Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2397Keywords:
Leguminous, Sorghum bicolor, Wilting.Abstract
he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.Downloads
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References
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JAHANZAD, E.; SADEGHPOUR, A.; HASHEMI, M.; KESHAVARZ AFSHAR, R.; HOSSEINI, M. B.; BARKER, A. V. Silage fermentation profile, chemical composition and economic evaluation of millet and soya bean grown in monocultures and as intercrops. Grass and Forage Science, v. 71, n. 4, p. 584-594, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12216.
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JUNG, H. G.; ALLEN, M. S. Characteristics of plant cell walls affecting intake and digestibility of forages by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, Cambridge, v. 73, n. 9, p. 2774-2790, 1995. DOI: 10.2527/1995.7392774x
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LIMA‐OROZCO, R.; CASTRO‐ALEGRÍA, A.; FIEVEZ, V. Ensiled sorghum and soybean as ruminant feed in the tropics, with emphasis on Cuba. Grass and Forage Science, v. 68, n. 1, p. 20-32, 2013. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00890.x
LIU, Q.; ZHANG, J.; SHI, S.; SUN, Q. The effects of wilting and storage temperatures on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Stylosanthes silage. Animal Science Journal, v. 82, n. 4, p. 549-553, 2011.
LYON, C. K. Degradation of mimosine during ensiling of Leucaena. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 36, n. 10, p. 936-940, 1985. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740361005
MAKKAR, H. P. S. Recommendation for quality control of in sacco nylon bag technique. In: RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETING OF THE FAO/IAEA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR USE OF NUCLEAR AND RELATED TECHNIQUES TO DEVELOP SIMPLE TANNIN ASSAYS FOR PREDICTING AND IMPROVING THE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY OF FEEDING RUMINANTS ON TANNINIFEROUS TREE, 1., Viena, 1999. Proceedings... Viena: FAO/IAEA, 1999. 3 p.
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McDONALD, P.; HENDERSON, A. R.; HERON, S. J. E. The biochemistry of silage. 2. ed. Marlow: Chalcombe Publications, 1991. 226 p.
NOCEK, J.E. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: a review. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 71, n. 8, p. 2051-2069, 1988.
ØRSKOV, E. R. Nutrición proteica de los rumiantes. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1988. 178 p. (No. 636.2085).
ØRSKOV, E. R.; McDONALD, I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 92, n. 2, p. 499-503, 1979. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600063048
PAHLOW, G.; MUCK, R. E.; DRIEHUIS, F.; OUDE ELFERINK, S. J. W. H.; SPOELSTRA, S. F. Microbiology of ensiling. In: BUXTON, D. R.; MUCK, R. E., HARRISON, J. H. (Ed.). Silage science and technology. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, 2003. p. 31-93. (Agronomy Series, 42).
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PEREIRA, R. C.; EVANGELISTA, A.; ABREU, J. G. D.; AMARAL, P. N. C. D.; SALVADOR, F. M.; MACIEL, G. A. Efeitos da inclusão de forragem de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) na qualidade da silagem de milho (Zea mays L.). Ciência Agrotécnica, Lavras, v. 28, n. 4, p. 924-930, 2004. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-70542004000400028
PIRES, A. J. V.; REIS, R. A.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; SIQUEIRA, G. R.; BERNARDES, T. F.; RUGGIERI, A. C.; ALMEIDA, E. O.; ROTH, M. T. P. Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, da fração fibrosa e da proteína bruta de forrageiras. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 41, n. 4, p. 643-648, 2006. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000400014
RIBEIRO, J. L.; NUSSIO, L. G.; MOURÃO, G. B.; MARI, L. J.; ZOPOLLATO, M.; PAZIANI, S. F. Nutritive value of palisadegrass silages affected by year season, dry matter level and bacterial inoculant. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa v. 37, n. 7, p. 1176-1184, 2008. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000700006
SANTOS, K. C.; MAGALHÃES, A. L. R.; SILVA, D. K. A.; ARAÚJO, G. G. L.; FAGUNDES, G. M.; YBARRA, N. G.; ABDALLA, A. L. Nutritional potential of forage species found in Brazilian Semiarid region. Livestock Science, v. 195, p. 118-124, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.002
SCHMIDT, P. Perdas fermentativas na ensilagem, parâmetros disgestivos e desempenho de bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar. 2006. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) – Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba.
SIMILI, F. F.; LIMA, M. L. P.; MOREIRA, A. L.; SOARES, P. V.; ROMA JÚNIOR, L. C.; REIS, R. A. Forage mass production and grazing loss of sorghum hybrid in response to the density of the sowing and the spacing between planting lines. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 40, n. 7, p. 1474-1479, 2011. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000700011
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM - SAS. The SAS System for Windows: version 9.0. Cary: SAS Institute, 2000. (CD-ROM).
TJANDRAATMADJA, M.; MACRAE, I. C.; NORTON, B. W. Effect of the inclusion of tropical tree legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala, on the nutritive value of silages prepared from tropical grasses. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 120, n. 3, p. 397-406, 1993. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600076565
TOBI, A. C.; SEQUERA, C.; VILLALOBOS, E.; CIOF, F. I. R.; ESCOBAR, O. Experiencias en la elaboración de silajes de maíz-soya en dos sistemas de producción bovina en Venezuela (Experiences of the combined ensiling of maize and soybean in two cattle production systems in Venezuela). In: SEMINARIO MANEJO Y UTILIZACIÓN DE PASTOS Y FORRAJES EM SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, 2007, Barquisimeto. Proceedings… Barquisimeto, 2007. p. 78-87.
TOMICH, T. R.; SAMPAIO, I. B. M. A new strategy for the determination of forage degradability with an in situ technique through the use of one fistulated ruminant. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 142, n. 5, p. 589-593, 2004. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859604004654
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B.; LEWIS, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 10, p. 3583-3597, 1991. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
VIEIRA, F. A. P.; BORGES. I.; STEHLING, C. A. V. Qualidade de silagens de sorgo com aditivos. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 56, n. 6, p. 764-772, 2004. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-09352004000600011
ZAGO, C. P. Silagem de sorgo. In: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE NUTRIÇÃO DE BOVINOS: ALIMENTAÇÃO SUPLEMENTAR, 7., Piracicaba, 1999. Anais... Piracicaba: Fundação de Estudos Agrários "Luiz de Queiroz", 1999. p. 47-68.
BOLSEN, K. K.; LIN, C.; BRENT, B. E. Effect of silage additives on the microbial succession and fermentation process of alfalfa and corn silages. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v.7 5, n. 11, p. 3066-3083, 1992. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78070-9
DETMANN, E.; VALENTE, É. E.; BATISTA, E. D.; HUHTANEN, P. An evaluation of the performance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle fed tropical grass pastures with supplementation. Livestock Science, v. 162, p. 141-153, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.029
EDVAN, R. L.; CARNEIRO, M. S. S.; COUTINHO, M. J. F.; SILVA, E. B.; OLIVEIRA, G. S.; SILVA, M. S. M.; ALBUQUERQUE, D. R. Perdas e composição bromatológica de silagem de gliricídia contendo diferentes níveis de vagem de algaroba. Tecnologia & Ciência Agropecuária, João Pessoa, v. 7, n. 2, p. 63-68, 2013.
EPIFANIO, P. S.; COSTA, K. A. D. P.; GUARNIERI, A.; TEIXEIRA, D. A. A.; OLIVEIRA, S. S.; SILVA, V. R. D. Silage quality of Urochloa brizantha cultivars with levels of campo grande Stylosanthes. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, Maringá, v. 38, n. 2, p. 135-142, 2016. DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i2.29631
EVANGELISTA, A. R.; ABREU, J. D.; AMARAL, P. D.; PEREIRA, R. C.; SALVADOR, F. M.; LOPES, J.; SOARES, L. Q. Composição bromatológica de silagem de sorgo (sorghum bicolor (L.) MOENCH) aditivadas com forragem de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) Dewit). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 29, n. 2, p. 429-435, 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-70542005000200022
FARIA, V. P. Técnicas de produção de silagens. In: PEIXOTO, A. M.; MOURA, J. C.; FARIA, V. P. Pastagens: fundamentos da exploração racional. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1986. p. 323-348.
FERNANDES, F. E. P; GARCIA, R., PIRES, A. J. V.; PEREIRA, O. G.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; OLIVINDO, C. S. Ensilagem de sorgo forrageiro com adição de ureia em dois períodos de armazenamento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 38, n. 11, p. 2111-2115, 2009. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001100006
FERREIRA, R.; BEZERRA, L.; EDVAN, R.; ARAÚJO, M.; MARQUES, C.; TORREÃO, J.; PARENTE, H. Physicochemical composition and ruminal degradability of leucaena ensiled with different levels of buriti fruit peel. Grassland Science, v. 62, n. 3, p. 160-166, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/grs.12129
GIANG, N. T. T.; WANAPAT, M.; PHESATCHA, K.; KANG, S. Level of Leucaena leucocephala silage feeding on intake, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers. Tropical Animal Health and Production, Springer Netherlands, v. 48, n. 5, p. 1057-1064, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1060-3
JAHANZAD, E.; SADEGHPOUR, A.; HASHEMI, M.; KESHAVARZ AFSHAR, R.; HOSSEINI, M. B.; BARKER, A. V. Silage fermentation profile, chemical composition and economic evaluation of millet and soya bean grown in monocultures and as intercrops. Grass and Forage Science, v. 71, n. 4, p. 584-594, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12216.
JASTER, E. H. Legume and grass silage preservation. In: MOORE, K. J.; KRAL, D. M.; VINEY, M. K. (Ed.) Post-harvest physiology and preservation of forage. Madison: ASA, CCSA, 1995. p. 91-115.
JUNG, H. G.; ALLEN, M. S. Characteristics of plant cell walls affecting intake and digestibility of forages by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, Cambridge, v. 73, n. 9, p. 2774-2790, 1995. DOI: 10.2527/1995.7392774x
LAZZARINI, I.; DETMANN, E.; SAMPAIO, C. B.; PAULINO, M. F.; VALADARES FILHO, S. C.; SOUZA, M. A.; OLIVEIRA, F. A. Dinâmicas de trânsito e degradação da fibra em detergente neutro em bovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade e compostos nitrogenados. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 61, n. 635-647, p. 635-647, 2009. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000300017
LIMA‐OROZCO, R.; CASTRO‐ALEGRÍA, A.; FIEVEZ, V. Ensiled sorghum and soybean as ruminant feed in the tropics, with emphasis on Cuba. Grass and Forage Science, v. 68, n. 1, p. 20-32, 2013. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00890.x
LIU, Q.; ZHANG, J.; SHI, S.; SUN, Q. The effects of wilting and storage temperatures on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Stylosanthes silage. Animal Science Journal, v. 82, n. 4, p. 549-553, 2011.
LYON, C. K. Degradation of mimosine during ensiling of Leucaena. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 36, n. 10, p. 936-940, 1985. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740361005
MAKKAR, H. P. S. Recommendation for quality control of in sacco nylon bag technique. In: RESEARCH COORDINATION MEETING OF THE FAO/IAEA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR USE OF NUCLEAR AND RELATED TECHNIQUES TO DEVELOP SIMPLE TANNIN ASSAYS FOR PREDICTING AND IMPROVING THE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY OF FEEDING RUMINANTS ON TANNINIFEROUS TREE, 1., Viena, 1999. Proceedings... Viena: FAO/IAEA, 1999. 3 p.
McDONALD, P. The biochemistry of silage. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1981. 226 p.
McDONALD, P.; HENDERSON, A. R.; HERON, S. J. E. The biochemistry of silage. 2. ed. Marlow: Chalcombe Publications, 1991. 226 p.
NOCEK, J.E. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: a review. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 71, n. 8, p. 2051-2069, 1988.
ØRSKOV, E. R. Nutrición proteica de los rumiantes. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1988. 178 p. (No. 636.2085).
ØRSKOV, E. R.; McDONALD, I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 92, n. 2, p. 499-503, 1979. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600063048
PAHLOW, G.; MUCK, R. E.; DRIEHUIS, F.; OUDE ELFERINK, S. J. W. H.; SPOELSTRA, S. F. Microbiology of ensiling. In: BUXTON, D. R.; MUCK, R. E., HARRISON, J. H. (Ed.). Silage science and technology. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, 2003. p. 31-93. (Agronomy Series, 42).
PERAZZO, A. F.; SANTOS, E. M.; PINHO, R. M. A.; CAMPOS, F. S.; RAMOS, J. P. F. de. Características agronômicas e eficiência do uso da chuva em cultivares de sorgo no semiárido. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 43, n. 10, p 1771-1776, 2013. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84782013001000007
PEREIRA, R. C.; EVANGELISTA, A.; ABREU, J. G. D.; AMARAL, P. N. C. D.; SALVADOR, F. M.; MACIEL, G. A. Efeitos da inclusão de forragem de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) na qualidade da silagem de milho (Zea mays L.). Ciência Agrotécnica, Lavras, v. 28, n. 4, p. 924-930, 2004. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-70542004000400028
PIRES, A. J. V.; REIS, R. A.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; SIQUEIRA, G. R.; BERNARDES, T. F.; RUGGIERI, A. C.; ALMEIDA, E. O.; ROTH, M. T. P. Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, da fração fibrosa e da proteína bruta de forrageiras. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 41, n. 4, p. 643-648, 2006. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000400014
RIBEIRO, J. L.; NUSSIO, L. G.; MOURÃO, G. B.; MARI, L. J.; ZOPOLLATO, M.; PAZIANI, S. F. Nutritive value of palisadegrass silages affected by year season, dry matter level and bacterial inoculant. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa v. 37, n. 7, p. 1176-1184, 2008. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000700006
SANTOS, K. C.; MAGALHÃES, A. L. R.; SILVA, D. K. A.; ARAÚJO, G. G. L.; FAGUNDES, G. M.; YBARRA, N. G.; ABDALLA, A. L. Nutritional potential of forage species found in Brazilian Semiarid region. Livestock Science, v. 195, p. 118-124, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.002
SCHMIDT, P. Perdas fermentativas na ensilagem, parâmetros disgestivos e desempenho de bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar. 2006. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) – Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba.
SIMILI, F. F.; LIMA, M. L. P.; MOREIRA, A. L.; SOARES, P. V.; ROMA JÚNIOR, L. C.; REIS, R. A. Forage mass production and grazing loss of sorghum hybrid in response to the density of the sowing and the spacing between planting lines. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 40, n. 7, p. 1474-1479, 2011. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000700011
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM - SAS. The SAS System for Windows: version 9.0. Cary: SAS Institute, 2000. (CD-ROM).
TJANDRAATMADJA, M.; MACRAE, I. C.; NORTON, B. W. Effect of the inclusion of tropical tree legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala, on the nutritive value of silages prepared from tropical grasses. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 120, n. 3, p. 397-406, 1993. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600076565
TOBI, A. C.; SEQUERA, C.; VILLALOBOS, E.; CIOF, F. I. R.; ESCOBAR, O. Experiencias en la elaboración de silajes de maíz-soya en dos sistemas de producción bovina en Venezuela (Experiences of the combined ensiling of maize and soybean in two cattle production systems in Venezuela). In: SEMINARIO MANEJO Y UTILIZACIÓN DE PASTOS Y FORRAJES EM SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, 2007, Barquisimeto. Proceedings… Barquisimeto, 2007. p. 78-87.
TOMICH, T. R.; SAMPAIO, I. B. M. A new strategy for the determination of forage degradability with an in situ technique through the use of one fistulated ruminant. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 142, n. 5, p. 589-593, 2004. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859604004654
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B.; LEWIS, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 10, p. 3583-3597, 1991. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
VIEIRA, F. A. P.; BORGES. I.; STEHLING, C. A. V. Qualidade de silagens de sorgo com aditivos. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 56, n. 6, p. 764-772, 2004. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-09352004000600011
ZAGO, C. P. Silagem de sorgo. In: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE NUTRIÇÃO DE BOVINOS: ALIMENTAÇÃO SUPLEMENTAR, 7., Piracicaba, 1999. Anais... Piracicaba: Fundação de Estudos Agrários "Luiz de Queiroz", 1999. p. 47-68.
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2019-08-07
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Costa, C. dos S., Rodrigues, R. C., Araújo, R. A. de, Santos, F. N. de S., Sousa, G. O. C., Lima, J. R. L., … Miranda, B. E. C. (2019). Nutritional composition of ’Ponta Negra’ forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(5Supl1), 2397–2406. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2397
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