Produtos de plantas. Fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF). Extratos secos. Planta medicinal moída. Contaminação por metais pesados.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2020v41n2p211Palavras-chave:
Produtos de plantas, Fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF), Extratos secos. Planta medicinal moída, Contaminação por metais pesados.Resumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a composição química de alguns produtos à base de plantas consumidos no Brasil por meio da Fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF). A metodologia utilizada abrangeu a seleção de 14 extratos secos de plantas e seis plantas moídas. As análises qualitativas e quantitativas das amostras indicando a presença de As, Cr,, Fe, Ni, Zn, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Zr, Cd, Sn, Ba, Hg, Pb, Bi, Mo e Pt em diferentes concentrações. Parte da contaminação encontrada nos produtos à base de plantas pode ser originária dos adjuvantes/excipientes utilizados no processo de produção. Além disso, constatou-se que o processo de produção do extrato parece ter baixa eficiência para a extração dos principais elementos químicos presentes nas plantas moídas. Por outro lado, tem o benefício de reduzir a contaminação por elementos nocivos à saúde, tais como metais pesados. A EDXRF pode substituir a espectrometria de absorção atômica como técnica de baixo custo e alta precisão para quantificar todos os elementos de interesse nas indústrias farmacêutica e alimentícia, dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelas agências reguladorasReferências
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ALINA, M. et al. Heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, plumbum) in selected marine fish and shellfish along the straits of malacca. International Food Research Journal, [London], v. 19, n. 1, p. 135-140, 2012. ISSN 1985-4668.
AL-OMARI, S. Determination of essential and toxic trace elements in ten herbal medicines using energy-dispersive XRF analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, v. 40, p. 31-36, 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1288. Acess in: 14 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Formulário de fitoterápicos farmacopeia brasileira. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2011. Available from: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33832/259456/Formulario_de_Fitoterapicos_da_Farmacopeia_Brasileira.pdf/. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Farmacopeia brasileira. 5th ed. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2010. v. 1.
ANVISA. Resolução - RDC nº 42, de 29 de agosto de 2013. Regulamento Técnico MERCOSUL sobre Limites Máximos de Contaminantes Inorgânicos em Alimentos. Diário Oficial da União: seção 1, Brasília, DF, 30 ago. 2013.
AZEVEDO, J. C. S. Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia HBK (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans. 2015. Dissertation (Masters) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2015.
BARRETT, B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine, Stuttgart, v. 10, n. 1, p. 66-86, 2003. DOI: 10.1078/094471103321648692. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
BERNARD, A. Cadmium and its adverse effects on human health. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, Mumbai, v. 128, n. 4, p. 557-564, 2008.
CALDAS, E. D.; MACHADO. L. L. Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Exeter, v. 42, p. 599-603, 2004.
EKINCI, N.; EKINCI, R.; POLAT, R.; BUDAK, G. Analysis of trace elements in medicinal plants with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 260, p. 127-131, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000027071.72742.ee. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
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FERNÁNDEZ, B.; LOBO, L.; PEREIRO, R. Atomic absorpton spectrometry - fundamentals, instrumentation and capabilities. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA of Analytical Science. 3rd ed. Amsterdã: Elsevier, 2019. p 137-143.
FREITAS, C. A. S. et al. Acerola: produção, composição, aspectos nutricionais e produtos. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, pelotas, v. 12, n. 4, p. 395-400, 2006.
HAMMER, O.; HARPER, D. A. T.; RYAN, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, College Station, v. 4, n. 1, p. 9, 2001. Available from: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
HENDLER, S. S. The Doctors’ vitamin and mineral encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
HERRERA-ESTRELLA, L. R.; GUEVARA-GARCIA, A. A. Heavy metal adaptation. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, p. 1-9, 2009.
IVANOVA, J.; DJINGOVA, R.; KULEFF, I. Determination of some heavy and toxic elements in plants and soils with ED-XRF using americium-241 excitation source. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 238, p. 29-32, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385352. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
JAIN, A. K.; DUBES, R. C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. USA: NJ, 1988.
JAISHANKAR, M. et al. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, Bratislava, v. 7, n. 2, p. 60-72, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
LÄNGER, R.; STÖGER, E.; KUBELKA, W.; HELLIWELL, K. Quality standards for herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations - Appropriate or improvements necessary? Planta Medica, Uttar, v. 84, n. 6/7, p. 350-360, 2017.
LUIZ, L. C. et al. Characterization of a group of medicinal herbs commercialized in Rio de Janeiro state through XRF spectroscopy. Demetra, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, p. 1-14, 2019.
MARGUÍ, E.; QUERALT, I.; HIDALGO, M. Application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determination and quantitation of metals in vegetal material. Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 3, p. 362–372, 2009.
MARGUÍ, E.; HIDALGO, M.; QUERALT, I. Multielemental fast analysis of vegetation samples by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Possibilities and drawbacks. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Oxford, v. 60, n. 9/10, p. 1363-1372, 2005.
MCGLADDERY, C. et al. Elemental assessment of vegetation via portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Management, Amsterdam, v. 210, p. 210-225, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.003. . Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MCKINNEY, W. Python for data analysis. Beijin: O’Reilly, 2013. Available from: https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~embat/Python%20for%20Data%20Analysis.pdf. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MELQUIADES, F. L.; GONÇALVES, G. W. P. S.; SILVA, W. D.; PARREIRA, P. S.; APPOLONI, C. R. Metal monitoring in igapó lakes in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using EDXRF methodology. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 29, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2008.
MENNA JUNIOR, D. et al. Physicochemical evaluation of portland cement produced in Brazil via X-ray fluorescence and mechanical strength. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 41, n. 1, p. 3-12, 2020.
MOLARI, R.; ENDO, L. Y.; APPOLONI, C. R.; MELQUIADES, F. L.; PORTEZAN FILHO, O.; PARREIRA, P. S. Portable EDXRF and principal component analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 2, p. 135-144, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n2p135. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
NKANSAH, M. A.; HAYFORD, S. T.; BORQUAYE, L. S.; EPHRAIM, J. H. Heavy metal contents of some medicinal herbs from Kumasi, Ghana. Environmental Chemistry, Pollution & Waste Management, Abingdon, v. 2, p. 1-8, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1234660. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
OBIAJUNWA, E. I.; ADEBAJO, A. C.; OMOBUWAJO, O. R. Essential and trace element contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 252, p. 473-476, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015838300859. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
PREMIER LAB SUPPLY. PB-100 - Grinding Binding Additives. 2019. Available from: https://www.premierlabsupply.com/product-category/products-for-press-pelletizing/. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
ICH - INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HARMONISATION. Q3D: guideline for elemental impurities. 2014. Available from: https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3D/Q3D_Step_4.pdf. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SAAD, G. A.; LÉDA, P. H. O.; SÁ, I. M.; SEIXLACK, A. C. C. Fitoterapia contemporânea: tradição e ciência na prática clínica. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2016.
SANTOS, A. F. J. et al. Multielement determination of macro and micro contents in medicinal plants and phytomedicines from Brazil by ICP OES. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, São Paulo, v. 28, n. 2, p. 376-384, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160187. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SANTOS, B. V.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, J. M.; BONVENTI JÚNIOR, W.; HANAI-YOSHIDA, V. M. Assessment of chemical elements in cosmetics’ eyeshodows by X-ray fluorescence and international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients characterization. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, p. 1-10, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2835. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SARMA, H.; DEKA, S.; DEKA, H.; SAIKIA, R. R. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, New York, v. 214, p. 63-86, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6_4. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SERENO, A. B.; GIBBERT, L.; BERTIN, R. L.; KRÜGER, C. C. H. Cultivo do Maná-Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) no litoral do Paraná e sua contextualização com a segurança alimentar e nutricional. Divers@ Revista Eletrônica Interdisciplinar, Curitiba, v. 10, p. 123-132, 2017.
SIMÕES, C. M. O. Farmacognosia da planta ao medicamento. 5th ed. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2003.
SMITH, A. H.; LINGAS, E. O.; RAHMAN, M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, [S. l.], 2000.
THEODORIDIS, S.; KOUTROUMBAS, K. Pattern Recognition. 4th ed. California: Academic Press, 2009.
TOLONEN, M. Vitamins and minerals in health and nutrition. Abington: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 1990.
USP - UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention: revision and the national formulary. Rockville, USP, 2006.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residue. Geneva: WHO Press, 2007.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1978. Twenty-second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 631).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1982. Twenty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 683).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1989. Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 776).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 2000. Fifty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 896).
YAMABE, N.; KANG, K. S.; HUR, J. M.; YOKOZAWA, T. Matcha, a powdered green tea, ameliorates the progression of renal and hepatic damage in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, Larchmont, v. 12, n. 4, p. 714-721, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1282. PMID: 19735169. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
ALINA, M. et al. Heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, plumbum) in selected marine fish and shellfish along the straits of malacca. International Food Research Journal, [London], v. 19, n. 1, p. 135-140, 2012. ISSN 1985-4668.
AL-OMARI, S. Determination of essential and toxic trace elements in ten herbal medicines using energy-dispersive XRF analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, v. 40, p. 31-36, 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1288. Acess in: 14 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Formulário de fitoterápicos farmacopeia brasileira. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2011. Available from: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33832/259456/Formulario_de_Fitoterapicos_da_Farmacopeia_Brasileira.pdf/. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Farmacopeia brasileira. 5th ed. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2010. v. 1.
ANVISA. Resolução - RDC nº 42, de 29 de agosto de 2013. Regulamento Técnico MERCOSUL sobre Limites Máximos de Contaminantes Inorgânicos em Alimentos. Diário Oficial da União: seção 1, Brasília, DF, 30 ago. 2013.
AZEVEDO, J. C. S. Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia HBK (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans. 2015. Dissertation (Masters) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2015.
BARRETT, B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine, Stuttgart, v. 10, n. 1, p. 66-86, 2003. DOI: 10.1078/094471103321648692. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
BERNARD, A. Cadmium and its adverse effects on human health. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, Mumbai, v. 128, n. 4, p. 557-564, 2008.
CALDAS, E. D.; MACHADO. L. L. Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Exeter, v. 42, p. 599-603, 2004.
EKINCI, N.; EKINCI, R.; POLAT, R.; BUDAK, G. Analysis of trace elements in medicinal plants with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 260, p. 127-131, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000027071.72742.ee. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
ESTANAGEL, T. H. P. et al. Study of the elemental composition of plants and extracts of medicinal plants through X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Physics, [S. l.], v. 1291, p. 012022, 2019.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION; WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Summary of Evaluation Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Rome: JECFA, 2005.Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-at877e.pdf. Acess in: 14 jun. 2019.
FERNÁNDEZ, B.; LOBO, L.; PEREIRO, R. Atomic absorpton spectrometry - fundamentals, instrumentation and capabilities. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA of Analytical Science. 3rd ed. Amsterdã: Elsevier, 2019. p 137-143.
FREITAS, C. A. S. et al. Acerola: produção, composição, aspectos nutricionais e produtos. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, pelotas, v. 12, n. 4, p. 395-400, 2006.
HAMMER, O.; HARPER, D. A. T.; RYAN, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, College Station, v. 4, n. 1, p. 9, 2001. Available from: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
HENDLER, S. S. The Doctors’ vitamin and mineral encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
HERRERA-ESTRELLA, L. R.; GUEVARA-GARCIA, A. A. Heavy metal adaptation. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, p. 1-9, 2009.
IVANOVA, J.; DJINGOVA, R.; KULEFF, I. Determination of some heavy and toxic elements in plants and soils with ED-XRF using americium-241 excitation source. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 238, p. 29-32, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385352. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
JAIN, A. K.; DUBES, R. C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. USA: NJ, 1988.
JAISHANKAR, M. et al. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, Bratislava, v. 7, n. 2, p. 60-72, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
LÄNGER, R.; STÖGER, E.; KUBELKA, W.; HELLIWELL, K. Quality standards for herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations - Appropriate or improvements necessary? Planta Medica, Uttar, v. 84, n. 6/7, p. 350-360, 2017.
LUIZ, L. C. et al. Characterization of a group of medicinal herbs commercialized in Rio de Janeiro state through XRF spectroscopy. Demetra, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, p. 1-14, 2019.
MARGUÍ, E.; QUERALT, I.; HIDALGO, M. Application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determination and quantitation of metals in vegetal material. Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 3, p. 362–372, 2009.
MARGUÍ, E.; HIDALGO, M.; QUERALT, I. Multielemental fast analysis of vegetation samples by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Possibilities and drawbacks. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Oxford, v. 60, n. 9/10, p. 1363-1372, 2005.
MCGLADDERY, C. et al. Elemental assessment of vegetation via portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Management, Amsterdam, v. 210, p. 210-225, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.003. . Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MCKINNEY, W. Python for data analysis. Beijin: O’Reilly, 2013. Available from: https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~embat/Python%20for%20Data%20Analysis.pdf. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MELQUIADES, F. L.; GONÇALVES, G. W. P. S.; SILVA, W. D.; PARREIRA, P. S.; APPOLONI, C. R. Metal monitoring in igapó lakes in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using EDXRF methodology. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 29, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2008.
MENNA JUNIOR, D. et al. Physicochemical evaluation of portland cement produced in Brazil via X-ray fluorescence and mechanical strength. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 41, n. 1, p. 3-12, 2020.
MOLARI, R.; ENDO, L. Y.; APPOLONI, C. R.; MELQUIADES, F. L.; PORTEZAN FILHO, O.; PARREIRA, P. S. Portable EDXRF and principal component analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 2, p. 135-144, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n2p135. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
NKANSAH, M. A.; HAYFORD, S. T.; BORQUAYE, L. S.; EPHRAIM, J. H. Heavy metal contents of some medicinal herbs from Kumasi, Ghana. Environmental Chemistry, Pollution & Waste Management, Abingdon, v. 2, p. 1-8, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1234660. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
OBIAJUNWA, E. I.; ADEBAJO, A. C.; OMOBUWAJO, O. R. Essential and trace element contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 252, p. 473-476, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015838300859. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
PREMIER LAB SUPPLY. PB-100 - Grinding Binding Additives. 2019. Available from: https://www.premierlabsupply.com/product-category/products-for-press-pelletizing/. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
ICH - INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HARMONISATION. Q3D: guideline for elemental impurities. 2014. Available from: https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3D/Q3D_Step_4.pdf. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SAAD, G. A.; LÉDA, P. H. O.; SÁ, I. M.; SEIXLACK, A. C. C. Fitoterapia contemporânea: tradição e ciência na prática clínica. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2016.
SANTOS, A. F. J. et al. Multielement determination of macro and micro contents in medicinal plants and phytomedicines from Brazil by ICP OES. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, São Paulo, v. 28, n. 2, p. 376-384, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160187. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SANTOS, B. V.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, J. M.; BONVENTI JÚNIOR, W.; HANAI-YOSHIDA, V. M. Assessment of chemical elements in cosmetics’ eyeshodows by X-ray fluorescence and international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients characterization. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, p. 1-10, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2835. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SARMA, H.; DEKA, S.; DEKA, H.; SAIKIA, R. R. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, New York, v. 214, p. 63-86, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6_4. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SERENO, A. B.; GIBBERT, L.; BERTIN, R. L.; KRÜGER, C. C. H. Cultivo do Maná-Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) no litoral do Paraná e sua contextualização com a segurança alimentar e nutricional. Divers@ Revista Eletrônica Interdisciplinar, Curitiba, v. 10, p. 123-132, 2017.
SIMÕES, C. M. O. Farmacognosia da planta ao medicamento. 5th ed. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2003.
SMITH, A. H.; LINGAS, E. O.; RAHMAN, M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, [S. l.], 2000.
THEODORIDIS, S.; KOUTROUMBAS, K. Pattern Recognition. 4th ed. California: Academic Press, 2009.
TOLONEN, M. Vitamins and minerals in health and nutrition. Abington: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 1990.
USP - UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention: revision and the national formulary. Rockville, USP, 2006.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residue. Geneva: WHO Press, 2007.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1978. Twenty-second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 631).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1982. Twenty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 683).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1989. Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 776).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 2000. Fifty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 896).
YAMABE, N.; KANG, K. S.; HUR, J. M.; YOKOZAWA, T. Matcha, a powdered green tea, ameliorates the progression of renal and hepatic damage in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, Larchmont, v. 12, n. 4, p. 714-721, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1282. PMID: 19735169. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
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2020-12-11
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Paulino Estanagel, T. H., Hanai-Yoshida, V. M., Caldana, C. R. G., Bonventi Junior, W., Chaud, M. V., Aranha, N., … Oliveira Junior, J. M. de. (2020). Produtos de plantas. Fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF). Extratos secos. Planta medicinal moída. Contaminação por metais pesados. Semina: Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, 41(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2020v41n2p211
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Os Direitos Autorais para artigos publicados nesta revista são de direito do autor. Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais. A revista se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua e a credibilidade do veículo. Respeitará, no entanto, o estilo de escrever dos autores. Alterações, correções ou sugestões de ordem conceitual serão encaminhadas aos autores, quando necessário. Nesses casos, os artigos, depois de adequados, deverão ser submetidos a nova apreciação. As opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos artigos são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.
Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
