Nutrient production in pastures of Triticale BRS Saturno submitted to different levels of nitrogen in topdressing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3Supl1p1909Keywords:
Carbohydrates, Digestible NDF, Ether extract, Linolenic, Nitrogen, X Triticosecale Wittmack.Abstract
Pastures are a primary source of feed for ruminants, which convert fibrous plants into nutritionally valuable foods for humans, such as meat and milk. However, it is important to understand the nutrient content of different fodder crops for ruminants and its effect on meat, milk, and milk products. We aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer doses in topdressing on nutrient production in pastures of Triticale BRS Saturno. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replications. Descriptive statistics of yields per hectare were determined, and a simple linear regression was carried out at the level of 5% significance. The different nitrogen topdressing rates (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha-1) influenced the production (P < 0.05) of dry matter, total carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, soluble protein, insoluble protein in neutral and acid detergent, protein degradability, ether extract, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids, neutral detergent fiber digestibility after incubation for 24, 30, and 48 h, and the neutral detergent fiber degradation rate. The different doses of nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing in the form of urea increased nutrient production in pastures of Triticale BRS Saturno, mainly in relation to total carbohydrates and neutral and acid detergent fiber. To a lesser extent, it also significantly interfered with the production of nitrogenous constituents and fatty acids.References
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Bergamaschi, H., & Bergonci, J. I. (2017). As plantas e o clima: princípios e aplicações. Guaíba, RS: Agrolivros.
Bortolini, P. C., Sandini, I., Carvalho, P. C. F., & Moraes, A. (2004). Cereais de inverno submetidos ao corte no sistema de duplo propósito. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(1), 45-50. doi: 10.1590/S1516-3598 2004000100007
Buccioni, A., Decandia, M., Minieri, S., Molle, G., & Cabiddu, A. (2012). Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 174(1), 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.009
Bumbieris, V. H., Jr., Jobim, C. C., Emile, J. C., Rossi, R., Calixto, M., Jr., & Branco, A. F. (2011). Degradabilidade ruminal e fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas em silagens de triticale em cultivo singular ou em misturas com aveia e/ou leguminosas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 32(2), 759-770. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2011v32n2p759
Carvalho, P. C. F., Barro, R. S., Barth, A. Neto, Nunes, P. A. A., Moraes, A., Anghinoni, I., Borin, J. B. M. (2018). Integrating the pastoral components in agricultural systems. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47, e20170001. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170001
Coblentz, W. K., Akins, M. S., Kalscheur, K. F., Brink, G. E., & Cavadini, J. S. (2018). Effects of growth stage and growing degree day accumulations on triticale forage: 1. Dry matter yield, nutritive value, and in vitro dry matter disappearance. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(10), 8965-8985. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14868
Daley, V. L., Armentano, L. E., Kononoff, P. J., & Hanigan, M. D. (2020). Modeling fatty acids for dairy cattle: 1. Models to predict total fatty acid concentration and fatty acid digestion of feedstuffs. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 6982-6999. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17407
Fontaneli, R. S., Fontaneli, R. S., Santos, H. P., Nascimento, A., Minella Jr., E., & Caierão, E. (2009). Rendimento e valor nutritivo de cereais de inverno de duplo propósito: forragem verde e silagem ou grãos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(11), 2116-2120. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001100007
Freitas, A. K., Lobato, J. F. P., Cardoso, L. L., Tarouco, J. U., Vieira, R. M., Dillenburg, D. R., & Castro, I. (2014). Nutritional composition of the meat of Hereford and Braford steers finished on pastures or in a feedlot in southern Brazil. Meat Science, 96(1), 353-360. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.021
Giunta, F., Cadeddu, F., Mureddu, F., Virdis, A., & Motzo, R. (2020). Triticale cultivar mixtures: productivity, resource use, and resource use efficiency in a Mediterranean environment. European Journal of Agronomy, 115,126019. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126019
Giunta, F., Motzo, R., Virdis, A., & Cabigliera, A. (2017). Effects of forage removal on biomass and grain yield of intermediate and spring triticales. Field Crops Research, 200(1), 47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2016 .10.002
Henz, E. L., Almeida, P. S. G., Velho, J. P., Nörnberg, J., Silva, L. D. F. da, Massaro, F. L., Jr., & Guerra, G. L. (2016). Nitrogen fertilization for wheat growing in dual-purpose integrated system of agricultural production. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(3), 1679-1688. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1679
Hu, C., Sadras, V. O., Lu, G., Jin, X., Xu, J., Ye, Y.,... Zhang, S. (2019). Dual-purpose winter wheat: interactions between crop management, availability of nitrogen, and weather conditions. Field Crops Research, 241, 107579. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107579
Lanzas, C., Sniffen, C. J., Seo, S., Tedeschi, L. O., & Fox, D. G. (2007). A revised CNCPS feed carbohydrate fractionation scheme for formulating rations for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136(3), 167-190. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.025
Lee, J. M., Clark, A. J., & Roche, J. R. (2013). Climate-change effects and adaptation options for temperate pasture-based dairy farming systems: a review. Grass and Forage Science, 68(4), 485-503. doi: 10.11 11/gfs.12039
Liu, N., Pustjens, A. M., Erasmus, S. W., Yang, Y., Hettinga, K., & Van Ruth, S. M. (2020). Dairy farming system markers: the correlation of forage and milk fatty acid profiles from organic, pasture, and conventional systems in the Netherlands. Food Chemistry, 314, 126-153. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem. 2019.126153
Lobato, J. F. P., Freitas, A. K., Devincenzi, T., Cardoso, L. L., Tarouco, J. U., Vieira, R. M., Castro, I. (2014). Brazilian beef produced on pastures: sustainable and healthy. Meat Science, 98(3), 336-345. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.022
Meinerz, G. R., Olivo, C. J., Fontaneli, R. S., Agnolin, C. A., Horst, T., & Bem, C. M. (2012). Produtividade de cereais de inverno de duplo propósito na depressão central do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(4), 873-882. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000400007
Müller, L., Manfron, P. A., Medeiros, S. L. P., Streck, N. A., Mittelmman, A., Dourado Neto, D., Morais, K. P. (2009). Temperatura base inferior e estacionalidade de produção de genótipos diplóides e tetraplóides de azevém. Ciência Rural, 39(5), 1343-1348. doi: 10.1590/s0103-84782009005000098
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
National Research Council (2016). Nutrient requirements of beef Cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Oliveira, T. E., Freitas, D. S., Gianezini, M., Ruviaro, C. F., Zago, D., Mércio, T. Z., Barcellos, J. O. J. (2017). Agricultural land use change in the Brazilian Pampa Biome: the reduction of natural grasslands. Land Use Policy, 63, 394-400. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.010
Pembleton, K. G., Rawnsley, R. P., & Burkitt, L. L. (2013). Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for temperate dairy pastures. European Journal of Agronomy, 45, 132-141. doi: 10.1016/ j.eja.2012.09.006
Quatrin, M. P., Olivo, C. J., Bratz, V. F., Alessio, V., Santos, F. T., & Aguirre, P. F. (2017). Nutritional value of dual-purpose wheat genotype pastures under grazing by dairy cows. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, 39(3), 303-308. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i3.34420
Russell, J. B., O’Connor, J. D., Fox, D. G., Van Soest, P. J., & Sniffen, C. J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3551-3561. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113551x
Santos, H. P., Fontaneli, R. S., Caierão, E., Spera, S. T., & Vargas, L. (2011). Desempenho agronômico de trigo cultivado para grãos e duplo propósito em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46(10), 1206-1213. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000013
Savian, J. V., Schons, R. M. T., Marchi, D. E., Freitas, T. S., Silva, G. F. S. Neto,, Mezzalira, J. C., Carvalho, P. C. F. (2018). Rotatinuous stocking: A grazing management innovation that has high potential to mitigate methane emissions by sheep. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 602-608. doi: 10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.03.162
Skinner, R. H. (2013). Nitrogen fertilization affects pasture photosynthesis, respiration, and ecosystem carbon content. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, 172, 35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.005
Sniffen, C. J., O’Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Sprague, S. J., Kirkegaard, J. A., Bell, L.W., Seymour, M., Graham, J., & Ryan, M. (2018). Dual-purpose cereals offer increased productivity across diverse regions of Australia’s high rainfall zone. Field Crops Research, 227, 119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.008
Sprague, S. J., Kirkegaard, J. A., Graham, J. M., Dove, H., & Kelman, W. M. (2014). Crop and livestock production for dual-purpose winter canola (Brassica napus) in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Field Crops Research, 156, 30-39. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.10.010
Streck, E. V., Kämpf, N., Dalmolin, R. S. D., Klamt, E., Nascimento, P. C., Giasson, E., & Pinto, L. F. S. (2018). Solos do Rio Grande do Sul (3a ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: UFRGS; EMATER/RS-ASCAR.
Sun, H. Z., Plastow, G., & Guan, L. L. (2019). Invited review: advances and challenges in the application of feedomics to improve dairy cow production and health. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(7), 5853-5870. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16126
Thornley, J. M., & France, J. (2004). Mathematical models in agriculture: quantitative methods for the plant, animal, and ecological sciences (2nd ed.). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
Tian, L. H., Bell, L. W., Shen, Y. Y., & Whish, P. M. (2012). Dual-purpose use of winter wheat in western China: cutting time and nitrogen application effects on phenology, forage production, and grain yield. Crop & Pasture Science, 63(6), 520-528. doi: 10.1071/CP12101
Tran, H., Schlageter-Tello, A., Caprez, A., Miller, P. S., Hall, M. B., Weiss, W. P., & Kononoff, P. J. (2020). Development of feed composition tables using a statistical screening procedure. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(4), 3786-3803. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16702
Tylutki, T. P., Fox, D. G., Durbal, V. M., Tedeschi, L. O., Russell, J. B., Van Amburgh, M. E.,… Pell, A. N. (2008). Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system: a model for precision feeding of dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 143(1), 174-202. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.010
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of ruminants. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Velho, J. P., Mühlbach, P. R. F., Genro, T. C. M., Barcellos, J. O. J., Braccini, J., Neto, & Silva, R. S. M. (2014). Modelos matemáticos para ajuste da produção de gases in vitro em diferentes tempos de incubação e cinética ruminal de silagens de milho. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4), 2531-2540. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4Suplp2531
Zaka, S., Frak, E., Julier, B., Gastal, F., & Louarn, G. (2016). Intraspecific variation in thermal acclimation of photosynthesis across a range of temperatures in a perennial crop. AoB Plants, 8(1), plw035. doi: 10. 1093/aobpla/plw035
Ates, S., Cicek, H., Gultekin, I., Yigezu, Y. A., Keser, M., & Filley, S. J. (2018). Bio-economic analysis of dual-purpose management of winter cereals in high and low input production systems. Field Crops Research, 227, 56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.003
Bergamaschi, H., & Bergonci, J. I. (2017). As plantas e o clima: princípios e aplicações. Guaíba, RS: Agrolivros.
Bortolini, P. C., Sandini, I., Carvalho, P. C. F., & Moraes, A. (2004). Cereais de inverno submetidos ao corte no sistema de duplo propósito. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(1), 45-50. doi: 10.1590/S1516-3598 2004000100007
Buccioni, A., Decandia, M., Minieri, S., Molle, G., & Cabiddu, A. (2012). Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 174(1), 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.009
Bumbieris, V. H., Jr., Jobim, C. C., Emile, J. C., Rossi, R., Calixto, M., Jr., & Branco, A. F. (2011). Degradabilidade ruminal e fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas em silagens de triticale em cultivo singular ou em misturas com aveia e/ou leguminosas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 32(2), 759-770. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2011v32n2p759
Carvalho, P. C. F., Barro, R. S., Barth, A. Neto, Nunes, P. A. A., Moraes, A., Anghinoni, I., Borin, J. B. M. (2018). Integrating the pastoral components in agricultural systems. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 47, e20170001. doi: 10.1590/rbz4720170001
Coblentz, W. K., Akins, M. S., Kalscheur, K. F., Brink, G. E., & Cavadini, J. S. (2018). Effects of growth stage and growing degree day accumulations on triticale forage: 1. Dry matter yield, nutritive value, and in vitro dry matter disappearance. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(10), 8965-8985. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14868
Daley, V. L., Armentano, L. E., Kononoff, P. J., & Hanigan, M. D. (2020). Modeling fatty acids for dairy cattle: 1. Models to predict total fatty acid concentration and fatty acid digestion of feedstuffs. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 6982-6999. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17407
Fontaneli, R. S., Fontaneli, R. S., Santos, H. P., Nascimento, A., Minella Jr., E., & Caierão, E. (2009). Rendimento e valor nutritivo de cereais de inverno de duplo propósito: forragem verde e silagem ou grãos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(11), 2116-2120. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001100007
Freitas, A. K., Lobato, J. F. P., Cardoso, L. L., Tarouco, J. U., Vieira, R. M., Dillenburg, D. R., & Castro, I. (2014). Nutritional composition of the meat of Hereford and Braford steers finished on pastures or in a feedlot in southern Brazil. Meat Science, 96(1), 353-360. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.021
Giunta, F., Cadeddu, F., Mureddu, F., Virdis, A., & Motzo, R. (2020). Triticale cultivar mixtures: productivity, resource use, and resource use efficiency in a Mediterranean environment. European Journal of Agronomy, 115,126019. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126019
Giunta, F., Motzo, R., Virdis, A., & Cabigliera, A. (2017). Effects of forage removal on biomass and grain yield of intermediate and spring triticales. Field Crops Research, 200(1), 47-57. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2016 .10.002
Henz, E. L., Almeida, P. S. G., Velho, J. P., Nörnberg, J., Silva, L. D. F. da, Massaro, F. L., Jr., & Guerra, G. L. (2016). Nitrogen fertilization for wheat growing in dual-purpose integrated system of agricultural production. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(3), 1679-1688. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1679
Hu, C., Sadras, V. O., Lu, G., Jin, X., Xu, J., Ye, Y.,... Zhang, S. (2019). Dual-purpose winter wheat: interactions between crop management, availability of nitrogen, and weather conditions. Field Crops Research, 241, 107579. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107579
Lanzas, C., Sniffen, C. J., Seo, S., Tedeschi, L. O., & Fox, D. G. (2007). A revised CNCPS feed carbohydrate fractionation scheme for formulating rations for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136(3), 167-190. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.025
Lee, J. M., Clark, A. J., & Roche, J. R. (2013). Climate-change effects and adaptation options for temperate pasture-based dairy farming systems: a review. Grass and Forage Science, 68(4), 485-503. doi: 10.11 11/gfs.12039
Liu, N., Pustjens, A. M., Erasmus, S. W., Yang, Y., Hettinga, K., & Van Ruth, S. M. (2020). Dairy farming system markers: the correlation of forage and milk fatty acid profiles from organic, pasture, and conventional systems in the Netherlands. Food Chemistry, 314, 126-153. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem. 2019.126153
Lobato, J. F. P., Freitas, A. K., Devincenzi, T., Cardoso, L. L., Tarouco, J. U., Vieira, R. M., Castro, I. (2014). Brazilian beef produced on pastures: sustainable and healthy. Meat Science, 98(3), 336-345. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.022
Meinerz, G. R., Olivo, C. J., Fontaneli, R. S., Agnolin, C. A., Horst, T., & Bem, C. M. (2012). Produtividade de cereais de inverno de duplo propósito na depressão central do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(4), 873-882. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000400007
Müller, L., Manfron, P. A., Medeiros, S. L. P., Streck, N. A., Mittelmman, A., Dourado Neto, D., Morais, K. P. (2009). Temperatura base inferior e estacionalidade de produção de genótipos diplóides e tetraplóides de azevém. Ciência Rural, 39(5), 1343-1348. doi: 10.1590/s0103-84782009005000098
National Research Council (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
National Research Council (2016). Nutrient requirements of beef Cattle (7nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Oliveira, T. E., Freitas, D. S., Gianezini, M., Ruviaro, C. F., Zago, D., Mércio, T. Z., Barcellos, J. O. J. (2017). Agricultural land use change in the Brazilian Pampa Biome: the reduction of natural grasslands. Land Use Policy, 63, 394-400. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.010
Pembleton, K. G., Rawnsley, R. P., & Burkitt, L. L. (2013). Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for temperate dairy pastures. European Journal of Agronomy, 45, 132-141. doi: 10.1016/ j.eja.2012.09.006
Quatrin, M. P., Olivo, C. J., Bratz, V. F., Alessio, V., Santos, F. T., & Aguirre, P. F. (2017). Nutritional value of dual-purpose wheat genotype pastures under grazing by dairy cows. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, 39(3), 303-308. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i3.34420
Russell, J. B., O’Connor, J. D., Fox, D. G., Van Soest, P. J., & Sniffen, C. J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3551-3561. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113551x
Santos, H. P., Fontaneli, R. S., Caierão, E., Spera, S. T., & Vargas, L. (2011). Desempenho agronômico de trigo cultivado para grãos e duplo propósito em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46(10), 1206-1213. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000013
Savian, J. V., Schons, R. M. T., Marchi, D. E., Freitas, T. S., Silva, G. F. S. Neto,, Mezzalira, J. C., Carvalho, P. C. F. (2018). Rotatinuous stocking: A grazing management innovation that has high potential to mitigate methane emissions by sheep. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 602-608. doi: 10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.03.162
Skinner, R. H. (2013). Nitrogen fertilization affects pasture photosynthesis, respiration, and ecosystem carbon content. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, 172, 35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.005
Sniffen, C. J., O’Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G., & Russell, J. B. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3562-3577. doi: 10.2527/1992.70113562x
Sprague, S. J., Kirkegaard, J. A., Bell, L.W., Seymour, M., Graham, J., & Ryan, M. (2018). Dual-purpose cereals offer increased productivity across diverse regions of Australia’s high rainfall zone. Field Crops Research, 227, 119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.008
Sprague, S. J., Kirkegaard, J. A., Graham, J. M., Dove, H., & Kelman, W. M. (2014). Crop and livestock production for dual-purpose winter canola (Brassica napus) in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Field Crops Research, 156, 30-39. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.10.010
Streck, E. V., Kämpf, N., Dalmolin, R. S. D., Klamt, E., Nascimento, P. C., Giasson, E., & Pinto, L. F. S. (2018). Solos do Rio Grande do Sul (3a ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: UFRGS; EMATER/RS-ASCAR.
Sun, H. Z., Plastow, G., & Guan, L. L. (2019). Invited review: advances and challenges in the application of feedomics to improve dairy cow production and health. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(7), 5853-5870. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16126
Thornley, J. M., & France, J. (2004). Mathematical models in agriculture: quantitative methods for the plant, animal, and ecological sciences (2nd ed.). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
Tian, L. H., Bell, L. W., Shen, Y. Y., & Whish, P. M. (2012). Dual-purpose use of winter wheat in western China: cutting time and nitrogen application effects on phenology, forage production, and grain yield. Crop & Pasture Science, 63(6), 520-528. doi: 10.1071/CP12101
Tran, H., Schlageter-Tello, A., Caprez, A., Miller, P. S., Hall, M. B., Weiss, W. P., & Kononoff, P. J. (2020). Development of feed composition tables using a statistical screening procedure. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(4), 3786-3803. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16702
Tylutki, T. P., Fox, D. G., Durbal, V. M., Tedeschi, L. O., Russell, J. B., Van Amburgh, M. E.,… Pell, A. N. (2008). Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system: a model for precision feeding of dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 143(1), 174-202. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.010
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of ruminants. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Velho, J. P., Mühlbach, P. R. F., Genro, T. C. M., Barcellos, J. O. J., Braccini, J., Neto, & Silva, R. S. M. (2014). Modelos matemáticos para ajuste da produção de gases in vitro em diferentes tempos de incubação e cinética ruminal de silagens de milho. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4), 2531-2540. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4Suplp2531
Zaka, S., Frak, E., Julier, B., Gastal, F., & Louarn, G. (2016). Intraspecific variation in thermal acclimation of photosynthesis across a range of temperatures in a perennial crop. AoB Plants, 8(1), plw035. doi: 10. 1093/aobpla/plw035
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2021-04-22
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Antunes, G. V., Haygert-Velho, I. M. P., Bernardi, A. L., Rupollo, C. Z., Gheno, G. C., Gabbi, G. F., … Velho, J. P. (2021). Nutrient production in pastures of Triticale BRS Saturno submitted to different levels of nitrogen in topdressing. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(3Supl1), 1909–1922. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3Supl1p1909
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