Water–Cement Ratio Effects on LC³ Concrete Properties and Carbonation

Deborah Claudiane Brandalize; Gustavo Savaris; Carlos Eduardo Tino Balestra; Fabio Freire; Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli; Laura Silvestro

doi:10.5433/1679-0375.2026.v47.54785

Water–Cement Ratio Effects on LC³ Concrete Properties and Carbonation

Authors

Deborah Claudiane Brandalize Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-7458
Gustavo Savaris Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-2426
Carlos Eduardo Tino Balestra Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-7921
Fabio Freire Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2395-9519
Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli Universidade Federal de Alfenas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-4276
Laura Silvestro Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-3047

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2026.v47.54785

Keywords:

calcined clays, durability, concrete structures, carbon dioxide

Abstract

Os cimentos de argila calcinada com calcário (LC3) incorporam argilas calcinadas e agregados calcários, representando uma alternativa para a descarbonização da indústria cimenteira. Apesar de refinar a estrutura dos poros e melhorar a resistência à difusão agressiva de íons, o menor teor de portlandita pode aumentar a susceptibilidade à carbonatação, especialmente em concretos com altas relações água/cimento (a/c). Este estudo avaliou o desempenho de carbonatação e a vida útil de concretos LC3-50 com relações a/c especificadas pela norma ABNT NBR 6118 para as quatro classes de exposição ambiental. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas por fluorescência de raios X e difração de raios X, enquanto ensaios mecânicos e de carbonatação acelerada foram realizados no estado endurecido. Os resultados mostraram que a disponibilidade de portlandita influencia a resistência à penetração de CO₂ e que as relações a/c afetam tanto a resistência mecânica quanto a durabilidade. A profundidade de carbonatação diminuiu aproximadamente 30% com a redução da relação a/c de 0,65 para 0,45. As previsões de vida útil indicaram que as espessuras de cobrimento de concreto prescritas pela norma ABNT NBR 6118 são adequadas, com uma frente de carbonatação de 3 cm esperada somente após 80 anos para concretos produzidos com relação água/cimento de 0,65. No geral, os resultados demonstram que os concretos LC3 podem atingir uma durabilidade satisfatória a longo prazo.

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Author Biographies

Deborah Claudiane Brandalize, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

MSc in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology -- Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Gustavo Savaris, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

Prof. Dr., Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology -- Paraná (UTFPR), Toledo, Paraná, Brazil.

Carlos Eduardo Tino Balestra, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)

Prof. Dr., College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.

Fabio Freire, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

Prof., MSc, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology -- Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana, Paraná, Brazil.

Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli, Universidade Federal de Alfenas

Prof., PhD, Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Laura Silvestro, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

Prof., PhD, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology -- Paraná (UTFPR), Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil.

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