Effect of dietary supplementation with l-carnitine, chromium, and selenium on the performance of finishing pigs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl2p3289Keywords:
Additives, Efficiency, Growth promoters, Performance.Abstract
This study aimed to assess the combined effect of L-carnitine, chromium propionate, and organic selenium in the diet of pigs at the finishing stage in commercial farms on performance parameters. The sample included 5,456 female and castrated male DB pigs with mean age of 159 days and mean initial weight of 103.33 ± 4.11 kg. The pigs were split into two treatments in a completely randomized design: the control group, free of growth-promoting dietary additives, and the test group, supplemented with Profitilina® (50 mg L-carnitine, 0.2 mg chromium propionate, and 0.3 mg organic selenium kg-1 of feed) for 30 days prior to slaughter. The outcomes assessed were daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC), and final body weight (FBW). An improved performance according to all parameters (P < 0.001) was seen for the test group (2.58 versus 2.64 g day-1 for DFI; 0.76 versus 0.87g day-1 for DWG; 3.42 versus 3.06 for FC; and 125.7 versus 127.7 kg for FBW). Providing a combined dietary supplementation with L-carnitine, chromium propionate, and organic selenium to finishing pigs was effective at improving weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight.Downloads
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References
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CHO, W. T.; HAN, I. N. K.; CHAE, B. J.; HAN, Y. K.; HA, J. K.; ODLE, J. Effects of chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on the performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, Jabłonna, v. 9, n. 4, p. 633-646, 2000. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/68088/2000
CLARKSON, P. M. Effects of exercise on chromium levels: is supplementation required? Sports Medicine, London, v. 23, n. 6, p. 341-349, 1997. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199723060-00001
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GEBHARDT, J. T.; WOODWORTH, J. C.; TOKACH, M. D.; DEROUCHEY, J. M.; GOODBAND, R. D.; LOUGHMILLER, J. A.; SOUZA, A. L. P. de; DRITZ, S. S. Influence of chromium propionate dose and feeding regimen on growth performance and carcass composition of pigs housed in a commercial environment. Translational Animal Science, Champaign, v. 3, n. 1, p. 384-392, 2018. DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy104
GOMES, M. R.; ROGEDO, M. M.; TIRAPEGUI, J. Considerações sobre cromo, insulina e exercício físico. Revista Brasileira de Medicina e Esporte, São Paulo, v. 11, n. 5, p. 262-266, 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922005000500003
HARMEYER, J. Use of L-carnitine additions in domestic animal feeds. Lohmann information, Cuxhaven, v. 28, p. 1-9, 2003.
HEO, K.; ODLE, J.; HAN, I. K. Effects of dietary L-carnitine and protein level on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis of 20 kg pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 13, n. 11, p. 1568-1575, 2000. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2000.1568
HOPPEL, C. The role of carnitine in normal and altered fatty acid metabolism. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, New York, v. 41, n. 4, p. S4-S12, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00112-4
JAMES, B. W.; TOKACH. M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; NELSSEN, J. L.; DRITZ, S. S.; OWEN, K. Q.; SULABO, R. C. Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: I. Growth performance. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 91, n. 7, p. 3265-3271, 2013. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4286
JANG, Y. D.; CHOI, H. B.; DUROSOV, S.; SCHEGEL, P.; CHOI, B. R.; KIM, Y. Y. Comparison of bioavailability of organic selenium sources in finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 23, n. 7, p. 931-936, 2010. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.90619
LI, Y. S.; ZHU, N. H.; NIU, P. P.; SHI, F. X.; HUGHES, C. L.; TIAN, G. X.; HUANG, R. H. Effects of dietary chromium methionine on growth performance, carcass composition, meat colour and expression of the colour-related gene myoglobin of growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 26, n. 7, p. 1021-1029, 2013. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13012
MARTINEZ-GOMEZ, N.; DOMINGUEZ-LÓPEZ, A.; JESÚS MORALES-ROSALES, E. de; LUGO, J.; MARIEZCURRENA-BERASAIN, M. A.; BERASAIN, M. D. M. Efecto de la levadura enriquecida con selenio y selenito de sodio en la dieta de cerdos en finalización sobre el contenido de grasa intramuscular y acidos grasos. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, Mérida, v. 15, n. 1, p. 41-46, 2012.
MATEO, R. D.; SPALLHOLZ, J. E.; ELDER, R.; YOON, I.; KIM, S. W. Efficacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high endogenous selenium. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 5, p. 1177-1183, 2007. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-067
MATTHEWS, J. O.; GUZIK, A. C.; LEMIEUX, F. M.; SOUTHERN, L. L.; BIDNER, T. D. Effects of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 83, n. 4, p. 858-862, 2005. DOI: 10.2527/2005.834858x
O'GRADY, M.; MONAHAN, N. F. J.; FALLON, R. J.; ALLEN, P. Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and organic selenium on the oxidative stability of beef. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 79, n. 11, p. 2827‐2834, 2011. DOI: 10.2527/2001.79112827x
OLIVEIRA, E. R.; SILVA, C. A.; BRIDI, A. M.; GAVIOLI, D. F.; LOZANO, A. P.; ANDREO, N.; SILVA, R. A. M.; OLIVEIRA, J. M.; MOREIRA, V. S.; TARSITANO, M. A. Productive, economic and qualitative effects of different nutritional programs for growing and finishing pigs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 33, n. 2, p. 3323-3340, 2012. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n6Supl2p3323
OLIVEIRA, T. F. B.; BERTECHINI, A. G.; PHILOMENO, R.; SILVA, V. A. Dietary levels and sources of selenium for post weaning piglets. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 47, n. 12, p. 1-7, 2017. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170477
OWEN, K. Q.; JIT, H.; MAXWELL, C. V.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; TOKACH, M. D.; KOO, S. I. Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 79, n. 12, p. 3104-3112, 2001. DOI: 10.2527/2001.79123104x
OWEN, K. Q.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; WEEDEN, T. L.; BLUM, S. A. Effect of Lcarnitine and soy-bean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 7, p. 1612-1619, 1996. DOI: 10.2527/1996.7471612x
PERES, L. M.; BRIDI, A. M.; SILVA, C. A. D.; ANDREO, N.; BARATA, C. C. P.; DÁRIO, J. G. N. Effect of supplementing finishing pigs with different sources of chromium on performance and meat quality. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, MG, v. 43, n. 7, p. 369-375, 2014. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982014000700005
PIETRUSZKA, A.; JACYNO, E.; KOLODZIEJ, A.; KAWÊCKA, M.; ELZANOWSKI, C.; MATYSIAK, B. Effects of L-carnitine and iron diet supplementations on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in fattening pigs. Agricultural and Food Science, Helsinki, v. 18, n. 1, p. 27-34, 2009. DOI: 10.2137/145960609788066816
REAL, D. E.; NELSSEN, J. L.; TOKACH, M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; DRITZ, S. S.; WOODWORTH, J. C.; OWEN, K. Q. Additive effects of L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on sow reproductive performance. Livestock Science, Amsterdam, v. 116, n. 1, p. 63-69, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.009
REKIEL, A.; ZACKIEWCZ, U. Production results of fatteners fed a diet supplemented with L-carnitine. Annals of Animal Science, Varsóvia, v. 2, n. 2, p. 181-185, 2004.
RINCKER, M. J.; CARTER, S. D.; REAL, D. E.; NELSSEN, J. L.; TOKACH, M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; OWEN, K. Q. Effects of increasing dietary l-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 81, n. 9, p. 2259-2269, 2003. DOI: 10.2527/2003.8192259x
RINGSEIS, R.; KELLER, J.; EDER, K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L-carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. Journal Animal and Physiology Animal Nutrition, Berlim, v. 102, n. 6, p. 1686-1719, 2018. DOI: 101111/jpn.12959
ROSTAGNO, H. S.; ALBINO, L. F. T.; HANNAS, M. I.; DONZELE, J. L.; SAKOMURA, N. K.; SARAYVA, A.; TEIXEIRA, M. L.; RODRIGUES, P. B.; OLIVEIRA, R. F.; BARRETO, S. L. T.; BRITO, C. O. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa, MG: UFV, 2017. 488 p.
SASEENDRAN, A.; ALLY, K.; USHA, A. P. Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Animal Research, Nova Deli, v. 52, n. 8, p. 1190-1194, 2017. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344
SON, A. R.; JEONG, J. Y.; PARK, K. R.; KIM, M.; LEE, S. D.; YOO, J. H.; DO, Y. J.; REDDY, K. E.; LEE, H. J. Effects of graded concentrations of supplemental selenium on selenium concentrations in tissues and prediction equations for estimating dietary selenium intake in pigs. PeerJ., Corte Madera, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2018. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5791
STUPKA, R.; CITEK, J.; SPRYSL, M.; BRZOBOHATY, L.; OKROUHLA, M.; KLUZAKOVA, E. The effect of organic selenium and the duration of its use on selected indicators of fattening capacity and carcass value in hybrid pigs. Research in Pig Breeding, Prague, v. 6, n. 1, p. 49-53, 2012.
WOODWORTH, J. C.; TOKACH, M. D.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; DRITZ, S. S.; KOO, S. I.; MINTON, J. E.; OWEN, K. Q. Influence of Dietary L-carnitine and(or) chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 10, p. 2524-2537, 2007. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-284
ZAVODNIK, L. B.; SHIMKUS, A.; BELYAVSKY, V. N.; VORONOV, D. V.; SHIMKIENE, A.; VOLOSHIN, D. B. Effects of organic selenium yeast administration on perinatal performance, growth efficiency and health status in pigs. Archiva Zootechnica, Bucareste, v. 14, n. 3, p. 5-20, 2011
ZHANG, H. B.; DONG, B. J.; ZHANG, M. H.; YANG, J. J. Effect of chromium picolinate supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics of swine. Biological Trace Element Research, Clifton, v. 141, n. 1-3, p. 159-169, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8727-9
CARAMORI JÚNIOR, J. G.; KIEFER, C.; FERREIRA, E. V.; VIEIRA, B. S.; OLIVEIRA, H. C.; SILVA, C. M.; ABREU, R. C.; LUNA, U. V. Chromium and selenium-enriched yeast for castrated finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass characteristics. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 38, n. 6, p. 3851-3860, 2017. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3851
CHEN, Y. J.; KIM, I. H.; CHO, J. H.; YOO, J. S.; WANG, Q.; WANG, Y.; HUANG, Y. Evaluation of dietary L-carnitine or garlic powder on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 141, n. 1-2, p. 141-152, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.025
CHO, W. T.; HAN, I. N. K.; CHAE, B. J.; HAN, Y. K.; HA, J. K.; ODLE, J. Effects of chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on the performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, Jabłonna, v. 9, n. 4, p. 633-646, 2000. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/68088/2000
CLARKSON, P. M. Effects of exercise on chromium levels: is supplementation required? Sports Medicine, London, v. 23, n. 6, p. 341-349, 1997. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199723060-00001
COELHO, C. D. F.; MOTA, J. F.; BRAGRANÇA, E.; BURINI, R. C. Aplicações clínicas da suplementação de L-carnitina. Revista de Nutrição, Campinas, v. 18, n. 5, p. 651-659, 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S1415-52732005000500008
GEBHARDT, J. T.; WOODWORTH, J. C.; TOKACH, M. D.; DEROUCHEY, J. M.; GOODBAND, R. D.; LOUGHMILLER, J. A.; SOUZA, A. L. P. de; DRITZ, S. S. Influence of chromium propionate dose and feeding regimen on growth performance and carcass composition of pigs housed in a commercial environment. Translational Animal Science, Champaign, v. 3, n. 1, p. 384-392, 2018. DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy104
GOMES, M. R.; ROGEDO, M. M.; TIRAPEGUI, J. Considerações sobre cromo, insulina e exercício físico. Revista Brasileira de Medicina e Esporte, São Paulo, v. 11, n. 5, p. 262-266, 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922005000500003
HARMEYER, J. Use of L-carnitine additions in domestic animal feeds. Lohmann information, Cuxhaven, v. 28, p. 1-9, 2003.
HEO, K.; ODLE, J.; HAN, I. K. Effects of dietary L-carnitine and protein level on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis of 20 kg pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 13, n. 11, p. 1568-1575, 2000. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2000.1568
HOPPEL, C. The role of carnitine in normal and altered fatty acid metabolism. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, New York, v. 41, n. 4, p. S4-S12, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00112-4
JAMES, B. W.; TOKACH. M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; NELSSEN, J. L.; DRITZ, S. S.; OWEN, K. Q.; SULABO, R. C. Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: I. Growth performance. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 91, n. 7, p. 3265-3271, 2013. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4286
JANG, Y. D.; CHOI, H. B.; DUROSOV, S.; SCHEGEL, P.; CHOI, B. R.; KIM, Y. Y. Comparison of bioavailability of organic selenium sources in finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 23, n. 7, p. 931-936, 2010. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.90619
LI, Y. S.; ZHU, N. H.; NIU, P. P.; SHI, F. X.; HUGHES, C. L.; TIAN, G. X.; HUANG, R. H. Effects of dietary chromium methionine on growth performance, carcass composition, meat colour and expression of the colour-related gene myoglobin of growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Seoul, v. 26, n. 7, p. 1021-1029, 2013. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13012
MARTINEZ-GOMEZ, N.; DOMINGUEZ-LÓPEZ, A.; JESÚS MORALES-ROSALES, E. de; LUGO, J.; MARIEZCURRENA-BERASAIN, M. A.; BERASAIN, M. D. M. Efecto de la levadura enriquecida con selenio y selenito de sodio en la dieta de cerdos en finalización sobre el contenido de grasa intramuscular y acidos grasos. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, Mérida, v. 15, n. 1, p. 41-46, 2012.
MATEO, R. D.; SPALLHOLZ, J. E.; ELDER, R.; YOON, I.; KIM, S. W. Efficacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high endogenous selenium. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 5, p. 1177-1183, 2007. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-067
MATTHEWS, J. O.; GUZIK, A. C.; LEMIEUX, F. M.; SOUTHERN, L. L.; BIDNER, T. D. Effects of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 83, n. 4, p. 858-862, 2005. DOI: 10.2527/2005.834858x
O'GRADY, M.; MONAHAN, N. F. J.; FALLON, R. J.; ALLEN, P. Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and organic selenium on the oxidative stability of beef. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 79, n. 11, p. 2827‐2834, 2011. DOI: 10.2527/2001.79112827x
OLIVEIRA, E. R.; SILVA, C. A.; BRIDI, A. M.; GAVIOLI, D. F.; LOZANO, A. P.; ANDREO, N.; SILVA, R. A. M.; OLIVEIRA, J. M.; MOREIRA, V. S.; TARSITANO, M. A. Productive, economic and qualitative effects of different nutritional programs for growing and finishing pigs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 33, n. 2, p. 3323-3340, 2012. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n6Supl2p3323
OLIVEIRA, T. F. B.; BERTECHINI, A. G.; PHILOMENO, R.; SILVA, V. A. Dietary levels and sources of selenium for post weaning piglets. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 47, n. 12, p. 1-7, 2017. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170477
OWEN, K. Q.; JIT, H.; MAXWELL, C. V.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; TOKACH, M. D.; KOO, S. I. Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 79, n. 12, p. 3104-3112, 2001. DOI: 10.2527/2001.79123104x
OWEN, K. Q.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; WEEDEN, T. L.; BLUM, S. A. Effect of Lcarnitine and soy-bean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 7, p. 1612-1619, 1996. DOI: 10.2527/1996.7471612x
PERES, L. M.; BRIDI, A. M.; SILVA, C. A. D.; ANDREO, N.; BARATA, C. C. P.; DÁRIO, J. G. N. Effect of supplementing finishing pigs with different sources of chromium on performance and meat quality. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, MG, v. 43, n. 7, p. 369-375, 2014. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982014000700005
PIETRUSZKA, A.; JACYNO, E.; KOLODZIEJ, A.; KAWÊCKA, M.; ELZANOWSKI, C.; MATYSIAK, B. Effects of L-carnitine and iron diet supplementations on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in fattening pigs. Agricultural and Food Science, Helsinki, v. 18, n. 1, p. 27-34, 2009. DOI: 10.2137/145960609788066816
REAL, D. E.; NELSSEN, J. L.; TOKACH, M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; DRITZ, S. S.; WOODWORTH, J. C.; OWEN, K. Q. Additive effects of L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on sow reproductive performance. Livestock Science, Amsterdam, v. 116, n. 1, p. 63-69, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.009
REKIEL, A.; ZACKIEWCZ, U. Production results of fatteners fed a diet supplemented with L-carnitine. Annals of Animal Science, Varsóvia, v. 2, n. 2, p. 181-185, 2004.
RINCKER, M. J.; CARTER, S. D.; REAL, D. E.; NELSSEN, J. L.; TOKACH, M. D.; GOODBAND, R. D.; OWEN, K. Q. Effects of increasing dietary l-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 81, n. 9, p. 2259-2269, 2003. DOI: 10.2527/2003.8192259x
RINGSEIS, R.; KELLER, J.; EDER, K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L-carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. Journal Animal and Physiology Animal Nutrition, Berlim, v. 102, n. 6, p. 1686-1719, 2018. DOI: 101111/jpn.12959
ROSTAGNO, H. S.; ALBINO, L. F. T.; HANNAS, M. I.; DONZELE, J. L.; SAKOMURA, N. K.; SARAYVA, A.; TEIXEIRA, M. L.; RODRIGUES, P. B.; OLIVEIRA, R. F.; BARRETO, S. L. T.; BRITO, C. O. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa, MG: UFV, 2017. 488 p.
SASEENDRAN, A.; ALLY, K.; USHA, A. P. Effect of carnitine supplementation on growth performance and economics in pigs fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Animal Research, Nova Deli, v. 52, n. 8, p. 1190-1194, 2017. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.B-3344
SON, A. R.; JEONG, J. Y.; PARK, K. R.; KIM, M.; LEE, S. D.; YOO, J. H.; DO, Y. J.; REDDY, K. E.; LEE, H. J. Effects of graded concentrations of supplemental selenium on selenium concentrations in tissues and prediction equations for estimating dietary selenium intake in pigs. PeerJ., Corte Madera, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2018. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5791
STUPKA, R.; CITEK, J.; SPRYSL, M.; BRZOBOHATY, L.; OKROUHLA, M.; KLUZAKOVA, E. The effect of organic selenium and the duration of its use on selected indicators of fattening capacity and carcass value in hybrid pigs. Research in Pig Breeding, Prague, v. 6, n. 1, p. 49-53, 2012.
WOODWORTH, J. C.; TOKACH, M. D.; NELSSEN, J. L.; GOODBAND, R. D.; DRITZ, S. S.; KOO, S. I.; MINTON, J. E.; OWEN, K. Q. Influence of Dietary L-carnitine and(or) chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 85, n. 10, p. 2524-2537, 2007. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-284
ZAVODNIK, L. B.; SHIMKUS, A.; BELYAVSKY, V. N.; VORONOV, D. V.; SHIMKIENE, A.; VOLOSHIN, D. B. Effects of organic selenium yeast administration on perinatal performance, growth efficiency and health status in pigs. Archiva Zootechnica, Bucareste, v. 14, n. 3, p. 5-20, 2011
ZHANG, H. B.; DONG, B. J.; ZHANG, M. H.; YANG, J. J. Effect of chromium picolinate supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics of swine. Biological Trace Element Research, Clifton, v. 141, n. 1-3, p. 159-169, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8727-9
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2019-09-30
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Silva, C. A. da, Lorenzetti, A. M., Conte, S., Dias, C. P., Callegari, M. A., Souza, K. L. de, … Foppa, L. (2019). Effect of dietary supplementation with l-carnitine, chromium, and selenium on the performance of finishing pigs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(6Supl2), 3289–3298. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl2p3289
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