Obesidade felina: fatores de risco, achados clínicos e metabólicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3305Palavras-chave:
Clínica, Gatos, Excesso de peso, Qualidade de vida.Resumo
O excesso de gordura corporal pode ocasionar uma série de efeitos metabólicos e mecânicos no organismo. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo foi verificar os achados clínicos, metabólicos e fatores de risco em felinos acima do peso ideal. A partir da aceitação da participação na pesquisa, os tutores foram convidados a responder um questionário contendo 34 perguntas e também apontar o escore de condição corporal (ECC) em uma folha contendo nove imagens de diferentes escores (1 a 9 em uma escala de 9 pontos). Posterior a isso, foram realizadas as avaliações corporais como classificação do ECC na escala de 1 a 9, sendo escore ideal (ECC 5) e acima do peso (ECC > 5), índice de massa magra, aferição das medidas morfométricas (circunferência torácia e abdominal, estatura e comprimento da patela a tuberosidade calcânea), com o intuito de estimar o percentual de gordura corporal. Bem como, foram realizadas a aferição da pressão arterial sistólica pelo método Doppler não invasivo e a coleta de sangue para hemograma e bioquímica sérica (creatinina, ureia, alanina aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, gama glutamil transferase, glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol). Posterior a esses procedimentos buscou-se orientar e conscientizar os tutores, com o intuito de promover o correto manejo nutricional e ambiental dos animais. Participaram 30 felinos adultos, que foram agrupados em dois grupos, após a classificação do ECC, sendo EI escore ideal (n=8) e AP acima do peso (n=22). Foi possível verificar no grupo AP baixo nível de atividade física, hipercolesterolemia e valores superiores nas características corporais, bem como, concordância mediana entre a percepção do clínico e dos tutores. Portanto, conclui-se, neste estudo, que a principal alteração laboratorial encontrada em gatos obesos foi a hipercolesterolemia, sendo de grande importância avaliar este parâmetro. E, observou-se que o baixo grau de atividade física pode ocasionar o excesso de peso. Logo, verificou-se que tutores de gatos no peso ideal subestimaram o ECC, o que pode contribuir para o fornecimento de excesso de alimento e, consequentemente, a obesidade. Assim, buscou-se orientar e conscientizar os tutores, a fim de promover o correto manejo nutricional e ambiental e assim proporcionar bem-estar e qualidade de vida aos animais.Downloads
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Referências
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Alves, R. S., Barbosa, R. C. C., Cheren, M. W., Silva, L. E., & Souza, H. J. M. (2017). Frequency and risk factors of obesity in a population of domestic cats from Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 39(1), 33-45. doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm0081
Amat, M., Camps, T., & Manteca, X. (2016). Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(8), 577-586. doi: 10.1177/1098612X155908 67
Aptekmann, K. P., Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passo, C. B., Secchin, M. C., & Galeas, M. A. V. (2014). Comparison of different methods of body assessing in cats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(2), 215-218. Retrieved from http://rbmv.org/index.php/BJVM/article/view/496
Barbosa, R. C. C., Botelho, C. F. M., Alves, R. S., & Souza, H. J. M. (2018). Comparison among felines body mass index, leptin hormone serum level and body condition score to diagnose obesity in domestic cats. Revista Acta Scientiaeveterinarie, 46(1), 1-6. doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.84351
Behrend, E., Holford, A., Lathan, P., Rucinsky, R., & Schulman, R. (2018). 2018 AAHA Diabetes mangement Guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 54(1), 1-21. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6822
Bonagura, J., & Twedt, D. (2008). Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV (14nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Butterwick, R. (2000). How fat is that cat? Journal Feline Medicine Surgery, 2(2), 91-94. doi: 10.1053/jfms. 2000.0078
Chandler, M. L. (2016). Impact of obesity on cardiopulmonary disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 817-830. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005
Clark, M., & Hoenig, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of obesity and its interaction with endocrine diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Pratice, 46(5), 797-815. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016. 04.004
Costa, P. B., & Broin-Crivellenti, S. (2019). Glycemic homeostasis: molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and glycemic measurement methods in dogs and cats. Investigação, 18(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 26843/investigacaov1812019p%25p
Coucier, E. E., Higgins, R. O., Mellor, D. J., & Yam, P. S. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scoltland. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12(10), 746-753. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.011
Dantas, L. M. S., Delgado, M. M., Johnson, I., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2016). Food puzzles for cats feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 723-732. doi: 10. 1177/1098612X16643753
Dean, A. G., Sullivan, K. M., & Soe, M. M. (2013). OpenEpi: open source epidemiologic statistics for public health, Version. Retrieved from www.OpenEpi.com
Ellis, S. L. H., Rodan, I., Carney, H. C., Heath, S., Rochlitz, I., Shearburn, L. D., Sundahl, E., & Westropp, J. L. (2013). AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15(3), 219-230. doi: 10.1177/1098612X13477537
Fabretti, A. K., Gomes, L. A., Kemper, D. A. G., Chaves, R. O., Kemper, B., & Pereira, P. M. (2020). Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1813-1830. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n51813
Flanagan, J., Bissot, T., Hours, M. A., Moreno, B., & German, A. J. (2018). An international multi-center cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: differences in outcome in different geographical locations. Plos One, 13(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200414
Freeman, L., Becvarova, I., Cave, N., Mackay, C., Nguyen, P., Rama, B., Takashima, G., Tiffin, R., Tsjimoto, H., Beukelen, P., V. (2011). Wsava Nutritional assessment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(7), 385-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x
Freitas, V. D., Castilho, A. R., Conceição, L. A. V., Sousa, V. R. F., Mendonça, A. J., Silva, F. G., & Almeida, A. B. P. F. (2018). Metabolic evaluation in overweight and obese cats and association with blood pressure. Revista Ciência Rural, 48(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170217
German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Mason, S. L., Bryner, C., Bouldoires, C., & Morris, P. J. (2011). Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(3), 368-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01063.x
Heath, S. (2018). Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(5), 437-444. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18771205
Kaneko, J., Harvey, J., & Bruss, M. (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (6nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Laflamme, D. P. (1997). Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Practice, 25(5/6), 13-18.
Laflamme, D. P. (2006). Understanding and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36(6), 1283-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.005
Laflamme, D. P. (2012). Obesity in dogs and cats: what is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science, 90(5), 1653-1662. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4571
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. doi: 10.2307/2529310
Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., & Klausner, J. S. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(2), 88-96. doi: 10.1.1.460.6170 Retrieved from http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol3 Iss2/LUND.pdf
Mawby, D. I., Bartges, J. W., D´Avignon, A., Laflamme, D. P., Moyers, T. D., & Cottrell, T. (2004) Comparison of various methods for estimating body fat in dogs. Journal of the American Hospital Association, 40(2), 109-114. doi: 10.5326/0400109
Mccool, K. E., Rudinsky, A. J., Parker, C. O., & Gilor, H. C. (2018). The effect of diet, adiposity, and weight loss on the secretion of incretin hormones in cats. Domestic Animal Endocinology, 62(1), 67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.004
Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passos, C. B., Gáleas, M. A. V., Secchin, M. C., & Aptekann, K. P. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of feline obesity in Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(4), 1801-1806. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n4p1801
Mori, N., Kawasumi, K., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, I., Kobayashi, M., & Arai, T. (2012). Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(5), 615-617. doi: 10.3923⁄javaa.2012.615.6 17
Öhlund, M., Egenvall, A., Fall, T., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Röcklinsberg, H., & Holst, B. S. (2017). Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1), 29-35. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14618
Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4(17), 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00017
Reeve-Johnson, M. K., Rand, J. S., Vankan, D., Anderson, S. T., Marshall, R., & Morton, J. M. (2017). Cutpoints for screening blood glucose concentrations in healthy senior cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1181-1191. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16685675
Sadek, T., Hamper, B., Horwitz, D., Rodan, I., Rowe, E., & Sundahl, E. (2018). Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(11), 1049-1055. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18791877
Santarossa, A., Parr, J. M., & Verbrugghe, A. (2017). The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(5), 521-529. doi: 10.2460/javma.251.5.521
Shields, M., Tremblay, M. S., Gorber, S. C., & Janssen, I. (2012). Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports, 23(2), 7-15. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2012002/article/11653-eng.pdf?st=0DjshqQ6
Silva, M. G. C., Domingos, T. S., & Caramaschi, S. (2018). Arterial hypertension and health care: conceptions of men and woman. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 19(2), 435-452. doi: 10.15309/18psd19 0221
Tarkosova, D., Story, M. M., Rand, J. S., & Svoboda, M. (2016). Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine, 61(6), 295-307. doi: 10.17221/145/2015-VETMED
Verbrugghe, A. (2019). Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In M. Cline, & M. Murphy (Eds.), Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Aguiar, D. S., Torres, M. A. O., Chaves, D. P., Martins, N. S., Cavalcante, E. C. C., & Teofilo, T. S. (2018). Biochemical serum profile of obese domestic cats from São Luís city, Maranhão. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, 17(2), 254-259. doi: 10.5965/223811711722018254
Alves, R. S., Barbosa, R. C. C., Cheren, M. W., Silva, L. E., & Souza, H. J. M. (2017). Frequency and risk factors of obesity in a population of domestic cats from Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 39(1), 33-45. doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm0081
Amat, M., Camps, T., & Manteca, X. (2016). Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(8), 577-586. doi: 10.1177/1098612X155908 67
Aptekmann, K. P., Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passo, C. B., Secchin, M. C., & Galeas, M. A. V. (2014). Comparison of different methods of body assessing in cats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(2), 215-218. Retrieved from http://rbmv.org/index.php/BJVM/article/view/496
Barbosa, R. C. C., Botelho, C. F. M., Alves, R. S., & Souza, H. J. M. (2018). Comparison among felines body mass index, leptin hormone serum level and body condition score to diagnose obesity in domestic cats. Revista Acta Scientiaeveterinarie, 46(1), 1-6. doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.84351
Behrend, E., Holford, A., Lathan, P., Rucinsky, R., & Schulman, R. (2018). 2018 AAHA Diabetes mangement Guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 54(1), 1-21. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6822
Bonagura, J., & Twedt, D. (2008). Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV (14nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Butterwick, R. (2000). How fat is that cat? Journal Feline Medicine Surgery, 2(2), 91-94. doi: 10.1053/jfms. 2000.0078
Chandler, M. L. (2016). Impact of obesity on cardiopulmonary disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 817-830. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005
Clark, M., & Hoenig, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of obesity and its interaction with endocrine diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Pratice, 46(5), 797-815. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016. 04.004
Costa, P. B., & Broin-Crivellenti, S. (2019). Glycemic homeostasis: molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and glycemic measurement methods in dogs and cats. Investigação, 18(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 26843/investigacaov1812019p%25p
Coucier, E. E., Higgins, R. O., Mellor, D. J., & Yam, P. S. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scoltland. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12(10), 746-753. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.011
Dantas, L. M. S., Delgado, M. M., Johnson, I., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2016). Food puzzles for cats feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 723-732. doi: 10. 1177/1098612X16643753
Dean, A. G., Sullivan, K. M., & Soe, M. M. (2013). OpenEpi: open source epidemiologic statistics for public health, Version. Retrieved from www.OpenEpi.com
Ellis, S. L. H., Rodan, I., Carney, H. C., Heath, S., Rochlitz, I., Shearburn, L. D., Sundahl, E., & Westropp, J. L. (2013). AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15(3), 219-230. doi: 10.1177/1098612X13477537
Fabretti, A. K., Gomes, L. A., Kemper, D. A. G., Chaves, R. O., Kemper, B., & Pereira, P. M. (2020). Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1813-1830. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n51813
Flanagan, J., Bissot, T., Hours, M. A., Moreno, B., & German, A. J. (2018). An international multi-center cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: differences in outcome in different geographical locations. Plos One, 13(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200414
Freeman, L., Becvarova, I., Cave, N., Mackay, C., Nguyen, P., Rama, B., Takashima, G., Tiffin, R., Tsjimoto, H., Beukelen, P., V. (2011). Wsava Nutritional assessment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(7), 385-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x
Freitas, V. D., Castilho, A. R., Conceição, L. A. V., Sousa, V. R. F., Mendonça, A. J., Silva, F. G., & Almeida, A. B. P. F. (2018). Metabolic evaluation in overweight and obese cats and association with blood pressure. Revista Ciência Rural, 48(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170217
German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Mason, S. L., Bryner, C., Bouldoires, C., & Morris, P. J. (2011). Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(3), 368-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01063.x
Heath, S. (2018). Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(5), 437-444. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18771205
Kaneko, J., Harvey, J., & Bruss, M. (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (6nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Laflamme, D. P. (1997). Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Practice, 25(5/6), 13-18.
Laflamme, D. P. (2006). Understanding and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36(6), 1283-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.005
Laflamme, D. P. (2012). Obesity in dogs and cats: what is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science, 90(5), 1653-1662. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4571
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. doi: 10.2307/2529310
Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., & Klausner, J. S. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(2), 88-96. doi: 10.1.1.460.6170 Retrieved from http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol3 Iss2/LUND.pdf
Mawby, D. I., Bartges, J. W., D´Avignon, A., Laflamme, D. P., Moyers, T. D., & Cottrell, T. (2004) Comparison of various methods for estimating body fat in dogs. Journal of the American Hospital Association, 40(2), 109-114. doi: 10.5326/0400109
Mccool, K. E., Rudinsky, A. J., Parker, C. O., & Gilor, H. C. (2018). The effect of diet, adiposity, and weight loss on the secretion of incretin hormones in cats. Domestic Animal Endocinology, 62(1), 67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.004
Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passos, C. B., Gáleas, M. A. V., Secchin, M. C., & Aptekann, K. P. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of feline obesity in Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(4), 1801-1806. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n4p1801
Mori, N., Kawasumi, K., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, I., Kobayashi, M., & Arai, T. (2012). Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(5), 615-617. doi: 10.3923⁄javaa.2012.615.6 17
Öhlund, M., Egenvall, A., Fall, T., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Röcklinsberg, H., & Holst, B. S. (2017). Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1), 29-35. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14618
Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4(17), 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00017
Reeve-Johnson, M. K., Rand, J. S., Vankan, D., Anderson, S. T., Marshall, R., & Morton, J. M. (2017). Cutpoints for screening blood glucose concentrations in healthy senior cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1181-1191. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16685675
Sadek, T., Hamper, B., Horwitz, D., Rodan, I., Rowe, E., & Sundahl, E. (2018). Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(11), 1049-1055. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18791877
Santarossa, A., Parr, J. M., & Verbrugghe, A. (2017). The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(5), 521-529. doi: 10.2460/javma.251.5.521
Shields, M., Tremblay, M. S., Gorber, S. C., & Janssen, I. (2012). Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports, 23(2), 7-15. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2012002/article/11653-eng.pdf?st=0DjshqQ6
Silva, M. G. C., Domingos, T. S., & Caramaschi, S. (2018). Arterial hypertension and health care: conceptions of men and woman. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 19(2), 435-452. doi: 10.15309/18psd19 0221
Tarkosova, D., Story, M. M., Rand, J. S., & Svoboda, M. (2016). Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine, 61(6), 295-307. doi: 10.17221/145/2015-VETMED
Verbrugghe, A. (2019). Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In M. Cline, & M. Murphy (Eds.), Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
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2021-08-12
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Lima, C. M. de, Boff, G. A., Pereira, S. B., Ferraz, A., Bruhn, F. R. P., Rondelli, M. C. H., & Nobre, M. de O. (2021). Obesidade felina: fatores de risco, achados clínicos e metabólicos. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6), 3305–3320. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3305
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