https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/issue/feedSemina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas2023-12-28T14:40:57-03:00Neyva Maria Lopes Romeiroseminaexatas@uel.brOpen Journal Systems<p>The journal <strong><em>Semina</em>: Exact and Technological Sciences</strong> (e-ISSN 1679-0375) is a digital scientific journal, open access, with continuous flow, associated with the Office for Research and Graduate Studies (PROPPG) of the State University of Londrina (UEL).</p> <p> </p> <p>Original and review articles are published, focused on the <strong><a href="https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FIELDS</a></strong> of Technology, including: Architecture and Urbanism, Computation, Chemistry, Engineerings , Geosciences, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics.</p> <p><strong>The journal is open and free of charge for authors.</strong></p>https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/496492023 Memorial 2023-12-28T14:40:57-03:00Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicasseminaexatas@uel.br2023-12-28T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47941Determination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in Flaxseed Flour by FAAS and DPASV using Different Sample Treatments2023-09-04T12:55:33-03:00Fabio Antonio Cajamarca Suquilafacajamarcas@upn.edu.coLeticia Alana Bertoldoleticia.bertoldo@uel.brLuana Rianne da Rochaluana.rianne.rocha@uel.brAlexandra Bealalexandraebeal@yahoo.com.brMilena do Prado Ferreiramilenapf41@hotmail.comRenan Mendes Ruizrmendesruiz@gmail.comTainara Capelaritainara_capelari@hotmail.comCésar Ricardo Teixeira Tarleytarley@uel.br<p>The performance of three conventional treatments, including microwave-assisted acid digestion (MWAD), ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) and dry method (DAM) for determination of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> in flaxseed meal, was evaluated. Quantification was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and differential pulse anode stripping voltammetry (DPASV). TheMWAD treatment was performed with both concentrated HNO<sub>3</sub> (CA) and diluted acid (DA). The concentration of Cu<sup>2+</sup> was determined by FAAS and DPASV, by different treatments, ranging from 14.4-26.0 μg g<sup>−1 </sup>and 8.5-17.9 μg g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The concentration of Zn<sup>2+</sup> was possible only by FAAS (28.7-77.4 μg g<sup>−1</sup>). The highest concentrations were obtained using MWAD. The DAM showed values similar to MWAD for Cu<sup>2+</sup>, however, for Zn<sup>2+</sup> it showed the lowest concentrations. UAE, in turn, showed low concentrations of Zn<sup>2+</sup> in relation to MWAD, but similar results to MWAD-DA for Cu<sup>2+</sup> in a sample with low fat content. Therefore, both the choice of treatment and the quantification technique play a crucial role in metal determination.</p>2023-07-31T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Fabio Antonio Cajamarca Suquila, Leticia Alana Bertoldo, Luana Rianne da Rocha, Alexandra Beal, Milena do Prado Ferreira, Renan Mendes Ruiz, Tainara Capelari, César Ricardo Teixeira Tarleyhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/49615Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Vol. 44 - 20232023-12-21T10:06:05-03:00Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicasseminaexatas@uel.br2023-12-21T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48131A Machine Learning Model to Automatic Assessment of Gross Motor Development in Children using Posenet2023-10-19T15:20:04-03:00Edson Luiz Pilati Filhoedson.luiz.pilati@uel.brRodrigo Martins de Oliveira Spinosaspinosa@uel.brJacques Duílio Brancherjacques@uel.br<p>Gross motor skills such as sitting, jumping, and running are activities that involve the large muscles of the human body. The Test of Gross Motor Development, or TGMD, is widely used by researchers, pediatricians, physiotherapists, and educators from different countries to assess these skills in children aged 3 to 11 years. An important part of the test is that the movement, performed by the children, needs to be recorded and assessed by two or more professionals. The assessment process is laborious and takes time, and its automation is one of the main points to be developed. In recent years, methods have been proposed to automate the assessment according to the TGMD. The hypothesis investigated in this work is that it is possible to induce a machine learning model to identify whether the movement executed by the child is correct, considering only the first criterion of the TGMD-3 jumping skill. The skeleton of the children was extracted using PoseNet. A dataset of 350 images of Brazilian children between 3 and 11 years old performing the preparatory movement for the jump was used. The experimental results show an accuracy of 84%.</p>2023-10-10T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Edson Luiz Pilati Filho, Rodrigo Martins de Oliveira Spinosa, Jacques Duílio Brancherhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48234Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic on Social Inequalities in Enem 2019 and 2020 using Machine Learning2023-11-13T13:53:16-03:00Bruno da Silva Macedobruno.1694393@discente.uemg.brCamila Martins Saporetticamila.saporetti@iprj.uerj.br<p>ENEM measures the ability and knowledge of students who are in high school or have already completed it. With the scores obtained in the exam, the student can enroll in SISU, which is one way to enter public universities. During pandemic, the planning of schools, mainly public, was affected so that many students gave up taking the ENEM in 2020. To identify the profile of those enrolled in ENEM and verify which portion was most affected, this research analyze their social inequalities using data from ENEM 2019 and 2020 and machine learning methods. The methodology is based on cluster analysis where <em>K</em>-Means was applied and on performance classification where Random Forest, <em>K</em>-Nearest Neighbors, and MultiLayer Perceptron were used, and Select <em>K</em>-Best was used to select features. The results of the grouping generated two groups, one composed of subscribers with lower financial conditions and another with greater ones. In the classification, the MultiLayer Perceptron obtained an accuracy of 85.18% for 2019 and 83.63% for 2020. The results showed that the proposed methodology was able to identify the differences between the subscribers and classify their performance.</p>2023-11-06T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Bruno da Silva Macedo, Camila Martins Saporettihttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48956Behavior of the DenStream Clustering Algorithm for Attack Detection in the Internet of Things2023-12-21T11:24:14-03:00Gabriel Keith Tazimatazima.gabriel@uel.brBruno Zarpelaobrunozarpelao@uel.br<p>Multiple attack detection schemes based on supervised batch learning are presented in the literature as an alternative to improve Internet of Things (IoT) security. These schemes require benign and malicious traffic samples for training and are unable to easily adapt to changes in the analyzed data. In this work, we study how we can use DenStream, an unsupervised stream mining algorithm, to detect attacks in IoT networks. This type of algorithm does not require labeled examples and can learn incrementally, adapting to changes. We aim to investigate whether attacks can be detected by monitoring the behavior of DenStream's clusters. The results showed that DenStream could provide indicators of attack occurrence in TCP, UDP, and ICMP traffic.</p>2023-12-18T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Gabriel Keith Tazima, Bruno Bogaz Zarpelao (COMP/UEL)https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48549Shear Strength of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete Beams2023-12-21T11:24:18-03:00Isabela Ereno da Silvaisabelaereno@gmail.comIsabela de Gois Lauferlauferisabela@gmail.comGustavo Savarisgsavaris@utfpr.edu.brRodnny Jesus Mendoza-Fakhyerodnny@utfpr.edu.brCarlos Eduardo Tino Balestracarlosbalestra@utfpr.edu.brAna Claudia Bergmannanacbergmann@gmail.com<p>Self-compacting concrete has constructive advantages over conventional concrete, such as reducing labor and construction time, mainly because of its fluidity in the fresh state. However, in the hardened state, it maintains low performance when tensioned, and the fibers can be added to the mixture, maintaining a portion of the resistance after cracking. Steel fibers are usually added to concrete, but recently synthetic fibers have been used, due to their lower cost and non-corrosive nature, but with lower tensile strength. Thus, by combining the two types of fibers, the benefits of each material can be used. This work presents the results of an experimental program to evaluate the effect of the hybridization of metallic and synthetic fibers on the shear strength of self-compacting concrete beams without stirrups. The results demonstrate that both steel and hybrid fibers result in greater shear strength compared with the reference concrete without fibers before shear crack formation; however, the greatest advantages are attributed to post-cracking residual strength. The experimental results were compared with estimates calculated using equations published in the literature, demonstrating the feasibility of using some existing equations for concretes with the addition of hybrid fibers.</p>2023-12-18T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Isabela Ereno da Silva, Isabela de Gois Laufer, Gustavo Savaris, Rodnny Jesus Mendoza-Fakhye, Carlos Eduardo Tino Balestra, Ana Claudia Bergmannhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48268Real-Time Ego-Lane Detection in a Low-Cost Embedded Platform using CUDA-Based Implementation2023-09-19T10:34:46-03:00Guilherme Brandão da Silvabrandaogbs@gmail.comDaniel Strufaldi Batistadaniel.strufaldi@gmail.comDécio Luiz Gazzoni Filhodgazzoni@uel.brMarcelo Carvalho Tosinmctosin@uel.brLeonimer Flávio Meloleonimer@uel.br<p>This work assesses the effectiveness of heterogeneous computing based on a CUDA implementation for real-time ego-lane detection using a typical low-cost embedded computer. We propose and evaluate a CUDA-optimized algorithm using a heterogeneous approach based on the extraction of features from an aerial perspective image. The method incorporates well-known algorithms optimized to achieve a very efficient solution with high detection rates and combines techniques to enhance markings and remove noise. The CUDA-based solution is compared to an OpenCV library and to a serial CPU implementation. Practical experiments using TuSimple's image datasets were conducted in an NVIDIA's Jetson Nano embedded computer. The algorithm detects up to 97.9% of the ego lanes with an accuracy of 99.0% in the best-evaluated scenario. Furthermore, the CUDA-optimized method performs at rates greater than 300 fps in the Jetson Nano embedded system, speeding up 25 and 140 times the OpenCV and CPU implementations at the same platform, respectively. These results show that more complex algorithms and solutions can be employed for better detection rates while maintaining real-time requirements in a typical low-power embedded computer using a CUDA implementation.</p>2023-09-11T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Guilherme Brandão da Silva, Daniel Strufaldi Batista, Décio Luiz Gazzoni Filho, Marcelo Carvalho Tosin, Leonimer Flávio Melohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48045Use of Soybean Oil like as Fuel for Diesel Cycle Engine2023-06-27T16:50:36-03:00Márcio Turra de Ávilaavila@ufscar.brLuben Cabezas-Gómezlubencg@sc.usp.brLuben Miguel Cruz Cabezaslucruz45.cab@gmail.comSimone Pereira de Souzasp.souza84@gmail.comDev Sagar Shresthadevs@uidaho.edu<p>Diesel fuel price is rapidly increasing burdening the agricultural production costs. Additionally, diesel is contributing to a significant amount of life cycle greenhouse gases emissions. Strategically, using agricultural feedstock, such as soybean oil, will reduce fossil fuel price volatility and carbon footprint from agriculture. Although cheaper than biodiesel, use of pure soybean oil has shown to damage a regular diesel engine because of its high viscosity. In this work, a novel technology was developed and tested to overcome this problem by fueling a direct injection Diesel engine with refined soybean oil (edible oil) heated by engine coolant and exhaust gases. Thermal efficiency, air/fuel ratio, fuel injection timing, exhaust temperature and exhaust emissions were evaluated. The major finding of this study was to identify the feasibility of running a modified engine properly with heated soybean oil. The results showed that soybean oil use reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides, but contributes both to lower thermal efficiency and higher emissions of other products such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter compared to fossil diesel. Despite these negative results, solutions to reduce pollutant emissions are feasible.</p>2023-06-23T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Márcio Ávila, Luben Cabezas-Gómez, Luben Miguel Cruz Cabezas, Simone Pereira de Souza, Dev Sagar Shresthahttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47981Evaluation of Intergranular Corrosion in 7050-T7451 Aluminum Structures Influenced by Temperature and Contact with Cutting Fluid2023-10-19T15:20:11-03:00Murillo de Moraes Valentimmurillovalentim@alunos.utfpr.edu.brJanaina Fracaro de Souza Gonçalvesjanainaf@professores.utfpr.edu.brAlisson Lemos dos Santosalisson_em@hotmail.comVinícius José Sichierivinicius.sichieri1@hotmail.com<p>This research presents a practical approach to the development of the intergranular corrosion in 7050 - T7451 aluminum alloy used in the construction of manifold components of an aircraft structure. At first, it is presented what type of corrosion this is and how it develops in the crystalline structure, noting which variables contribute to the aggravation of this problem and their impacts on aviation, since this is the beginning of a number of structural defects included fatigue, which stands out even more because of the circumstances that are presented. The performance of the tests in laboratory seeks to evaluate the reactions of the material when exposed to cutting fluid and thermal variations for a long period; the development of corrosion in the microstructure has been simulated, and with this the loss of mechanical resistance of the samples could be evaluated. The results obtained indicate that the cutting fluid even slowly, showed effects in the propagation of corrosion in the alloy of aluminum studied and reduced your mechanical strength.</p>2023-09-19T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Murillo de Moraes Valentim, Janaina Fracaro de Souza Gonçalves, Alisson Lemos dos Santos, Vinícius José Sichierihttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47720Quality Parameter for Edge Representation of Images via Cubic Spline2023-12-18T16:21:28-03:00Eliandro Rodrigues Ciriloercirilo@uel.brBella Rocxane Martins Figliaggibellafigliaggi@gmail.comPaulo Laerte Nattiplnatti@uel.br<p>This paper presents a new quality parameter for edge generation of two-dimensional images via spline interpolation.<br />The motivation of the study is to define a parameter which allows establishing a stop criterion for inserting image data and obtaining a representation via spline that is sufficiently faithful. The parameter is deduced by an iterative calculation process between areas limited by cubic and linear splines after insertion of points. Then, after convergence, the parameter qualifies the fidelity of the computational representation of the image. The numerical code is developed from the octave software, and some images were generated validating the new parameter.</p>2023-11-24T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Eliandro Rodrigues Cirilo, Bella Rocxane Martins Figliaggi, Paulo Laerte Nattihttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47860Stability of the Epidemiological Model SIR with Loss of Immunity2023-09-19T10:34:53-03:00Adeval Lino Ferreiraadeval@uel.brKalel Bispo Gimenez Araujokalelbgimenez@gmail.com<p>This study approaches the analysis of the stability of the epidemiological model <em>SIR</em> with loss of immunity. This is a model given by a system of ordinary differential equations. Initially, we present the model and its interpretation. Then we define the constants and elements that compose the model, so we present the results obtained using the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations, especially the theory of planar systems related to the dynamics of fixed points. Finally, we show that the system representing the <em>SIR</em> model is globally stable and they have two types of dynamic that {depend on model constants}, and their meaning for epidemiology.</p>2023-09-11T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Adeval Lino Ferreira, Kalel Bispo Gimenez Araujohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47206Numerical Simulation of the Production of Core-Shell Microparticles2023-04-28T15:47:47-03:00Célio Fernandescbpf@dep.uminho.ptLuis L. Ferrásllima@math.uminho.ptAlexandre M. Afonsoaafonso@fe.up.pt<p>Conventional methods that are commonly used for the preparation of microbubble delivery systems include sonication, high--shear emulsification, and membrane emulsification. However, these methods present significant disadvantages, namely, poor control over the particle size and distribution. To date, engineering core--shell microparticles remains a challenging task. Thus, there is a demand for new techniques that can enable control over the size, composition, stability, and uniformity of microparticles. Microfluidic techniques offer great advantages in the fabrication of microparticles over the conventional processes because they require mild and inert processing conditions. In this work, we present a numerical study based on the finite volume method, for the development of capsules by considering the rheological properties of three phases, air, a perfluorohexane (C<sub>6</sub> F<sub>14</sub>) and a polymeric solution constituted of a solution of 0.25% w/v alginate. This methodology allows studying the stability and behavior of microparticles under different processing conditions.</p>2023-04-28T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Célio Fernandes, Luis L. Ferrás, Alexandre M. Afonsohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47321Reactive-Advective-Diffusive Models for the Growth of Gliomas Treated with Radiotherapy2023-06-27T16:50:42-03:00Bruno da Silva Machadobrunosilvamachado@id.uff.brGustavo Benitez Alvarezbenitez.gustavo@gmail.comDiomar Cesar Lobãolobaodiomarcesar@yahoo.ca<p>Gliomas are malignant brain tumors responsible for 50% of primary human brain cancer cases. They have a combination of rapid growth and invasiveness, and high fatality rates with a median survival time of one year. Mathematical models that describe its growth have helped to improve treatment. In this paper, a combined model formed by terms of two other models known in the literature is analyzed. The combined model is a Reactive-Advective-Diffusive partial differential equation, which is solved by combining the finite difference method, the Crank-Nicolson method and the <em>upwind</em> method. Logistic growth is used for cell proliferation ensuring a saturation threshold for glioma growth, which is crucial to properly estimate patient survival time. The well-known linear-quadratic radiobiological model is used to describe cell death due to radiotherapy treatment. Two initial conditions are compared in the simulations, indicating the need for further studies to have a model as close as possible to reality. Simulation results are shown for four scenarios: no radiotherapy, application of a single dose, and two dose fractionation schemes.</p>2023-06-22T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Bruno da Silva Machado, Gustavo Benitez Alvarez, Diomar Cesar Lobãohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47875Nonlinear Canonical correspondence Analysis: Description of the data of Coffee2023-06-27T16:50:39-03:00Herbert Stein Pereira Torres Santosherbertestatorres@gmail.comMarcelo Angelo Cirillomacufla@gmail.comFlávio Meira Borémflavioborem@ufla.br.comDiana Del Rocío Rebaza Fernándezdianarebaza@lamolina.edu.pe<p>The formulation of coffee blends is of paramount importance for the coffee industry, as it provides the product with an expressive ability to compete in the market and adds sensory attributes that complement the consumption experience. Through redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, it is possible to study the relationships between a set of sensory notes and a set of blends with different proportions of coffee variety through multivariate linear regression models. However, it is unrealistic to assume that such sensory responses are given linearly in relation to the formulation of the blends, since some coffee species have greater weight in the sensory evaluation (quadratic terms) and the effect of the mixtures (term of interaction). With this motivation, this work aims to propose the use of redundancy analysis and nonlinear correspondence analysis through multivariate polynomial regression to evaluate the acceptance of different varieties of coffee blends according to the scores given by the evaluators. Finally, it is concluded that there were gains in the percentage of total explained variance in the polynomial models in relation to the classic models.</p>2023-06-23T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Herbert Stein Pereira Torres Santos, Marcelo Angelo Cirillo, Flavio Meira Boren, Diana Del Rocio Rebaza Fernandezhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47835Recovering the Cathode Material Adhered to the Collector and Separator of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Recycling Purposes2023-11-13T13:53:19-03:00Marcelo Henrique Novaesmhenriquenovaes.1@uel.brPaulo Rogério Catarini da Silvaprcsilva@uel.brPaulo Sergio Parreiraparreira@uel.brGabriel Gonzaga Santosgabriel.gonzaga@uel.brLucas Evangelista Sitalucas.evangelista@uel.brJair Scarminioscarmini@uel.br<p>Depleted Li-ion batteries (LIBs) must be recycled for environmental and sustainability reasons. Most recycling processes are dedicated to the recovery of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni present in the cathode material of LIBs. However, separating the cathode material strongly adhered to the aluminum collector and those mechanically trapped into the polymeric separator is still challenging. Processes to separate the cathode material by dissolving its aluminum collector in NaOH solution and to extract part of this material encrusted in the separator by ultrasonic cavitation and mechanical friction are presented in tests with NMC batteries on a laboratory scale. Tests of LIB discharges were also carried out in different MnO<sub>4</sub> solution concentrations, and the related electrochemical reactions were discussed.</p>2023-11-06T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Marcelo Henrique Novaes, Paulo Rogério Catarini da Silva, Paulo Sergio Parreira, Gabriel Gonzaga Santos, Lucas Evangelista Sita, Jair Scarminiohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47967Synthesis and Use of Cellulose/SBA-15 Adsorbent Sheet for Cleaning Polychrome Surfaces on Works of Art2023-12-21T11:24:20-03:00Marcia de Mathias Rizzomrizzo@eba.ufrj.brJivaldo do Rosário Matosjdrmatos@gmail.com<p>Paraloid B72™ acrylic varnish has been used in the conservation of cultural properties since 1950’s. With a Tg close to 40 <sup>o</sup>C, some substances can be adsorbed onto varnished surfaces. There are several methods for cleaning works of art, each with its own specificities. This article presents a new alternative method. The cellulose/SBA-15 adsorbent sheets act as containers for the cleaning material, allowing it to act on the surface of the pictorial layer, dissolving and adsorbing unwanted material from the painting, without causing problems such as penetration, paint abrasion, residues, etc. They were tested on original paintings and on a mimetic. The raw materials, artwork, mimetic, and adsorbent sheets, before and after application, were characterized by TG/DTG and DTA; FTIR; XRF; surface digital microscopy and stereoscopy. FTIR characterized the raw materials and adsorbent sheets. The thermal behavior of the raw materials and adsorbent sheets, before and after application, were evaluated by TG/DTG and DTA. The evaluation of the works, the mimetic and the adsorption sheets, before and after application, by XRF showed that there was no damage to the originals and the mimetic. The cellulose sheet/SBA-15 as an adsorbent for B72™ in cleaning works of art, using solvent, proved to be effective</p>2023-12-18T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Marcia de Mathias Rizzo, Jivaldo do Rosário Matoshttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47604PIXE and pXRF Comparison Analysis of a Mockup Canvas Painting2023-12-18T16:21:24-03:00Carlos Roberto Appoloniappoloni@uel.brFabio Lopesfabiolopes@uel.brMarcia de Almeida Rizzutto rizzutto@usp.brAugusto Camara Neivaacneiva@usp.brRenato Akio Ikeokarenatoikeoka@gmail.comMarcia de Mathias Rizzomrizzo@eba.ufrj.br<p>For the purposes of comparison among different equipments and laboratories involved in atomic-nuclear methodologies applied in arts and archaeometry, a special mockup canvas painting was made with dozens of pigments of different colors and varnishes of different types and manufacturers. This study evaluate two different XRF equipment and PIXE methods as complementary tools to examine canvas paintings. Twenty-four inorganic substances of this mockup canvas were measured in three different laboratories, LEC, LFNA, and LAMFI for the identification of the key elements. In this paper, net count ratios and standard percentage deviations between lines are shown, as well as examples of sensibility to low-content elements that can be used for distinguishing pigments, and a comparison of the penetration of these techniques. The results show the differences between the pXRF and PIXE methodologies and between the two pXRF geometry/equipments employed.</p>2023-11-27T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Carlos Roberto Appoloni, Fabio Lopes, Marcia de Almeida Rizzutto , Augusto Camara Neiva, Renato Akio Ikeoka, Marcia de Mathias Rizzohttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47972Characterization of Pictorial Materials of Two 18th Century Sculptures: King David and Bathsheba2023-12-18T16:21:31-03:00Francis A. C. R. A. Sanchesfrancissanches@gmail.comRaysa C. Nardesrc.nardes@gmail.comRamon S. dos Santosramon.santos@uerj.brRoberta G. Leitãobetagleitao@gmail.comCatarine C. G. Leitãocatarine.cgl@gmail.comJoaquim T. Assisjoaquim.iprj@gmail.comElanie T. de Gusmãoelainetgusmao@gmail.comRicardo T. Lopesricardo@lin.ufrj.brDavi F. de Oliveiradavifoliveira@coppe.ufrj.brMarcelino J. dos Anjosmarcelin@uerj.br<p>In this {work}, the X-ray fluorescence technique was employed to characterize the pictorial materials used in two sculptures from the 18<sup>th</sup>. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the preparation layers used in the sculptures. {The analyzed sculptures} are carved in wood, with gilding and polychrome, and represent the biblical characters, Bathsheba, and King David. The sculptures are property of the Church of \textit{Nossa Senhora do Pilar}, in Duque de Caxias, RJ. XRF {analyzes} were performed using a portable ED-XRF system, which has a low-power X-ray tube (Amptek) with a silver target (Ag) and an SDD detector (Amptek). Raman spectroscopy {analyzes} were performed using the DXR2 Raman microscopy equipment (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a 785 nm laser source. The results obtained from the XRF and Raman spectroscopy techniques suggest the presence of Gypsum, Calcite, Calcium Sulfate. In addition, the results obtained suggest the presence of the following pigments in the sculptures: Lead white, Titanium White, Lithopone, Ochre, Vermilion, Red Lead and gilding with gold leaf. The studies also showed that the Bathsheba sculpture was probably subjected to some processes of chromatic reintegration over the years due to the heterogeneity of pigments found in the same region</p>2023-11-13T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Francis A. C. R. A. Sanches, Raysa C. Nardes, Ramon S. dos Santos, Roberta G. Leitão, Catarine C. G. Leitão, Joaquim T. Assis, Elanie T. de Gusmão, Ricardo T. Lopes, Davi F. de Oliveira, Marcelino J. dos Anjoshttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47985Gilding Analysis of the Decorative Paintings of Emperor D. Pedro II’s Berlin Device2023-10-19T15:20:09-03:00Raysa C. Nardesrc.nardes@gmail.comFrancis A. C. R. A.francissanches@gmail.comRamon S. Santosramon.santos@uerj.brHamilton Gama Filhohamiltongamafilho@hotmail.comRenato P. Freitasrenato.freitas@ifrj.edu.brDavi F. Oliveiradavifoliveira@coppe.ufrj.brJoaquim T. Assisjoaquim.iprj@gmail.comEliane M. Zanattaelianemzanatta@gmail.comMarcelino J. Anjosmarcelin@uerj.br<p>Emperor D. Pedro II’s berlin device is a very important museological object for the history of Brazil. It was the most imposing imperial vehicle of the entire Brazilian monarchic period, related not only to the image of Emperor D. Pedro II but also to the entire Second Reign. The berlin was commissioned for the coronation ceremony of D. Pedro II in 1841 and belongs to the Imperial Museum collection, located in the city of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In this work, the gold gilding technique used in the decorative paintings of the berlin was analyzed. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Macro X-Ray Fluorescence (MA-XRF) techniques were applied for gilding analysis. All analyses were performed in situ using portable equipment. XRF measurements performed on the gold leaves revealed the presence of the key element chromium. The combined {results} of the analytical techniques used indicated the possible use of a mordant containing chromium yellow as an oil-based size to adhere to gold leaves in the decorative paintings. The result found is in line with that described in the literature.</p>2023-09-19T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Raysa C. Nardes, Francis A. C. R. A. Sanches, Ramon S. Santos, Hamilton Gama Filho, Renato P. Freitas, Davi F. Oliveira, Joaquim T. Assis, Eliane M. Zanatta, Marcelino J. Anjoshttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48506Pigment Identification and Depth Profile in Pictorial Artworks by Non-Invasive Hybrid XRD-XRF Portable System 2023-09-04T12:55:30-03:00Ariadna Mendoza-Cuevasariadna@patrimonio.ohc.cuJorge Fernández-de-Cossio jorge.cossio@cigb.edu.cuNehal Alinaboulfotoh@zewailcity.edu.egDina Mohamed Atwadina.mohamed@lira.bsu.edu.eg<p>A non-invasive XRD-XRF portable system for Archaeometry based on Angle and Energy Dispersive XRD (Hybrid XRD) plus XRF has been previously proposed by the authors. It gathers an attractive compromise between analytical performance and measurement time, as well as a higher energy penetration with respect to conventional Angle Dispersive XRD (ADXRD). Penetration to inside layers, usually perceived as an inconvenient for non-invasive portable XRF or XRD analyzer, can instead be informative for the proposed hybrid XRD-XRF system to perform depth profiling analysis. This hybrid configuration harness from the redundancy of the data, in the sense that a single XRF or XRD specimen, taken at the same sample point, appears in multiple spectrograms to account for data counting statistics. On this work, the performance of the system on standard reference material, as well as the identification of pigments in the surface layer of paintings is evaluated. Specific Hybrid data processing was conceived to examine the layer structure of the painting, by distinguishing signal patterns of the exposed and the under layers. The system is ventured for the first time to the study of pictorial artworks in coffin and cartonnage samples from ancient Egyptian sarcophagi. Prussian blue pigment in a modeled painting is also discussed.</p>2023-08-21T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Ariadna Mendoza Cuevas, Jorge Fernández de Cossio , Nehal Ali, Dina Atwahttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47965Characterization of Pigments and Materials of the Original Body and Additions of the Book of Hours 50,1,1 from the Brazilian National Library2023-08-22T17:24:31-03:00Isamara Lara de Carvalhoisamaralcarvalho@gmail.comRenato Pereira de Freitasrenato.freitas@ifrj.edu.brHiram da Costa Araújo Filhohiram.araujo@ifrj.edu.brAna Luísa de Queiroz Baddiniana.baddini@ifrj.edu.brAna Letícia Castro de Oliveiraannalecastro@hotmail.comLetícia Silva de Paulaleticiaspaula@gmail.comLuisa Malizia Alvesmalizia.luisa@gmail.com<p>The Brazilian National Library has in its collection a luxurious book of hours from the Royal Library of Portugal. For a long time, it was believed to have been made by the Italian painter Spinello Spinelli for King Fernando I (1345-1383) in 1378. This is due to the information in its colophon and the presence of a coat of arms of the Portuguese crown on the opening folio. According to recent studies, this is an example of a rare group of Flemish books of hours from ca. 1460 to English use – raising questions about the codex origin, dating, recipient, and route. To collaborate in this investigation, a material characterization study was proposed using non-invasive analyses, such as optical microscopy (OM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). The following pigments and materials were identified: lead white, minium, vermilion, lead-tin yellow, azurite, malachite, brazilwood lake, iron gall inks of different compositions and metals in foil or powder, namely gold and silver; moreover, the identification of lapis lazuli, Armenian bole and a different red organic lake in the colophon was decisive in corroborating the thesis of art historians, confirming the production period of the original body of the manuscript to the 15<sup>th</sup> century and that the colophon and coat of arms are later additions. Additionally, it was revealed that the coat of arms was superimposed on a previous shield.</p>2023-08-09T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Isamara de Carvalho, Renato Pereira de Freitas, Hiram da Costa Araújo Filho, Ana Luísa de Queiroz Baddini, Ana Letícia Castro de Oliveira, Letícia Silva de Paula, Luisa Malizia Alveshttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/47994Analysis of Archaeological Ceramics from the Paranaense Museum Collection by EDXRF Technique2023-09-19T10:34:50-03:00Maria Sélia Blonskimsblonski@utfpr.edu.brCarlos Roberto Appoloniappoloni@uel.brCláudia Inês Parelladacparellada34@gmail.com<p>The EDXRF technique was used to analyse a selection of archaeological objects from the Paranaense Museum collection (Curitiba, Paraná State, South of Brazil). The samples were measured <em>in situ</em> at the respective museum, using a portable PXRF-LFNA-02 EDXRF system belonging to the Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Physics (LFNA), Department of Physics, Londrina State University, Paraná. A total of 37 objects were measured and analysed, of which 19 were ceramic pieces. The elements Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr were measured. The data analysis provided indications of the key elements of the pigments present in the paint and the slip applied to decorate the ceramic vessels.</p>2023-09-11T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Sélia Blonski, Carlos Roberto Appoloni, Cláudia Inês Parelladahttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/view/48250Obsidians from the Archaeological Site of San Francisco Toxpan, Mexico: Supply Sources and Trade Routes2023-10-19T15:20:06-03:00Xcaret Gonzáles-Santosgsxcaret@gmail.comMaría Dolores Tenoriodolores.tenorio@inin.gob.mxMelania Jimenez-Reyesmelania.jimenez@inin.gob.mxRoberto Octavio Molina-Vazquezrmolinavaz@hotmail.com<p>The obsidian artifacts from the San Francisco Toxpan excavation in Veracruz, Mexico, dating from the Proto-Classic to the Mid-Post-Classic periods, were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation and statistical methods. The sources of these artifacts were Guadalupe Victoria and Zaragoza-Oyameles in Puebla, Pico de Orizaba in Veracruz, Sierra de Pachuca in Hidalgo, and Paredón in Puebla. The majority of the artifacts came from the first three sources, which are closest to the site. San Francisco Toxpan was into the trade route from the Central Highlands to the Gulf Coast but with limited influence from major cities like Teotihuacan or Cantona. The independence of these cultures likely allowed for the development of a local lithic industry, facilitating trade through the Jamapa-Cotaxtla basin. The intricate process of obtaining obsidian for the residents of Toxpan becomes evident when considering the diverse sources of these materials.</p>2023-09-29T00:00:00-03:00Copyright (c) 2023 Xcaret Gonzáles-Santos, María Dolores Tenorio, Melania Jimenez-Reyes, Roberto Octavio Molina-Vázquez