Associative effect of essential oils, tannins, and sodium monensin on the performance of steers finished in feedlot
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n5p2059Keywords:
Food additive, Ionophores, Plant extract, Ruminal fermentation.Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of the diet and carcass traits of beef steers finished in feedlot under the effect of including tannins and essential oils (TAN+EO) alone or combined with sodium monensin (MO) in the feed. For this purpose, 30 ½ blood Angus steers from the same herd, with an average age of 12 months and an average initial body weight of 367.8 kg were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, consisting of three treatments: MO - diet with sodium monensin (25 mg kg DM-1); TAN+EO - diet with tannins and essential oils (1.5 g kg DM-1); and MO+TAN+EO - diet with sodium monensin + tannins and essential oils (25 mg kg DM-1 + 1.5 g kg DM-1), with five repetitions, where each repetition was represented by a stall with two animals. Diets were formulated and consisted of a mixture of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate, which was fed to the animals twice a day, at 06h00 am and 05h30 pm. There was no difference (P>0.05) in average daily weight gain of animals between treatments, with an average of 1.392 kg day-1. Carcass yield was higher for animals that received the compound of essential oils and tannins (55.72%), compared to animals fed the combination of tannins, essential oils and monensin (54.54%) but did not differ from those supplemented with sodium monensin alone (55.58%). Supplementation with essential oils and tannins improved the apparent digestibility of the diet, however, did not promote changes in the ingestive behavior and carcass traits of steers. The combination of essential oils and tannins with sodium monensin did not show a potentiated effect on animal performance, digestibility of DM, digestive and ingestive behavior and carcass traits of feedlot finished steers compared to the combined use of essential oils with tannins.Downloads
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References
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Cabral, C., Silva, A. L., Couderc, J. J., Colombatto D., & Barajas, R. B. (2016). Influence of tannins extract and monensin supplementation on performance of feedlot heifers in Argentina. Journal of Animal Science, 94(Suppl. 5), 764-764. doi: 10.2527/jam2016-1573
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O’Bryan, C. A., Corliss, A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – a review. Food Control, 54(1), 111-119. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014. 12.040
Drong, C., Meyer, U., Von Soosten, D., Frahm, J., Rehage, J., Breves, G., & Dänicke, S. (2016). Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 537-551. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12401
Ebert, P. J., Bailey, E. A., Shreck, A. L., Jennings, J. S., & Cole, N. A. (2016). Effect of condensed tannin extract supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen balance , gas emissions , and energetic losses of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 95(3), 1345-1355. doi: 10.2527/jas2016.0341
Ferreira, S. F., Guimarães, T. P., Moreira, K. K. G., Alves, V. A., Lemos, B. J. M., & Souza, F. M. (2013). Caracterização fecal de bovinos. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medecina Veterinária, 11(20), 1-22.
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Análise de fibras forrageiras: reagentes de aparelhos, procedimentos e algumas aplicações. Manual Agrícola.
Heker, J. C. H., Neumann, M., Ueno, R. K., Falbo, M. K., Galbeiro, S., Souza, A. M., & Askel, E. J. (2018). Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and / or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(1), 261-274. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39 n1p26
Horst, E. H., Mareze, J., Bumbieris, V. H., Neumann, M., Venancio, B. J., & Souza, A. M. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and ingestive behavior of steers fed with silages of different maize hybrids. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 71(6), 1977-1984. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-11057
Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 137-150. doi: 10. 1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004
Jafari, S., Ebrahimi, M., Goh, Y. M., Rajion, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., & Al-Jumaili, W. S. (2019). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane gas production by plant secondary metabolites (saponin, tannin and essential oil): a review of ten-year studies. Annals of Animal Science, 19(1), 3-29. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0037
Khorshidian, N., Yousefi, M., Khanniri, E., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2018). Potential application of essential oils as antimicrobial preservatives in cheese. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 45(62), 62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.020
Le Bourvellec, C., & Renarda, C. M. G. C. (2012). Interactions between polyphenols and macromolecules: quantification methods and mechanisms. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52(3), 213-248. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499808
Looper, M. L., Stokes, S. R., Waldner, D. N., & Jordan, E. R. (2001). Managing milk composition: evaluating herd potential. Cooperative extension service college of agriculture and home economics Guide D-104. State University of New Mexico.
Meschiatti, M. A. P., Gouvêa, V. N., Pellarin, L. A., Batalha, C. D. A., Biehl, M. V., Acedo, T. S., Dórea, J. R. R., Tamassia, L. F. M., Owens, F. N., & Santos, F. A. P. (2019). Feeding the combination of essential oils and exogenous alfa amylase increases performance and carcass production of finishing beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 97(1), 456-471. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky415
Mezzomo, R., Paulino, P. V., Barbosa, M. M., Martins, T. S., Paulino, M. F., Alves, K. S., Gomes, D. I., & Monnerat, J. P. I. S (2016). Performance and carcass characteristics of young cattle fed with soybean meal treated with tannins. Animal Science Journal, 87(6), 775-782. doi: 10.1111/asj.12486
Min, B. R., Solaiman, S., Waldrip, H. M., Parker, D., Todd, R. W., & Brauer, D. (2020). Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: a review of plant tannin mitigation options. Animal Nutrition, 6(3), 231-246. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.002
Morales, R., & Ungerfeld, E. M. (2015). Use of tannins to improve fatty acids profile of meat and milk quality in ruminants: A review. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 75(2), 239-248. doi: 10.4067/ S0718-58392015000200014
Mullen, K. A. E., Lee, A. R., Lyman, R. L., Mason, S. E., Washburn, S. P., & Anderson, K. L. (2014). An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5587-5591. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7806
Muller, L. (1987). Normas para avaliação de carcaças e concurso de carcaça de novilhos. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.
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Naumann, H. D., Tedeschi, L. O., Zeller, W. E., & Huntley, N. F. (2017). The role of condensed tannins in ruminant animal production: advances, limitations and future directions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(12), 929-949. doi: 10.1590/S1806-92902017001200009
Oliveira, O. A. M., Amaral, A. G., Pereira, K. A., Campos, J. C. D., & Taveira, R. Z. (2019). Utilização de aditivos modificadores da fermentação ruminal em bovinos de corte. Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente, 12(1), 287-311. doi: 10.17765/2176-9168.2019v12n1p287-311
Orlandi, T., Kozloski, G. V., Alves, T. P., Mesquita, F. R., & Ávila, S. C. (2015). Digestibility, ruminal fermentation and duodenal flux of amino acids in steers fed grass forage plus concentrate containing increasing levels of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 210(1), 37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.012
Patra, A. K. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology and ruminant production. Asian Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 6(5), 416-428. doi: 10.3923/ajava.2011.416. 428
Pordomingo, A. J., Volpi, G. L., Stefanazzi, I. N., & Pordomingo, A. B. (2006). Efecto de la inclusión de taninos versus monensina y de soja cruda en dietas basadas en grano entero, sin fibra larga en engorde de vaquillonas a corral. Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal, 1(1), 67-73.
Rivaroli, D. C., Guerrero, A., Valero, M. V., Zawadzki, F., Eiras, C. E., Campo, M. M., Sañudo, C., Jorge, A. M., & Prado, I. N. (2016). Effect of essential oils on meat and fat qualities of crossbred young bulls fi nished in feedlots. Meat Science, 121(1), 278-284. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.017
Rivera-Méndez, C., Plascencia, A., Torrentera, N., & Zinn, R. A. (2016). Effect of level and source of supplemental tannin on growth performance of steers during the late finishing phase. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45(1), 199-203. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1141776
Rossi, C. A., Soares, M., Luchese, F. C., & Santurio, J. M. (2015). Uso de óleos essenciais no controle dos sinais clínicos das diarreias neonatais em leitões nascidos de fêmeas com diferentes ordens de parto. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 16(1), 93-102. doi: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i119669
Seoni, E., Rothacher, M., Arrigo, Y., Kragten, S. A., Bee, G., & Dohme-Meier, F. (2021). The fate of tannins from birdsfoot trefoil and their effect on the nitrogen balance in growing lambs fed diets varying in protein level. Animals, 11(1), 190. doi: 10.3390/ani11010190
Shurson, G. C. (2018). Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235(1), 60-76. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.010
Silva, D. J., & Queiroz, A. C. (2009). Análise de Alimentos, métodos químicos e biológicos. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Silva, M. R., Paula, E. J. H., Oliveira, D. F. P., Cervelati, K. F., & Pinheiro, M. S. M. (2011). Importância da deposição de gordura em bovinos de corte e sua mensuração através da técnica de ultrassonografia. Pubvet, 5(15), 1-11.
Soares, M. S., Silva, L. G., Frazão, O. S., & Silva, A. L. N. (2015). Aditivos alimentares na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 12(4), 4162-4174.
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS language reference. Version 6. SAS Institute Inc.
Stella, L. A., Zubieta, A. S., Gomes, B. K., & Prates, E. R. (2019). Óleos essenciais como alternativa para a redução do metano em ruminantes. Nutritime, 14(4), 6091-7000.
Tabke, M. C., Sarturi, J. O., Galyean, M. L., Trojan, S. J., Brooks, J. C., Johnson, B. J., Martin, J., Baggerman, J., & Thompson, A. J. (2017). Effects of tannic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility, nitrogen volatilization, and meat lipid oxidation of steers fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science, 95(11), 5124-5136. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1464
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (vol. 174). UFRGS.
Tontini, J. F., Silva, J. A., Farias, M. S., & Poli, C. H. E. C. (2021). Respostas na fisiologia da digestão ruminal ao uso de taninos na alimentação de ruminantes. Pubvet, 15(3), 1-14. doi: 10.31533/pubvet.v15 n03a780.1-14
Valadares, S. C., F°., Costa e Silva, L. F., Gionbelli, M. P., Rotta, P. P., Marcondes, M. I., Chizzoti, M. L., & Prados, L. F. (2016). BR - Corte : tabela brasileira de exigências nutricionais. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Symposium: carbohydrate methodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Weiss, W. P., Conrad, H. R., & Pierre, N. R. S. (1992). A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 39(1), 95-110. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90034-4
Cabral, C., Silva, A. L., Couderc, J. J., Colombatto D., & Barajas, R. B. (2016). Influence of tannins extract and monensin supplementation on performance of feedlot heifers in Argentina. Journal of Animal Science, 94(Suppl. 5), 764-764. doi: 10.2527/jam2016-1573
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O’Bryan, C. A., Corliss, A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – a review. Food Control, 54(1), 111-119. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014. 12.040
Drong, C., Meyer, U., Von Soosten, D., Frahm, J., Rehage, J., Breves, G., & Dänicke, S. (2016). Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 537-551. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12401
Ebert, P. J., Bailey, E. A., Shreck, A. L., Jennings, J. S., & Cole, N. A. (2016). Effect of condensed tannin extract supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen balance , gas emissions , and energetic losses of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 95(3), 1345-1355. doi: 10.2527/jas2016.0341
Ferreira, S. F., Guimarães, T. P., Moreira, K. K. G., Alves, V. A., Lemos, B. J. M., & Souza, F. M. (2013). Caracterização fecal de bovinos. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medecina Veterinária, 11(20), 1-22.
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Análise de fibras forrageiras: reagentes de aparelhos, procedimentos e algumas aplicações. Manual Agrícola.
Heker, J. C. H., Neumann, M., Ueno, R. K., Falbo, M. K., Galbeiro, S., Souza, A. M., & Askel, E. J. (2018). Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and / or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(1), 261-274. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39 n1p26
Horst, E. H., Mareze, J., Bumbieris, V. H., Neumann, M., Venancio, B. J., & Souza, A. M. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and ingestive behavior of steers fed with silages of different maize hybrids. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 71(6), 1977-1984. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-11057
Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 137-150. doi: 10. 1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004
Jafari, S., Ebrahimi, M., Goh, Y. M., Rajion, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., & Al-Jumaili, W. S. (2019). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane gas production by plant secondary metabolites (saponin, tannin and essential oil): a review of ten-year studies. Annals of Animal Science, 19(1), 3-29. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0037
Khorshidian, N., Yousefi, M., Khanniri, E., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2018). Potential application of essential oils as antimicrobial preservatives in cheese. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 45(62), 62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.020
Le Bourvellec, C., & Renarda, C. M. G. C. (2012). Interactions between polyphenols and macromolecules: quantification methods and mechanisms. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52(3), 213-248. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499808
Looper, M. L., Stokes, S. R., Waldner, D. N., & Jordan, E. R. (2001). Managing milk composition: evaluating herd potential. Cooperative extension service college of agriculture and home economics Guide D-104. State University of New Mexico.
Meschiatti, M. A. P., Gouvêa, V. N., Pellarin, L. A., Batalha, C. D. A., Biehl, M. V., Acedo, T. S., Dórea, J. R. R., Tamassia, L. F. M., Owens, F. N., & Santos, F. A. P. (2019). Feeding the combination of essential oils and exogenous alfa amylase increases performance and carcass production of finishing beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 97(1), 456-471. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky415
Mezzomo, R., Paulino, P. V., Barbosa, M. M., Martins, T. S., Paulino, M. F., Alves, K. S., Gomes, D. I., & Monnerat, J. P. I. S (2016). Performance and carcass characteristics of young cattle fed with soybean meal treated with tannins. Animal Science Journal, 87(6), 775-782. doi: 10.1111/asj.12486
Min, B. R., Solaiman, S., Waldrip, H. M., Parker, D., Todd, R. W., & Brauer, D. (2020). Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: a review of plant tannin mitigation options. Animal Nutrition, 6(3), 231-246. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.002
Morales, R., & Ungerfeld, E. M. (2015). Use of tannins to improve fatty acids profile of meat and milk quality in ruminants: A review. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 75(2), 239-248. doi: 10.4067/ S0718-58392015000200014
Mullen, K. A. E., Lee, A. R., Lyman, R. L., Mason, S. E., Washburn, S. P., & Anderson, K. L. (2014). An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5587-5591. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7806
Muller, L. (1987). Normas para avaliação de carcaças e concurso de carcaça de novilhos. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.
National Research Council (2000). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7nd ed. rev.). The National Academies Press.
Naumann, H. D., Tedeschi, L. O., Zeller, W. E., & Huntley, N. F. (2017). The role of condensed tannins in ruminant animal production: advances, limitations and future directions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 46(12), 929-949. doi: 10.1590/S1806-92902017001200009
Oliveira, O. A. M., Amaral, A. G., Pereira, K. A., Campos, J. C. D., & Taveira, R. Z. (2019). Utilização de aditivos modificadores da fermentação ruminal em bovinos de corte. Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente, 12(1), 287-311. doi: 10.17765/2176-9168.2019v12n1p287-311
Orlandi, T., Kozloski, G. V., Alves, T. P., Mesquita, F. R., & Ávila, S. C. (2015). Digestibility, ruminal fermentation and duodenal flux of amino acids in steers fed grass forage plus concentrate containing increasing levels of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 210(1), 37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.012
Patra, A. K. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology and ruminant production. Asian Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 6(5), 416-428. doi: 10.3923/ajava.2011.416. 428
Pordomingo, A. J., Volpi, G. L., Stefanazzi, I. N., & Pordomingo, A. B. (2006). Efecto de la inclusión de taninos versus monensina y de soja cruda en dietas basadas en grano entero, sin fibra larga en engorde de vaquillonas a corral. Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal, 1(1), 67-73.
Rivaroli, D. C., Guerrero, A., Valero, M. V., Zawadzki, F., Eiras, C. E., Campo, M. M., Sañudo, C., Jorge, A. M., & Prado, I. N. (2016). Effect of essential oils on meat and fat qualities of crossbred young bulls fi nished in feedlots. Meat Science, 121(1), 278-284. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.017
Rivera-Méndez, C., Plascencia, A., Torrentera, N., & Zinn, R. A. (2016). Effect of level and source of supplemental tannin on growth performance of steers during the late finishing phase. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45(1), 199-203. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1141776
Rossi, C. A., Soares, M., Luchese, F. C., & Santurio, J. M. (2015). Uso de óleos essenciais no controle dos sinais clínicos das diarreias neonatais em leitões nascidos de fêmeas com diferentes ordens de parto. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 16(1), 93-102. doi: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i119669
Seoni, E., Rothacher, M., Arrigo, Y., Kragten, S. A., Bee, G., & Dohme-Meier, F. (2021). The fate of tannins from birdsfoot trefoil and their effect on the nitrogen balance in growing lambs fed diets varying in protein level. Animals, 11(1), 190. doi: 10.3390/ani11010190
Shurson, G. C. (2018). Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235(1), 60-76. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.010
Silva, D. J., & Queiroz, A. C. (2009). Análise de Alimentos, métodos químicos e biológicos. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Silva, M. R., Paula, E. J. H., Oliveira, D. F. P., Cervelati, K. F., & Pinheiro, M. S. M. (2011). Importância da deposição de gordura em bovinos de corte e sua mensuração através da técnica de ultrassonografia. Pubvet, 5(15), 1-11.
Soares, M. S., Silva, L. G., Frazão, O. S., & Silva, A. L. N. (2015). Aditivos alimentares na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 12(4), 4162-4174.
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS language reference. Version 6. SAS Institute Inc.
Stella, L. A., Zubieta, A. S., Gomes, B. K., & Prates, E. R. (2019). Óleos essenciais como alternativa para a redução do metano em ruminantes. Nutritime, 14(4), 6091-7000.
Tabke, M. C., Sarturi, J. O., Galyean, M. L., Trojan, S. J., Brooks, J. C., Johnson, B. J., Martin, J., Baggerman, J., & Thompson, A. J. (2017). Effects of tannic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility, nitrogen volatilization, and meat lipid oxidation of steers fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science, 95(11), 5124-5136. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1464
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (vol. 174). UFRGS.
Tontini, J. F., Silva, J. A., Farias, M. S., & Poli, C. H. E. C. (2021). Respostas na fisiologia da digestão ruminal ao uso de taninos na alimentação de ruminantes. Pubvet, 15(3), 1-14. doi: 10.31533/pubvet.v15 n03a780.1-14
Valadares, S. C., F°., Costa e Silva, L. F., Gionbelli, M. P., Rotta, P. P., Marcondes, M. I., Chizzoti, M. L., & Prados, L. F. (2016). BR - Corte : tabela brasileira de exigências nutricionais. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Symposium: carbohydrate methodology, metabolism, and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Weiss, W. P., Conrad, H. R., & Pierre, N. R. S. (1992). A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 39(1), 95-110. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90034-4
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2022-07-11
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Neumann, M., Pontarolo, G. B., Souza, A. M. de, Cristo, F. B., Pereira, E. L. C., Savoldi, L. S., … Cesar, P. V. P. (2022). Associative effect of essential oils, tannins, and sodium monensin on the performance of steers finished in feedlot. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 43(5), 2059–2078. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n5p2059
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