Shear strength of steel fiber self-compacting concrete beams
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n1p45Keywords:
Self-compacting concrete, Steel fibers, Shear strength, Beams, Structural concreteAbstract
The use of self-compacting concrete has increased for several reasons over recent decades but, mainly due to its high fluidity, which dispenses of the need for concrete vibrators, ease of casting, higher quality and better compacting, allowing the production of slender pieces, with a higher reinforcement ratio. However, even self-compacting concrete exhibits brittle failure behavior and low tensile and shear strength, issues that can be mitigated with the use of steel fibers. Aiming to investigate the shear strength in self-compacting concrete beams with steel fibers, this study presents a database collected from 113 experimental tests in the literature. Using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Collins’ Demerit Points Classification (DPC), five code-based equations and ten experimental based equations for the prediction of the shear capacity of SFRC beams were evaluated. The results show that, unlike concrete without the addition of fibers, increase in aggregate dimensions decreases the shear strength with the use of steel fibers in SCC beams. Additionally, the increase in fiber volume corresponds to an increase in concrete shear strength with a maximum compressive strength of 50 MPa. The results also demonstrate that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is better for evaluating the precision but not the safety of the shear strength prediction equations, which are better determined by Collins’ Demerit Points Classification (DPC). Code-based equations for ultimate shear strength prediction of fiber reinforced concrete beams presented results with satisfactory safety and economy.Metrics
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References
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AFGC - ASSOCIATION FRANÇAISE DE GÉNIE CIVIL. Bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances: recommandations provisoires. Paris, France: AFGC, 2013.
BENTUR, A.; MINDESS, S. Fibre reinforced cementitious composites. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.
COLLINS, M. P. Evaluation of shear design procedures for concrete structures. Ottawa: CSA Technical Committee on Reinforced Concrete Design, 2001.
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CUENCA, E.; ECHEGARAY-OVIEDO, J.; SERNA, P. Influence of concrete matrix and type of fiber on the shear behavior of self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete beams. Composites Part B: Engineering, [s. l.], v. 75, n. 15, p. 135-147, June 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.037
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DING, Y. ; ZHANG, F.; PACHECO-TORGAL, F.; ZHANG, Y. Shear behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams based on the modified compression field theory. Composite Structures, Dalian, v. 94, n. 8, p. 2440–2449, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.02.025
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EL-DIEB, A. S.; EL-MAADDAWY, T. A.; AL-RAWASHDAH, O. Shear behavior of ultra-high-strength steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete beams. Construction Materials and Structures, Nova York, p. 972-979, 2014.
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FRITIH, Y.; VIDAL, T.; TURATSINZE, A.; PONS, G. Flexural and shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced SCC beams. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Nova York, v. 17, p. 1383-1393, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-1115-1
GALI, S.; SUBRAMANIAM, K. V. L. Improvements in fracture behavior and shear capacity of fiber reinforced. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 189, p. 205-217. 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.194
GEIKER, M.; JACOBSEN, S. Self-compacting concrete (SCC). In: MINDESS, S. Developments in the formulation and reiforcement of concrete. 2. ed. Vancouver: Woodhead, 2019. cap. 10, p. 229-256.
GREENOUGH, T.; NEHDI, M. Shear behavior of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete slender beams. ACI Materials Journal, Detroit, v. 105, n. 5, p. 468-477, 2008.
HAMEED, A. A.; AL-SHERRAWI, M. H. Influence of Steel Fiber on the Shear Strength of a Concrete Beam. Civil Engineering Journal, Mazandaran, Iran, v. 4. n. 7, p. 1501-1509, 2018. DOI: 10.28991/cej-0309190
HELINCKS, P.; CORTE, W.; BOEL,V.; SCHUTTER, G. Influence of steel fibre reinforcement on the shear resistance and crack pattern formation of self-compacting concrete beams. Key Engineering Materials, Freienbach, v. 452, p. 669-672, 2011.
IMAM, M.; VANDEWALLE, L.; MORTELMANS, F. Shear domain of fibre-reinforced high-strength concrete beams. Engineering Structures, Amsterdam, v. 19, n. 9, p. 738-747, 1997.
KANNAM, P.; SARELLA, V. R.; PANCHARATHI, R. K. Hybrid effects of stirrup ratio and steel fibers on shear behaviour of self-compacting concrete. The Gruyter Archives of Civil EnNgineering, [s. l.], v. LXIV, 2018. doi: 10.2478/ace-2018-0010
KHUNTIA, M.; STOJADINOVIC, B.; GOEL, S. C. Shear Strength of Normal and High-Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 283-289, 1999.
KWAK, Y.; EBERHARD, M. O.; WOO-SUK, K.; KIM, J. Shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 99, n. 4, p. 530-538, 2002.
LANTSOGHT, E. O. L. Database of shear experiments on steel fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Materials, Delft, v. 12, n. 6, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ma12060917
LARSEN, I. L.; THORSTENSEN, R. T. The influence of steel fibres on compressive and tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete: a review. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 256, n. 30, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119459
LI, X.; LI, C.; ZHAO, M.; YANG, H.; ZHOU, S. Testing and Prediction of Shear Performance for Steel Fiber Reinforced Expanded-Shale Lightweight Concrete Beams without Web Reinforcements. Materials, v. 12, p. 1594, 2019. doi:10.3390/ma12101594.
NARAYANAN, R.; DARWISH, I. Y. S. Use of Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 84, n. 3, 1987.
NING, X.; DINGA, Y.; ZHANG, F.; ZHANG, Y. Experimental study and prediction model for flexural behavior of reinforced SCC beam containing steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 93, n. 15, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.024
PANSUK, W.; NGUYEN, T. N.; SATO, Y.; DEN UIJL, J. A.; WALRAVEN, J. C. Shear capacity of high performance fiber reinforced concrete I-beams. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 157, p. 182–193, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.057
PAUW, P. D.; BUVERIE, N. V.; MOERMAN, W. . Replacement of shear reinforcement by steel fibres in pretensioned concrete beams. In: WALRAVEN, J. C.; STOELHORST, D. (ed.). Tailor made concrete structures. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. p. 391-397.
PERERA, J.; MUTSUYOSHI, H. Prediction of shear strength of reinforced concrete members without web reinforcement. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, [s. l.], p. 499-504, 2013.
PRAVEEN, K.; RAO, S. V. Steel fibres as a partial shear reinforcement in self-compacting concrete. Recent Advances in Structural Engineering, Singapore, v. 1, p. 935-946, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_74
RANDO JUNIOR, A. M.; GUERRA, L.; MORALES,G. Interference from the addition of polypropylene fibers and thin basalt on mechanical strength of micro concrete. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 1, p. 55-62, 2019. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n1p55
RAWASHDEH, O. J. Z. A. Sher behaviour of steel fiber reinforced ultra high strength self compacted concrete beams. 2015. Dissertation (Master in Civil Engineering) - United Arab Emirates University, 2015.
RILEM. Rilem TC 162-TDF: test and design methods for steel fibre reinforced concrete. Materials and Structures, Nova York, v. 36, p. 560-567, Oct. 2003.
SARVEGHADI, M.; GANDOMI, A. H.; BOLANDI, H.; ALAVI, A. H. Development of prediction models for shear strength of SFRCB using a machine learning approach. Neural Computing and Applications, Amsterdam, v. 31, p. 2085–2094, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00521-015-1997-6
SHAH, A.; AHMAD, S. An experimental investigation into shear capacity of high strength concrete beams. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Islamabad, p. 549-562, 2007.
SHARMA, A. K. Shear Strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 624-628, 1986.
SHOAIB, A.; LUBELL, A. S.; BINDIGANAVILE, V. S. Size effect in shear for steel fiber-reinforced concrete members without stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 111, n. 5, p. 1081-1090, 2014.
SMARZEWSKI, P. Hybrid fibres as shear reinforcement in high-performance concrete beams with and without openings. Applied Sciences, Basel, v. 8, n. 11, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/app8112070.
SUJIVORAKYL, C. Model of Hooked Steel Fibers Reinforced Concrete under Tension. In.: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. v. 2, p19-26. In: doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2436-5.
SUSETYO, J.; GAUVREAU, P.; VECCHIO, F. J. Effectiveness of steel fiber as minimum shear. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 488-496, 2011.
SWAMY, R. N.; JONES, R.; CHIAM, A. T. P. Influence of steel fibres on the shear resistance of lightweight concrete T-beams. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 103–114, 1993.
TUTIKIAN, B. F.; MOLIN, D. C. D. Concreto auto-adensável. São Paulo: Pini, 2008.
WILLE, K.; KIM, D. J.; NAAMAN, A. E. Strain-hardening UHP-FRC with low fiber contents. Materials and Structures, Nova York, v. 44, p. 583-598, 2010.
ZSUTTY, T. C. Shear strength prediction for separate categories of simple beam tests. ACI Journal Proceed, v. 68, n. 2, pp. 138–143, 1971.
ACI - AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary (ACI 318-14). Farmington Hills: ACI, 2014.
ADAM, M. A.; SAID, M.; EKKARIB, T. M. Shear performance of fiber reinforced self compacting concrete deep beams. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), [s. l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 25-46, 2016.
ALTAAN, S. A.; AL-NEIMEE, Z. S. Shear strength of steel fibre self-compacting reinforced concrete beams. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CONCRETE IN THE LOW CARBON ERA, 2012, Dundee, UK. Proceedings […]. Dundee, UK: University of Dundee, 2012.
AOUDE, H.; COHEN, M. Shear response of sfrc beams constructed with scc and steel fibers. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, [s. l.], v. 14, 2014.
ASHOUR, S. A.; HASANAIN, G. S.; WAFA, F. F. Shear behavior of high-strength fiber reinforced concrete beams. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 89, n. 2, p. 176-184, 1992.
ABNT - ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 8953: concrete for structural use - Density, strength and consistence classification. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2015.
AFGC - ASSOCIATION FRANÇAISE DE GÉNIE CIVIL. Bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances: recommandations provisoires. Paris, France: AFGC, 2013.
BENTUR, A.; MINDESS, S. Fibre reinforced cementitious composites. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.
COLLINS, M. P. Evaluation of shear design procedures for concrete structures. Ottawa: CSA Technical Committee on Reinforced Concrete Design, 2001.
CNR -DT - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL; ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATION. Guide for the design and construction of fiber-reinforced concrete structures. Rome, Italy: C, 2007.
CUENCA, E.; ECHEGARAY-OVIEDO, J.; SERNA, P. Influence of concrete matrix and type of fiber on the shear behavior of self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete beams. Composites Part B: Engineering, [s. l.], v. 75, n. 15, p. 135-147, June 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.037
DEUTSCHER AUSSCHUSS FÜR STAHLBETON. DAFSTB: richtlinie stahlfaserbeton. Berlin, Germany: DAFSTB, 2013.
DING, Y. ; ZHANG, F.; PACHECO-TORGAL, F.; ZHANG, Y. Shear behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams based on the modified compression field theory. Composite Structures, Dalian, v. 94, n. 8, p. 2440–2449, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.02.025
DING, Y.; YOU, Z.; JALALIC, S. The composite effect of steel fibres and stirrups on the shear behaviour of beams using self-consolidating concrete. Engineering Structures, Amsterdam, v. 33, n. 1, p. 107-117, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.023
EFNARC. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. Farnham, UK: EFNARC, 2002.
EL-DIEB, A. S.; EL-MAADDAWY, T. A.; AL-RAWASHDAH, O. Shear behavior of ultra-high-strength steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete beams. Construction Materials and Structures, Nova York, p. 972-979, 2014.
EUROPEAN UNION. Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. Bruxels, Belgium: Comité Européen de Normalisation, 2004.
EVANS, J. R. Statistics, data analysis and decision modeling. 5. ed. London: Pearson, 2013.
FIB - FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DU BÉTON. Model Code 2010: final draft. Lausanne: FIB, 2012.
FIGUEIREDO, A. D. Concreto com Fibras. In: Concreto Ciência e Tecnologia. São Paulo: Ibracon, 2011 .v. 2, p. 1327-1365.
FRITIH, Y.; VIDAL, T.; TURATSINZE, A.; PONS, G. Flexural and shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced SCC beams. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Nova York, v. 17, p. 1383-1393, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-1115-1
GALI, S.; SUBRAMANIAM, K. V. L. Improvements in fracture behavior and shear capacity of fiber reinforced. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 189, p. 205-217. 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.194
GEIKER, M.; JACOBSEN, S. Self-compacting concrete (SCC). In: MINDESS, S. Developments in the formulation and reiforcement of concrete. 2. ed. Vancouver: Woodhead, 2019. cap. 10, p. 229-256.
GREENOUGH, T.; NEHDI, M. Shear behavior of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete slender beams. ACI Materials Journal, Detroit, v. 105, n. 5, p. 468-477, 2008.
HAMEED, A. A.; AL-SHERRAWI, M. H. Influence of Steel Fiber on the Shear Strength of a Concrete Beam. Civil Engineering Journal, Mazandaran, Iran, v. 4. n. 7, p. 1501-1509, 2018. DOI: 10.28991/cej-0309190
HELINCKS, P.; CORTE, W.; BOEL,V.; SCHUTTER, G. Influence of steel fibre reinforcement on the shear resistance and crack pattern formation of self-compacting concrete beams. Key Engineering Materials, Freienbach, v. 452, p. 669-672, 2011.
IMAM, M.; VANDEWALLE, L.; MORTELMANS, F. Shear domain of fibre-reinforced high-strength concrete beams. Engineering Structures, Amsterdam, v. 19, n. 9, p. 738-747, 1997.
KANNAM, P.; SARELLA, V. R.; PANCHARATHI, R. K. Hybrid effects of stirrup ratio and steel fibers on shear behaviour of self-compacting concrete. The Gruyter Archives of Civil EnNgineering, [s. l.], v. LXIV, 2018. doi: 10.2478/ace-2018-0010
KHUNTIA, M.; STOJADINOVIC, B.; GOEL, S. C. Shear Strength of Normal and High-Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 283-289, 1999.
KWAK, Y.; EBERHARD, M. O.; WOO-SUK, K.; KIM, J. Shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 99, n. 4, p. 530-538, 2002.
LANTSOGHT, E. O. L. Database of shear experiments on steel fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Materials, Delft, v. 12, n. 6, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ma12060917
LARSEN, I. L.; THORSTENSEN, R. T. The influence of steel fibres on compressive and tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete: a review. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 256, n. 30, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119459
LI, X.; LI, C.; ZHAO, M.; YANG, H.; ZHOU, S. Testing and Prediction of Shear Performance for Steel Fiber Reinforced Expanded-Shale Lightweight Concrete Beams without Web Reinforcements. Materials, v. 12, p. 1594, 2019. doi:10.3390/ma12101594.
NARAYANAN, R.; DARWISH, I. Y. S. Use of Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 84, n. 3, 1987.
NING, X.; DINGA, Y.; ZHANG, F.; ZHANG, Y. Experimental study and prediction model for flexural behavior of reinforced SCC beam containing steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 93, n. 15, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.024
PANSUK, W.; NGUYEN, T. N.; SATO, Y.; DEN UIJL, J. A.; WALRAVEN, J. C. Shear capacity of high performance fiber reinforced concrete I-beams. Construction and Building Materials, Amsterdam, v. 157, p. 182–193, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.057
PAUW, P. D.; BUVERIE, N. V.; MOERMAN, W. . Replacement of shear reinforcement by steel fibres in pretensioned concrete beams. In: WALRAVEN, J. C.; STOELHORST, D. (ed.). Tailor made concrete structures. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. p. 391-397.
PERERA, J.; MUTSUYOSHI, H. Prediction of shear strength of reinforced concrete members without web reinforcement. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, [s. l.], p. 499-504, 2013.
PRAVEEN, K.; RAO, S. V. Steel fibres as a partial shear reinforcement in self-compacting concrete. Recent Advances in Structural Engineering, Singapore, v. 1, p. 935-946, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_74
RANDO JUNIOR, A. M.; GUERRA, L.; MORALES,G. Interference from the addition of polypropylene fibers and thin basalt on mechanical strength of micro concrete. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 1, p. 55-62, 2019. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n1p55
RAWASHDEH, O. J. Z. A. Sher behaviour of steel fiber reinforced ultra high strength self compacted concrete beams. 2015. Dissertation (Master in Civil Engineering) - United Arab Emirates University, 2015.
RILEM. Rilem TC 162-TDF: test and design methods for steel fibre reinforced concrete. Materials and Structures, Nova York, v. 36, p. 560-567, Oct. 2003.
SARVEGHADI, M.; GANDOMI, A. H.; BOLANDI, H.; ALAVI, A. H. Development of prediction models for shear strength of SFRCB using a machine learning approach. Neural Computing and Applications, Amsterdam, v. 31, p. 2085–2094, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00521-015-1997-6
SHAH, A.; AHMAD, S. An experimental investigation into shear capacity of high strength concrete beams. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Islamabad, p. 549-562, 2007.
SHARMA, A. K. Shear Strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 624-628, 1986.
SHOAIB, A.; LUBELL, A. S.; BINDIGANAVILE, V. S. Size effect in shear for steel fiber-reinforced concrete members without stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, v. 111, n. 5, p. 1081-1090, 2014.
SMARZEWSKI, P. Hybrid fibres as shear reinforcement in high-performance concrete beams with and without openings. Applied Sciences, Basel, v. 8, n. 11, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/app8112070.
SUJIVORAKYL, C. Model of Hooked Steel Fibers Reinforced Concrete under Tension. In.: High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. v. 2, p19-26. In: doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2436-5.
SUSETYO, J.; GAUVREAU, P.; VECCHIO, F. J. Effectiveness of steel fiber as minimum shear. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 488-496, 2011.
SWAMY, R. N.; JONES, R.; CHIAM, A. T. P. Influence of steel fibres on the shear resistance of lightweight concrete T-beams. ACI Structural Journal, Detroit, p. 103–114, 1993.
TUTIKIAN, B. F.; MOLIN, D. C. D. Concreto auto-adensável. São Paulo: Pini, 2008.
WILLE, K.; KIM, D. J.; NAAMAN, A. E. Strain-hardening UHP-FRC with low fiber contents. Materials and Structures, Nova York, v. 44, p. 583-598, 2010.
ZSUTTY, T. C. Shear strength prediction for separate categories of simple beam tests. ACI Journal Proceed, v. 68, n. 2, pp. 138–143, 1971.
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2021-05-07
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Savaris, G., & Laufer, I. de G. (2021). Shear strength of steel fiber self-compacting concrete beams. Semina: Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, 42(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n1p45
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