Associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin on the performance of beef steers in the initial feedlot phase
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2349Keywords:
Bovine, Feedlot adaptation phase, Food additives, Performance enhancers.Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin on the performance, dry matter intake, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of steers in the initial feedlot phase. The experiment lasted for 30 days, divided into two experimental periods. Thirty-six Angus Nellore steers, non-castrated, with a mean age of 10 months and an average weight of 300 kg, were divided into 18 pens. Animals were assigned to three treatments with six replications each, with the inclusion of the following additives: T1-monensin sodium, dose of 200 mg day-1; T2-monensin sodium, dose of 125 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, dose of 125 mg day-1; and T3-monensin sodium, dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, dose of 125 mg day-1. All experimental procedures were previously submitted to the UNICENTRO Committee for Ethics in Animal Experimentation (CEUA), and were approved for execution (Official Letter 021/2019). The combination of monensin sodium with virginiamycin at a dose of 200 mg + 125 mg animal day-1 showed greater (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain (1.919 kg day-1) and better feed conversion (4.27 kg DM kg of weight gain-1) compared to diets with monensin alone (200 mg animal day-1) or monensin combined with virginiamycin (125 mg + 125 mg animal day-1), even with no significant (P> 0.05) difference in DM intake, with a mean value of 7.88 kg animal day-1. Regardless of the isolated or combined supplementation of the additives, no significant differences were detected in the analysis of the feeder and feces scores, ingestive behavior, and rectal temperature or infrared thermography during the evaluation period. The combination of monensin sodium with virginiamycin at 200 mg + 125 mg animal day-1 proved to be efficient in the initial feedlot period, determined by the greater weight gain and better feed conversion observed in this study.Metrics
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References
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Beacom, S. E., & Mir, Z. (1985). A comparison of monensin and chlortetracycline in high-concentrate and high-forage diets for implanted and nonimplanted finishing steers and heifers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 65(3), 705-715. doi: 10.4141/cjas85-083
Bergen, W. G., & Bates, D. B. (1984). Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action. Journal of Animal Science, 58(6), 1465-1483. doi: 10.2527/jas1984.5861465x
Berry, R. J., Kennedy, A. D., Scott, S. L., Kyle, B. L., & Schaefer, A. L. (2003). Daily variation in the udder surface temperature of dairy cows measured by infrared thermography: potential for mastitis detection. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 83(4), 687-693. doi: 10.4141/A03-012
Bouzida, N., Bendada, A., & Maldague, X. P. (2009). Visualization of body thermoregulation by infrared imaging. Journal of Thermal Biology, 34(3), 120-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.11.008
Brown, M. S., & Millen, D. D. (2009). Protocolos para adaptar bovinos confinados a dietas de alto concentrado. Anais do Simpósio Internacional de Nutrição de Ruminantes, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
Cocito, C. (1979). Antibiotics of the virginiamycin family inhibitors which contain synergistic compounds. Microbiological Reviews, 43(2), 145-198.
Crooy, P., & De Neys, R. (1972). Virginiamygin: nomenclature. The Journal of Antibiotics, 25(6), 371-372. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.25.371
De Somer, P., & Van Duck, P. (1955). A preliminary report on antibiotic number 899, a strepto-gramin-like substance. Antibiotics & Chemotherapy, 5(11), 632-639.
DiGiambattista, M., Chinali, G., & Cocito, C. (1989). The molecular basis of the inhibitory activities of type A and type B synergimycins and related antibiotics on ribosomes. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 24(4), 485-507. doi: 10.1093/jac/24.4.485
Duffield, T. F., Merrill, J. K., & Bagg, R. N. (2012). Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin in beef cattle on feed efficiency, body weight gain, and dry matter intake. Journal of Animal Science, 90(12), 4583-4592. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-5018
Fereli, F., Branco, A. F., Jobim, C. C., Coneglian, S. M., Granzotto, F., & Barreto, J. C. (2010). Monensina sódica e Saccharomyces cerevisiae em dietas para bovinos: fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e eficiência de síntese microbiana. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(1), 183-190. doi: 10. 1590/S1516-35982010000100024
Ferreira, S. F. (2013). Uso de Salinomicina e Virginiamicina na alimentação de bovinos de corte à pasto no verão e no inverno. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3491
Ferreira, S. F., Guimarães, T. P., Moreira, K. K. G., Alves, V. A., Lemos, B. J. M., & Souza, F. M. (2013). Caracterização fecal de bovinos. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, 11(20), 1-22.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2009). Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: seventieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva: FAO.
Fonseca, M. P. (2012). Consumo, digestibilidade aparente e emissão de metano em novilhos F1 Holandês x Gir suplementados com monensina e/ou virginiamicina. Tese de mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/ VETD-8SDNHV
Gibb, D. J., Moustafa, S. M. S., Wiedmeier, R. D., & McAllister, T. A. (2001). Effect of salinomycin or monensin on performance and feeding behavior of cattle fed wheat-or barley-based diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 81(2), 253-261. doi: 10.4141/A00-057
Gloster, J., Ebert, K., Gubbins, S., Bashiruddin, J., & Paton, D. J. (2011). Variação normal da temperatura irradiada térmica em bovinos: implicações para a detecção de febre aftosa. BMC Pesquisa Veterinária, 7(1), 73. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-73
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications) (No. 379). Washington: Agricultural Handbook, D.C.
Guan, H., Wittenberg, K. M., Ominski, K. H., & Krause, D. O. (2006). Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. Journal of Animal Science, 84(7), 1896-1906. doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-652
Heker, J. C., Jr., Neumann, M., Ueno, R. K., Falbo, M. K., Galbeiro, S., Souza, A. M., ... & Askel, E. J. (2018). Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(1), 261-274. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p261
Looper, M. L., Stokes, S. R., Waldner, D. N., & Jordan, E. R. (2001). Managing milk composition: evaluating herd potential. Cooperative Extension Service College of Agriculture and Home Economics. New Mexico State University.
Marques, R. S., Cooke, R. F., Francisco, C. L., & Bohnert, D. W. (2012). Effeets of twenty-four hour transport or twenty-four hour feed and water deprivation on physiologic and performance responses of feeder cattle. Journal Animal Science, 90(13), 5040-5046. doi: 10.2527/jas2012-5425
Nikkhah, A., Plaizier, J. C., Einarson, M. S., Berry, R. J., Scott, S. L., & Kennedy, A. D. (2005). Infrared thermography and visual examination of hooves of dairy cows in two stages of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(8), 2749-2753. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72954-4
Nuñez, A. J. C., Caetano, M., Berndt, A., Demarchi, J. J. A. A., Leme, P. R., & Lanna, D. P. D. (2013). Combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin for finishing Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets. Scientia Agricola, 70(4), 229-236. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162013000400002
Oliveira, C. A., & Millen, D. D. (2014). Survey of the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists in Brazil. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197, 64-75. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.010
Pereira, M. C., Carrara, T. V., Silva, J., Silva, D. P., Watanabe, D. H., Tomaz, L. A., ...& Millen, D. D. (2015). Effects of different doses of sodium monensin on feeding behaviour, dry matter intake variation and selective consumption of feedlot Nellore cattle. Animal Production Science, 55(2), 170-173. doi: 10.1071/AN14306
Redaelli, V., Bergero, D., Zucca, E., Ferrucci, F., Costa, L. N., Crosta, L., & Luzi, F. (2014). Use of thermography techniques in equines: principles and applications. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 34(3), 345-350. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.07.007
Rogers, J. A., Branine, M. E., Miller, C. R., Wray, M. I., Bartle, S. J., Preston, R. L., & Bechtol, D. T. (1995). Effects of dietary virginiamycin on performance and liver abscess incidence in feedlot cattle. Journal of animal science, 73(1), 9-20. doi: 10.2527/1995.7319
Schaefer, A. L., Cook, N. J., Bench, C., Chabot, J. B., Colyn, J., Liu, T., ... Webster, J. R. (2012). The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Research in Veterinary Science, 93(2), 928-935. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021
Silva, S. D. L., Almeida, R. D., Schwahofer, D., Leme, P. R., & Lanna, D. P. D. (2004). Effects of salinomycin and virginiamycin on performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 82(suppl 1.), 41-42.
Sitta, C. (2011). Aditivos (ionóforos, antibióticos não ionóforos e probióticos) em dietas com altos teores de concentrado para tourinhos da raça Nelore em terminação. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Recuperado de https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-29112011-150451/en.php
Soares, M., Silva, L., Frazão, O., & Silva, A. (2015). Aditivos alimentares na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime–Artigo, 4(12), 4162-4174.
Squizatti, M. M. (2019). Redução do tempo de adaptação com uso de virginiamicina em dietas para bovinos nelore confinados: padrão de fermentação ruminal e aproveitamento de nutrientes. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio. unesp.br/handle/11449/181850
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS/STAT user's Guide: statistics version 6.4 (Vol. 2). Cary, NC: SAS Inst.
Tedeschi, L. O., Fox, D. G., & Tylutki, T. P. (2003). Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(5), 1591-1602. doi: 10.2134/jeq2003.1591
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (Vol. 174). Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
Van Soest, P. J. (1991). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vanderhaeghe, H., & Parmentier, G. (1960). The structure of factor s of staphylomycin1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 82(16), 4414-4422. doi: 10.1021/ja01501a070
Vendramini, T. H. A., Takiya, C. S., Silva, T. H., Zanferari, F., Rentas, M. F., Bertoni, J. C., … Rennó, F. P. (2016). Effects of a blend of essential oils, chitosan or monensin on nutrient intake and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 214, 12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016. 01.015
Weiss, W. P., Conrad, H. R., & Pierre, N. S. (1992). A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 39(1-2), 95-110. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90034-4
Zanine, A., Oliveira, J., & Santos, E. (2006). Importância, uso, mecanismo de ação e retorno econômico dos ionóforos na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, 3(6), 45-56.
Zeoula, L. M., Beleze, J. R. F., Geron, L. J. V., Maeda, E. M., Prado, I., & Paula, M. (2008). Digestibilidade parcial e total de rações com a inclusão de ionóforo ou probiótico para bubalinos e bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(3), 563-571. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000300023
Beacom, S. E., & Mir, Z. (1985). A comparison of monensin and chlortetracycline in high-concentrate and high-forage diets for implanted and nonimplanted finishing steers and heifers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 65(3), 705-715. doi: 10.4141/cjas85-083
Bergen, W. G., & Bates, D. B. (1984). Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action. Journal of Animal Science, 58(6), 1465-1483. doi: 10.2527/jas1984.5861465x
Berry, R. J., Kennedy, A. D., Scott, S. L., Kyle, B. L., & Schaefer, A. L. (2003). Daily variation in the udder surface temperature of dairy cows measured by infrared thermography: potential for mastitis detection. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 83(4), 687-693. doi: 10.4141/A03-012
Bouzida, N., Bendada, A., & Maldague, X. P. (2009). Visualization of body thermoregulation by infrared imaging. Journal of Thermal Biology, 34(3), 120-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.11.008
Brown, M. S., & Millen, D. D. (2009). Protocolos para adaptar bovinos confinados a dietas de alto concentrado. Anais do Simpósio Internacional de Nutrição de Ruminantes, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
Cocito, C. (1979). Antibiotics of the virginiamycin family inhibitors which contain synergistic compounds. Microbiological Reviews, 43(2), 145-198.
Crooy, P., & De Neys, R. (1972). Virginiamygin: nomenclature. The Journal of Antibiotics, 25(6), 371-372. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.25.371
De Somer, P., & Van Duck, P. (1955). A preliminary report on antibiotic number 899, a strepto-gramin-like substance. Antibiotics & Chemotherapy, 5(11), 632-639.
DiGiambattista, M., Chinali, G., & Cocito, C. (1989). The molecular basis of the inhibitory activities of type A and type B synergimycins and related antibiotics on ribosomes. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 24(4), 485-507. doi: 10.1093/jac/24.4.485
Duffield, T. F., Merrill, J. K., & Bagg, R. N. (2012). Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin in beef cattle on feed efficiency, body weight gain, and dry matter intake. Journal of Animal Science, 90(12), 4583-4592. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-5018
Fereli, F., Branco, A. F., Jobim, C. C., Coneglian, S. M., Granzotto, F., & Barreto, J. C. (2010). Monensina sódica e Saccharomyces cerevisiae em dietas para bovinos: fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e eficiência de síntese microbiana. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(1), 183-190. doi: 10. 1590/S1516-35982010000100024
Ferreira, S. F. (2013). Uso de Salinomicina e Virginiamicina na alimentação de bovinos de corte à pasto no verão e no inverno. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3491
Ferreira, S. F., Guimarães, T. P., Moreira, K. K. G., Alves, V. A., Lemos, B. J. M., & Souza, F. M. (2013). Caracterização fecal de bovinos. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, 11(20), 1-22.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2009). Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: seventieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva: FAO.
Fonseca, M. P. (2012). Consumo, digestibilidade aparente e emissão de metano em novilhos F1 Holandês x Gir suplementados com monensina e/ou virginiamicina. Tese de mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/ VETD-8SDNHV
Gibb, D. J., Moustafa, S. M. S., Wiedmeier, R. D., & McAllister, T. A. (2001). Effect of salinomycin or monensin on performance and feeding behavior of cattle fed wheat-or barley-based diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 81(2), 253-261. doi: 10.4141/A00-057
Gloster, J., Ebert, K., Gubbins, S., Bashiruddin, J., & Paton, D. J. (2011). Variação normal da temperatura irradiada térmica em bovinos: implicações para a detecção de febre aftosa. BMC Pesquisa Veterinária, 7(1), 73. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-73
Goering, H. K., & Van Soest, P. J. (1970). Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications) (No. 379). Washington: Agricultural Handbook, D.C.
Guan, H., Wittenberg, K. M., Ominski, K. H., & Krause, D. O. (2006). Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. Journal of Animal Science, 84(7), 1896-1906. doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-652
Heker, J. C., Jr., Neumann, M., Ueno, R. K., Falbo, M. K., Galbeiro, S., Souza, A. M., ... & Askel, E. J. (2018). Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 39(1), 261-274. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p261
Looper, M. L., Stokes, S. R., Waldner, D. N., & Jordan, E. R. (2001). Managing milk composition: evaluating herd potential. Cooperative Extension Service College of Agriculture and Home Economics. New Mexico State University.
Marques, R. S., Cooke, R. F., Francisco, C. L., & Bohnert, D. W. (2012). Effeets of twenty-four hour transport or twenty-four hour feed and water deprivation on physiologic and performance responses of feeder cattle. Journal Animal Science, 90(13), 5040-5046. doi: 10.2527/jas2012-5425
Nikkhah, A., Plaizier, J. C., Einarson, M. S., Berry, R. J., Scott, S. L., & Kennedy, A. D. (2005). Infrared thermography and visual examination of hooves of dairy cows in two stages of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(8), 2749-2753. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72954-4
Nuñez, A. J. C., Caetano, M., Berndt, A., Demarchi, J. J. A. A., Leme, P. R., & Lanna, D. P. D. (2013). Combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin for finishing Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets. Scientia Agricola, 70(4), 229-236. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162013000400002
Oliveira, C. A., & Millen, D. D. (2014). Survey of the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists in Brazil. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197, 64-75. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.010
Pereira, M. C., Carrara, T. V., Silva, J., Silva, D. P., Watanabe, D. H., Tomaz, L. A., ...& Millen, D. D. (2015). Effects of different doses of sodium monensin on feeding behaviour, dry matter intake variation and selective consumption of feedlot Nellore cattle. Animal Production Science, 55(2), 170-173. doi: 10.1071/AN14306
Redaelli, V., Bergero, D., Zucca, E., Ferrucci, F., Costa, L. N., Crosta, L., & Luzi, F. (2014). Use of thermography techniques in equines: principles and applications. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 34(3), 345-350. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.07.007
Rogers, J. A., Branine, M. E., Miller, C. R., Wray, M. I., Bartle, S. J., Preston, R. L., & Bechtol, D. T. (1995). Effects of dietary virginiamycin on performance and liver abscess incidence in feedlot cattle. Journal of animal science, 73(1), 9-20. doi: 10.2527/1995.7319
Schaefer, A. L., Cook, N. J., Bench, C., Chabot, J. B., Colyn, J., Liu, T., ... Webster, J. R. (2012). The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Research in Veterinary Science, 93(2), 928-935. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021
Silva, S. D. L., Almeida, R. D., Schwahofer, D., Leme, P. R., & Lanna, D. P. D. (2004). Effects of salinomycin and virginiamycin on performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 82(suppl 1.), 41-42.
Sitta, C. (2011). Aditivos (ionóforos, antibióticos não ionóforos e probióticos) em dietas com altos teores de concentrado para tourinhos da raça Nelore em terminação. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Recuperado de https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-29112011-150451/en.php
Soares, M., Silva, L., Frazão, O., & Silva, A. (2015). Aditivos alimentares na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime–Artigo, 4(12), 4162-4174.
Squizatti, M. M. (2019). Redução do tempo de adaptação com uso de virginiamicina em dietas para bovinos nelore confinados: padrão de fermentação ruminal e aproveitamento de nutrientes. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Recuperado de https://repositorio. unesp.br/handle/11449/181850
Statistical Analysis System Institute (1993). SAS/STAT user's Guide: statistics version 6.4 (Vol. 2). Cary, NC: SAS Inst.
Tedeschi, L. O., Fox, D. G., & Tylutki, T. P. (2003). Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(5), 1591-1602. doi: 10.2134/jeq2003.1591
Tedesco, M. J., Gianello, C., Bissani, C. A., Bohnen, H., & Volkweiss, S. J. (1995). Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais (Vol. 174). Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
Van Soest, P. J. (1991). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vanderhaeghe, H., & Parmentier, G. (1960). The structure of factor s of staphylomycin1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 82(16), 4414-4422. doi: 10.1021/ja01501a070
Vendramini, T. H. A., Takiya, C. S., Silva, T. H., Zanferari, F., Rentas, M. F., Bertoni, J. C., … Rennó, F. P. (2016). Effects of a blend of essential oils, chitosan or monensin on nutrient intake and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 214, 12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016. 01.015
Weiss, W. P., Conrad, H. R., & Pierre, N. S. (1992). A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 39(1-2), 95-110. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90034-4
Zanine, A., Oliveira, J., & Santos, E. (2006). Importância, uso, mecanismo de ação e retorno econômico dos ionóforos na nutrição de ruminantes. Revista Científica Eletrônica de Medicina Veterinária, 3(6), 45-56.
Zeoula, L. M., Beleze, J. R. F., Geron, L. J. V., Maeda, E. M., Prado, I., & Paula, M. (2008). Digestibilidade parcial e total de rações com a inclusão de ionóforo ou probiótico para bubalinos e bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(3), 563-571. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000300023
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2020-08-07
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Neumann, M., Pontarolo, G. B., Cristo, F. B., Venancio, B. J., Manchur, A. D., Ueno, R. K., Souza, A. M. de, Moresco, E. M., & Czelusniak, C. (2020). Associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin on the performance of beef steers in the initial feedlot phase. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5supl1), 2349–2364. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5supl1p2349
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