Oliveira, I. S. (2008). Nutrients requirements estimative for sheep in Brazilian conditions. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9(1), 529-542. Retrieved from https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/ rbspaindex.php/rbspa/article/view/1005
Church, D. C. (1993). The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants: digestive physiology (4nd ed.) Long Grove, Il: Waveland Press.
Conte, G., Ciampolini, R., Cassandro, M., Lasagna, E., Calamari, L., Bernabucci, U., & Abeni, F. (2018). Feeding and nutrition management of heat-stressed dairy ruminants. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(3), 604-620. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1404944
Cordova-Torres, A. V., Costa, R. G., Medeiros, A. N., Araújo, J. T., Fº., Ramos, A. O., & Alves, N. L. (2017). Performance of sheep fed forage cactus with total water restriction. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 18(2), 369-377. doi: 10.1590/s1519-99402017000200015
El Khashab, M. A., Semaida, A. I., & Abd El-Ghany, M. A. (2018). Water restriction and its effect on blood hormones, minerals and metabolite in Baladi Goats. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 747-755. doi: 10.20546/IJCMAS.2018.703.087
Gebreyohanes, M. G., & Assen, A. M. (2017). Adaptation mechanisms of camels (Camelus dromedarius) for desert environment: a review. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 8(6), 1-5. doi: 10.4172/21 57-7579.1000486
Hall, M. B. (2003). Challenges with non-fiber carbohydrate methods. Journal Animal Science, 81(12), 3226-3232. doi: 10.2527/2003.81123226x
Harlan, D. W., Holter, J. B., & Hayes, H. H. (1991). Detergent fiber traits to predict productive energy of forages fed free choice to non lacting dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(4), 1337-1353. doi: 10. 3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78289-1
Hussein, A., Puchala, R., Portugal, I., Wilson, B. K., Gipson, T. A., & Goetsch, A. L. (2020). Effects of restricted availability of drinking water on body weight and feed intake by Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix sheep from different regions of the USA. Journal of Animal Science, 98(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1093/ jas/skz367
Jaber, L. S., Chedid, M., & Hamadeh, S. K. (2013). Water stress in small ruminants. In S. Akinci (Ed.), Responses of organisms to water stress (pp. 115-149). London, UK: IntechOpen. Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/books/responses-of-organisms-to-water-stress/water-stress-in-small-ruminants
Jaber, L. S., Duvaux-Ponter, C., Hamadeh, S. K., & Giger-Reverdin, S. (2019). Mild heat stress and short water restriction treatment in lactating Alpine and Saanen goats. Small Ruminant Research, 175(1), 46-51. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.04.004
Kumar, D., Kalyan, D., Singh, A. K., Kumar, K., Sahoo, A., & Naqvi, S. M. K. (2016). Effect of water restriction on physiological responses and certain reproductive traits of Malpura ewes in a semiarid tropical environment. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 12(1), 54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.11.006
Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M., & Van Soest, P. J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fracionation of ruminant feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57(4), 347-358. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3
Mdletshe, Z. M., Chimonyo, M., Marufu, M. C., & Nsahlai, I. V. (2017). Effects of saline water consumption on physiological responses in Nguni goats. Small Ruminant Research, 153(1), 209-211. doi: 10.1016/j. smallrumres.2017.06.019
Mertens, D. R. (2002). Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beaker or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 85(6), 1217-1240. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477183/
Misra, A., & Singh, K. (2002). Effect of water deprivation on dry matter intake, nutrient utilization and metabolic water production in goats under semi-arid zone of India. Small Ruminant Research, 46(2-3), 159-165. doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00187-6
Mpendulo, C. T., Chimonyo, M., & Zindove, T. J. (2017). Influence of water restriction and salinity on feed intake and growth performance of Nguni does. Small Ruminant Research, 149(1), 112-114. doi: 10.1016/ j.smallrumres.2017.02.002
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.
Nejad, J. G., Lohakare, J. D., West, J. W., & Sung, K. I. (2014). Effects of water restriction after feeding during heat stress on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, blood profile and characteristics in Corriedale ewes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 193(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.03.011
Nobre, I. S., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, E. M., Carvalho, G. G. P., Souza, B. B., Ribeiro, O. L.,... Albuquerque, I. R. R. (2018). Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(4), 1683-1694. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018 v39n4p1683
Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., & Woznicki. S. A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16(1), 145-163. doi: 10.1016/ j.crm.2017.02.001
Santos, F. M., Araújo, G. G. L., Souza, L. L., Yamamoto, S. M., Queiroz, M. A. A., Lanna, D. P. D., & Moraes, S. A. (2019). Impact of water restriction periods on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot lambs in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Meat Science, 156(1), 196-204. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.033
Silva, D. J., & Queiroz, A. C. (2006). Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos (3a ed.). Viçosa, MG: Editora UFV.
Silva, J. F., & Leão, M. I. (1979). Fundamentos de nutrição de ruminantes. Piracicaba, SP: Livroceres.
Sniffen, C. J., O'Connor, J. D., & Van Soest, P. J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Souza, A. F. N., Araújo, G. G. L., Santos, E. M., Azevedo, P. S., Oliveira, J. S., Perazzo, A. F., & Zanine, A. M. (2020). Carcass traits and meat quality of lambs fed with cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) silage and subjected to an intermittent water supply. Plos One, 15(4), 1-20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231191
Sun, Z. H., He, Z. X., Tan, Z. L., Liu, S. M., Zhang, Q. L., Han, X. F.,… Wang, M. (2017). Effects of energy and protein restriction on digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of Liuyang Black kids. Small Ruminant Research, 154(1), 13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.023
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd ed.). New York: Cornell University Press.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polyssacharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Vosooghi‐Postindoz, V., Tahmasbi, A., Naserian, A. A., Valizade, R., & Ebrahimi, H. (2018). Effect of water deprivation and drinking saline water on performance, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and rumen parameters in Baluchi lambs. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(3), 445-456. Retrieved from http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_542637.html.
Yirga, H., Puchala, R., Tsukahara, Y., Tesfai, K., Sahlu, T., Mengistu, U. L., & Goetsch, A. L. (2018). Effects of level of brackish water and salinity on feed intake, digestion, heat energy, ruminal fluid characteristics, and blood constituent levels in growing Boer goat wethers and mature Boer goat and Katahdin sheep wethers. Small Ruminant Research, 164(1), 70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.05.004
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2022-02-28
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Souza, L. L. de, Araújo, G. G. L. de, Turco, S. H. N., Moraes, S. A. de, Voltolini, T. V., Gois, G. C., … Santos, F. M. dos. (2022). Water restriction periods affect growth performance and nutritional status of Santa Inês sheep in the Brazilian Semi-arid. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 43(3), 1037–1050. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n3p1037
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