Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p1879Keywords:
Metabolism, Trace minerals, Transition period, Dairy cows, Vitamins.Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum. Regarding serum calcium and IGF-1, lower values were observed on the parturition day (P < 0.001) for both parameters. Cortisol presented a difference regarding day, with higher values on the parturition day (P=0.0151). Thus, the use of trace minerals and vitamins A and E in animals with an adequate body score and low metabolic challenge presents a low response to biochemical and hormonal parameters.Metrics
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References
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AVCI, C.; KIZIL, O. The effects of injectable trace elements on metabolic parameters in transition cow. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, Kars, v. 19, p. A73-A78, 2013. Supplement A.
BELL, A. W. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 73, n. 9, p. 2804-2819, 1995.
BURTON, J. L.; MADSEN, S.; CHANG, L. C.; WEBER, P. S.; BUCKMAN, K. R.; VAN DORP, R.; HICKEY, M. C.; EARLEY, B. Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to glucocorticoids: a new paradigm to help explain neutrophil dysfunction in parturient dairy cows. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Amsterdam, v. 105, n. 3-4, p. 197-219, 2005.
CEBALLOS, A.; VILLA, N. A.; BOHÓRQUEZ, A.; QUICENO, J.; JARAMILLO, M.; GIRALDO, G. Análisis de los resultados de perfiles metabólicos en lecherías del trópico alto del eje cafetero colombiano. Revista Colombiana Ciências Pecuária, Medellín, v. 151, n. 1, p. 26-35, 2002.
CHAPINAL, N.; CARSON, M.; DUFFIELD, T. F.; CAPEL, M.; GODDEN, S.; OVERTON, M.; SANTOS, J. E.; LEBLANC, S. J. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 94, n. 10, p. 4897-4903, 2011.
CUNNINGHAM, J. G. Tratado de fisiologia veterinária. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2004. 579 p.
CUPERTINO, C. F.; PEREIRA NETO, E.; BARCELLOS, M. P.; SENA, F. P.; LENZ, D.; BARIONI, G. Avaliação do perfil metabólico em vacas leiteiras de alta produção no período de transição. PUBVET, Londrina, v. 5, n. 18, p. 1112-1117, 2011.
EDMONSON, A. J.; LEAN, I. J.; WEAVER, L. D.; FARVER, T.; WEBSTER, G. A body condition scoring chat for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 72, n. 1, p. 68-78, 1989.
FOSBERG, N. Recent insights into ruminant immune function: effects of stress and of immunostimulatory feed products. In: FLORIDA RUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM, 2004, Florida. Proceedings… Florida, 2004. p. 81-92.
FOULADI-NASHTA, A. A.; CAMPBELL, K. H. S. Dissociation of oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation by the addition of insulin in cultured bovine antral follicles. Reproduction, Bristol, v. 31, n. 3, p. 449-460. 2006.
GOFF, J. P. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, London, v. 176, n. 1, p. 50-57, 2008.
GREGORY, L.; BIRGEL JUNIOR, E. H.; D`ANGELINO, J. L.; BENESI, F. J.; ARAÚJO, W. P.; BIRGEL, E. H. Valores de referência dos teores da uréia e creatinina em bovinos da raça Jersey criados no Estado de São Paulo. Influência dos fatores etários, sexuais e da infecção pelo vírus da leucose dos bovinos. Arquivo Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, v. 71, n. 3, p. 339-345, 2004.
HAYIRLI, A.; HAYIRLI, A.; GRUMMER, R. R.; NORDHEIM, E. V.; CRUMP, P. M. Animal and dietary factors affecting feed intake during the prefresh transition period in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 12, p. 3430-3443, 2002.
HERDT, T. H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, London, v. 16, n. 2, p. 215-230, 2000.
HUZZEY, J. M.; NYDAM, D. V.; GRANT, R. J.; OVERTON, T. R. Associations of prepartum plasma cortisol, haptoglobin, fecal cortisol metabolites, and nonesterified fatty acids with postpartum health status in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 94, n. 12, p. 5878-5889, 2011.
INGVARTSEN, K. L.; MOYES, K. Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle. Animal Journal, Cambridge, v. 7, n. 1, p. 112-122, 2012.
JENSEN, A.; PETERSEN, M. B.; HOUE, H. Determination of the fructosamine concentration in bovine serum samples. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, London, v. A, n. 40, p. 111-117, 1993.
KHATTI, A.; MEHROTRA, S.; PATEL, P. K.; SINGH, G.; MAURYA, V. P.; MAHLA, A. S.; CHAUDHARI, R. K.; DAS, G. K.; SINGH, M.; SARKAR, M.; KUMAR, H.; KRISHNASWAMY, N. Supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and increased energy allowance mitigates the transition stress and improves postpartum reproductive performance in the crossbred cow. Theriogenology, Stoneham, v. 104, n. 1, p. 142-148, 2017.
KUNZ, P. L.; BLUM, J. W.; HART, I. C.; BICKEL, H.; LANDIS, J. Effects of different energy intakes before and after calving on food-intake, performance and blood hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. Animal Production, Midlothian, v. 40, n. 2, p. 219-231, 1985.
LEAN, I. J.; SAUN, R. V.; DEGARIS, J. P. Energy and protein nutrition management of transition dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, London, v. 29, n. 2, p. 337-366, 2013.
LEBLANC, S. J.; LESLIE, K. E.; DUFFIELD, T. F. Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 88, n. 1, p. 159-170, 2005.
LÓPEZ, S. E.; LÓPEZ, J.; STUMPF JUNIOR, E. W. Parâmetros séricos de vacas leiteiras na fase inicial de lactação suplementadas com diferentes fontes de gordura. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, Mayaguez, v. 12, n. 3, p. 96-102, 2004.
LUCY, M. C. Functional differences in the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis in cattle and pigs: implications for post-partum nutrition and reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, v. 43, p. 31-39, 2008. Supplement 2.
MACHADO, V. S.; OIKONOMOU, G.; LIMA, S. F.; BICALHO, M. L. S.; KACAR, C.; FODITSCH, C.; FELIPPE, M. J.; GILBERT, R. O.; BICALHO, R. C. The effect of injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dismutase activity of lactating Holstein cows. The Veterinary Journal, London, v. 200, n. 2, p. 299-304, 2014.
MECİTOĞLU, Z.; ÇETİN KASAP, S.; ÖZDÜVEN, M. L.; ÖZDER, M.; ENNERMAN, E. Effects of prepartum treatment with monensin or propylene glycol mixed with concentrate on milk yield and blood NEFA and BHBA levels in dairy cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ankara, v. 41, n. 1, p. 667-671, 2017.
MOORBY, J. M.; DEWHURST, R. J.; TWEED, J. K. S.; DHANOA, M. S.; BECK, N. F. G. Effects of altering the energy and protein supply to dairy cows during the dry period. 2. Metabolic and hormonal responses. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 83, n. 8, p. 1795-1805, 2000.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th ed. Washington: National Academies Press, 2001. 381 p.
NIKOLIC, J. A.; KULCSÁR, M.; KÁTAI, L.; NEDIĆ, O.; JÁNOSI, S.; HUSZENICZA, G. Periparturient endocrine and metabolic changes in health cows and in cows affected by mastitis. Journal Veterinary Medicine, London, v. 50, n. 1, p. 22-29, 2003.
OMUR, A.; KIRBAS, A.; AKSU, E.; KANDEMIR, F.; DORMAN, E.; KAYNAR, O.; UCAR, O. Effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) on some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Olsztyn, v. 19, n. 4, p. 697-706, 2016.
ORTOLANI, E. L. Aspectos clinicos, epidemiologicos e terapeuticos da hipocalcemia de vacas leiteiras. Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 47, n. 6, p. 799-808, 1995.
OSPINA, P. A.; NYDAM, D. V.; STOKOL, T.; OVERTON, T. R. Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 93, n. 2, p. 546-554, 2010.
PETTERSON, J. A.; DUNSHEA, F. R.; EHRHARDT, R. A.; BELL, A. W. Pregnancy and undernutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. The Journal of Nutrition, Bethesda, v. 123, n. 7, p. 1286-1295, 1993.
PICKETT, M. M.; PIEPENBRINK, M. S.; OVERTON, T. R. Effects of propylene glycol or fat drench on plasma metabolites, liver composition, and production of dairy cows during the periparturient period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 86, n. 6, p. 2113-2121, 2003.
PUTMAN, A. K.; BROWN, J. L.; GANDY, J. C.; WISNIESKI, L.; SORDILLO, L. M. Changes in biomarkers of nutrient metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in dairy cows during the transition into the early dry period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 101, n. 10, p. 9350-9359, 2018.
RAMOS, J. M.; SOSA, C.; RUPRECHTER, G.; PESSINA, P.; CARRIQUIRY, M. Effect of organic trace minerals supplementation during early postpartum on milk composition, and metabolic and hormonal profiles in grazing dairy heifers. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Madrid, v. 10, n. 3, p. 681-689, 2012.
SILVA FILHO, A. P.; MENDONÇA, C. L.; SOUTO, R. J. C.; SILVA, R. J.; SOARES, P. C.; AFONSO, J. A. B. Indicadores bioquímico e hormonal de vacas leiteiras mestiças sadias e doentes durante o final da gestação e o início da lactação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Seropédica, v. 37, n. 11, p. 1229-1240, 2017.
SMITH, T. R.; HIPPEN, A. R.; BEITZ, D. C.; YOUNG, J. W. Metabolic characteristics of induced ketosis in normal and obese dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 80, n. 8, p. 1569-1581, 1997.
SORDILLO, L. M.; AITKEN, S. L. Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Amsterdam, v. 128, n. 1-3, p. 104-109, 2009.
SORDILLO, L. M.; RAPHAEL, W. Significance of metabolic stress, lipid mobilization, and inflammation on transition cow disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food and Practice, London, v. 29, n. 2, p. 267-278, 2013.
SPICER, L. J.; TUCKER, W. B.; ADAMS, G. D. Insulin-like growth factor-I in dairy cows: relationships among energy balance, body condition, ovarian activity, and estrous behavior. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 73, n. 4, p. 929-937, 1990.
THRALL, M. A. Hematologia e bioquímica clínica veterinária. São Paulo: Roca, 2007. 582 p.
XIN, Z.; WATERMAN, D. F.; HEMKEN, R.W.; HARMON, R. J. Copper status and requirement during the dry period and early lactation in multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 76, p. 2711-2716, 1993.
AVCI, C.; KIZIL, O. The effects of injectable trace elements on metabolic parameters in transition cow. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, Kars, v. 19, p. A73-A78, 2013. Supplement A.
BELL, A. W. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 73, n. 9, p. 2804-2819, 1995.
BURTON, J. L.; MADSEN, S.; CHANG, L. C.; WEBER, P. S.; BUCKMAN, K. R.; VAN DORP, R.; HICKEY, M. C.; EARLEY, B. Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to glucocorticoids: a new paradigm to help explain neutrophil dysfunction in parturient dairy cows. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Amsterdam, v. 105, n. 3-4, p. 197-219, 2005.
CEBALLOS, A.; VILLA, N. A.; BOHÓRQUEZ, A.; QUICENO, J.; JARAMILLO, M.; GIRALDO, G. Análisis de los resultados de perfiles metabólicos en lecherías del trópico alto del eje cafetero colombiano. Revista Colombiana Ciências Pecuária, Medellín, v. 151, n. 1, p. 26-35, 2002.
CHAPINAL, N.; CARSON, M.; DUFFIELD, T. F.; CAPEL, M.; GODDEN, S.; OVERTON, M.; SANTOS, J. E.; LEBLANC, S. J. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 94, n. 10, p. 4897-4903, 2011.
CUNNINGHAM, J. G. Tratado de fisiologia veterinária. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2004. 579 p.
CUPERTINO, C. F.; PEREIRA NETO, E.; BARCELLOS, M. P.; SENA, F. P.; LENZ, D.; BARIONI, G. Avaliação do perfil metabólico em vacas leiteiras de alta produção no período de transição. PUBVET, Londrina, v. 5, n. 18, p. 1112-1117, 2011.
EDMONSON, A. J.; LEAN, I. J.; WEAVER, L. D.; FARVER, T.; WEBSTER, G. A body condition scoring chat for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 72, n. 1, p. 68-78, 1989.
FOSBERG, N. Recent insights into ruminant immune function: effects of stress and of immunostimulatory feed products. In: FLORIDA RUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM, 2004, Florida. Proceedings… Florida, 2004. p. 81-92.
FOULADI-NASHTA, A. A.; CAMPBELL, K. H. S. Dissociation of oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation by the addition of insulin in cultured bovine antral follicles. Reproduction, Bristol, v. 31, n. 3, p. 449-460. 2006.
GOFF, J. P. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, London, v. 176, n. 1, p. 50-57, 2008.
GREGORY, L.; BIRGEL JUNIOR, E. H.; D`ANGELINO, J. L.; BENESI, F. J.; ARAÚJO, W. P.; BIRGEL, E. H. Valores de referência dos teores da uréia e creatinina em bovinos da raça Jersey criados no Estado de São Paulo. Influência dos fatores etários, sexuais e da infecção pelo vírus da leucose dos bovinos. Arquivo Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, v. 71, n. 3, p. 339-345, 2004.
HAYIRLI, A.; HAYIRLI, A.; GRUMMER, R. R.; NORDHEIM, E. V.; CRUMP, P. M. Animal and dietary factors affecting feed intake during the prefresh transition period in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 12, p. 3430-3443, 2002.
HERDT, T. H. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, London, v. 16, n. 2, p. 215-230, 2000.
HUZZEY, J. M.; NYDAM, D. V.; GRANT, R. J.; OVERTON, T. R. Associations of prepartum plasma cortisol, haptoglobin, fecal cortisol metabolites, and nonesterified fatty acids with postpartum health status in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 94, n. 12, p. 5878-5889, 2011.
INGVARTSEN, K. L.; MOYES, K. Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle. Animal Journal, Cambridge, v. 7, n. 1, p. 112-122, 2012.
JENSEN, A.; PETERSEN, M. B.; HOUE, H. Determination of the fructosamine concentration in bovine serum samples. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, London, v. A, n. 40, p. 111-117, 1993.
KHATTI, A.; MEHROTRA, S.; PATEL, P. K.; SINGH, G.; MAURYA, V. P.; MAHLA, A. S.; CHAUDHARI, R. K.; DAS, G. K.; SINGH, M.; SARKAR, M.; KUMAR, H.; KRISHNASWAMY, N. Supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and increased energy allowance mitigates the transition stress and improves postpartum reproductive performance in the crossbred cow. Theriogenology, Stoneham, v. 104, n. 1, p. 142-148, 2017.
KUNZ, P. L.; BLUM, J. W.; HART, I. C.; BICKEL, H.; LANDIS, J. Effects of different energy intakes before and after calving on food-intake, performance and blood hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. Animal Production, Midlothian, v. 40, n. 2, p. 219-231, 1985.
LEAN, I. J.; SAUN, R. V.; DEGARIS, J. P. Energy and protein nutrition management of transition dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, London, v. 29, n. 2, p. 337-366, 2013.
LEBLANC, S. J.; LESLIE, K. E.; DUFFIELD, T. F. Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 88, n. 1, p. 159-170, 2005.
LÓPEZ, S. E.; LÓPEZ, J.; STUMPF JUNIOR, E. W. Parâmetros séricos de vacas leiteiras na fase inicial de lactação suplementadas com diferentes fontes de gordura. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, Mayaguez, v. 12, n. 3, p. 96-102, 2004.
LUCY, M. C. Functional differences in the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor axis in cattle and pigs: implications for post-partum nutrition and reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, v. 43, p. 31-39, 2008. Supplement 2.
MACHADO, V. S.; OIKONOMOU, G.; LIMA, S. F.; BICALHO, M. L. S.; KACAR, C.; FODITSCH, C.; FELIPPE, M. J.; GILBERT, R. O.; BICALHO, R. C. The effect of injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dismutase activity of lactating Holstein cows. The Veterinary Journal, London, v. 200, n. 2, p. 299-304, 2014.
MECİTOĞLU, Z.; ÇETİN KASAP, S.; ÖZDÜVEN, M. L.; ÖZDER, M.; ENNERMAN, E. Effects of prepartum treatment with monensin or propylene glycol mixed with concentrate on milk yield and blood NEFA and BHBA levels in dairy cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ankara, v. 41, n. 1, p. 667-671, 2017.
MOORBY, J. M.; DEWHURST, R. J.; TWEED, J. K. S.; DHANOA, M. S.; BECK, N. F. G. Effects of altering the energy and protein supply to dairy cows during the dry period. 2. Metabolic and hormonal responses. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 83, n. 8, p. 1795-1805, 2000.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th ed. Washington: National Academies Press, 2001. 381 p.
NIKOLIC, J. A.; KULCSÁR, M.; KÁTAI, L.; NEDIĆ, O.; JÁNOSI, S.; HUSZENICZA, G. Periparturient endocrine and metabolic changes in health cows and in cows affected by mastitis. Journal Veterinary Medicine, London, v. 50, n. 1, p. 22-29, 2003.
OMUR, A.; KIRBAS, A.; AKSU, E.; KANDEMIR, F.; DORMAN, E.; KAYNAR, O.; UCAR, O. Effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) on some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Olsztyn, v. 19, n. 4, p. 697-706, 2016.
ORTOLANI, E. L. Aspectos clinicos, epidemiologicos e terapeuticos da hipocalcemia de vacas leiteiras. Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 47, n. 6, p. 799-808, 1995.
OSPINA, P. A.; NYDAM, D. V.; STOKOL, T.; OVERTON, T. R. Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 93, n. 2, p. 546-554, 2010.
PETTERSON, J. A.; DUNSHEA, F. R.; EHRHARDT, R. A.; BELL, A. W. Pregnancy and undernutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. The Journal of Nutrition, Bethesda, v. 123, n. 7, p. 1286-1295, 1993.
PICKETT, M. M.; PIEPENBRINK, M. S.; OVERTON, T. R. Effects of propylene glycol or fat drench on plasma metabolites, liver composition, and production of dairy cows during the periparturient period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 86, n. 6, p. 2113-2121, 2003.
PUTMAN, A. K.; BROWN, J. L.; GANDY, J. C.; WISNIESKI, L.; SORDILLO, L. M. Changes in biomarkers of nutrient metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in dairy cows during the transition into the early dry period. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 101, n. 10, p. 9350-9359, 2018.
RAMOS, J. M.; SOSA, C.; RUPRECHTER, G.; PESSINA, P.; CARRIQUIRY, M. Effect of organic trace minerals supplementation during early postpartum on milk composition, and metabolic and hormonal profiles in grazing dairy heifers. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Madrid, v. 10, n. 3, p. 681-689, 2012.
SILVA FILHO, A. P.; MENDONÇA, C. L.; SOUTO, R. J. C.; SILVA, R. J.; SOARES, P. C.; AFONSO, J. A. B. Indicadores bioquímico e hormonal de vacas leiteiras mestiças sadias e doentes durante o final da gestação e o início da lactação. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Seropédica, v. 37, n. 11, p. 1229-1240, 2017.
SMITH, T. R.; HIPPEN, A. R.; BEITZ, D. C.; YOUNG, J. W. Metabolic characteristics of induced ketosis in normal and obese dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 80, n. 8, p. 1569-1581, 1997.
SORDILLO, L. M.; AITKEN, S. L. Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Amsterdam, v. 128, n. 1-3, p. 104-109, 2009.
SORDILLO, L. M.; RAPHAEL, W. Significance of metabolic stress, lipid mobilization, and inflammation on transition cow disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food and Practice, London, v. 29, n. 2, p. 267-278, 2013.
SPICER, L. J.; TUCKER, W. B.; ADAMS, G. D. Insulin-like growth factor-I in dairy cows: relationships among energy balance, body condition, ovarian activity, and estrous behavior. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 73, n. 4, p. 929-937, 1990.
THRALL, M. A. Hematologia e bioquímica clínica veterinária. São Paulo: Roca, 2007. 582 p.
XIN, Z.; WATERMAN, D. F.; HEMKEN, R.W.; HARMON, R. J. Copper status and requirement during the dry period and early lactation in multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 76, p. 2711-2716, 1993.
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2019-07-04
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Collet, S. G., Sousa, R. D. S., Ortolani, E. L., Thaler Neto, A., Carpeggiani, M. C., Ferronatto, T. C., Taffarel, G. V., Demeda, M. A., & Leal, M. L. do R. (2019). Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(5), 1879–1890. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p1879
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