What it’s Like to be a Nord: on the Limits of the Experience of Racialisation in Skyrim
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/2237-9126.2022v16n29p122Palabras clave:
Skyrim, Nordic imagined, Community, Race, Videogames, Colonization.Resumen
The argument developed in this paper is that the treatment of race relations in Skyrim creates a paradoxical game experience where race is a defining element in the destiny of NPCs and in the course of events portrayed in the game, but it is a negligible, even cosmetic, aspect in the experience of the character created by the player. We claim that despite a strong racialization of Skyrim's Lore, the main character does not see, nor experience, the mechanics of it. Therefore, the apparent racial "neutrality" of the player experience is in fact the experience of a social position of domination. This has an effect on the consistency of the meta-narrative deployed throughout the game.
Citas
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CALLEJA, Gordon. In-Game: From Immersion to Incorporation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.
BARTH, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Cultural Difference, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969.
BEAUDE, Boris. Les jeux vidéo comme espaces de médiation ludique, Espace et temps du jeu vidéo, dir. Samuel Rufat et Hovig Ter Minassian, 2014, p. 28-52.
BOGOST, Ian. Videogames and Ideological Frames, Popular communication, v.4, n.3, 2006, p. 165-183.
BOGOST, Ian. Persuasive Games: The expressive power of videogames. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2007.
BONILLA-SILVA, Eduardo. Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality. Maryland: America Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers, 2017.
BRUBAKER, Rogers; COOPER, Frederick. Beyond Identity. Theory and Society, v. 29, n. 1, 2000, p. 1-47.
BRUBAKER, Rogers. Ethnicity Without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
CERVULLE, Maxime. Dans le blanc des yeux: diversité, racisme et médias. Amsterdam: Paris: éditions, 2013.
DOVEY, Jon. KENNEDY, Helen. Game Cultures. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2006.
DU BOIS, William Edward Burghardt. Soul of the Black Folk (1903), in SUNDQUIST, Eric. The Oxford W.E.B. Du Bois. Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 97-240.
DUFOUR, Frédérick-Guillaume. La sociologie du nationalisme: relations, cognition, comparaisons et processus. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2019.
GRAFT, Kris. Interview: Todd Howard On The Scope, Vision Of Skyrim. Game Developer. 7 de julho de 2011. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/interview-todd-howard-on-the-scope-vision-of-i-skyrim-i-. Acesso em 08 de outubro de 2021.
JENKINS, Richard. Rethinking Ethnicity. Arguments and Explorations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2008.
TONNELAT, Ernest. “Mythologie germanique”. In: GUIRAUD, Félix et SCHMIDT Joël (org.). Mythes et mythologies. Paris: Larousse, 2019, p. 291-338.
LEROUX, Yann. Métapsychologie de l’immersion dans les jeux vidéo. Adolescence, v.79, n.1, 2012, p. 107-118.
MCKERNAN, Brian. The meaning of a game: Stereotypes, video game commentary and color-blind racism. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, v.3, n.2, 2015, p. 224-253.
MILLER-IDRISS, Cynthia. Hate in the Homeland. The New Global Far Right. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020.
MURRAY, Janet. Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative. Cyberspace. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998.
MURRAY, Soraya. High Art/Low Life: The Art of Playing Grand Theft Auto. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art, v. 27, n. 2, 2005. p. 91-98.
RATHJE, Steve; HACKEL, Leor & ZAKI, Jamil. Attending live theatre improves empathy, changes attitudes, and leads to pro-social behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, v. 95, s.n, 2021, s.p.
RYAN, Marie-Laure. Des jeux narratifs aux fictions ludiques: Vers une poétique de la narration interactive, Nouvelle Revue d’Esthétique, v. 1, s.n., 2013, p. 37-50.
SALTER, Mark B. The Geographical Imaginations of Video Games: Diplomacy, Civilization, America’s Army and Grand Theft Auto IV. Geopolitics, v. 16, n. 2, 2011, p. 359-388.
SCHUETZ, Alfred. The Stranger: an Essay in Social Psychology. American Journal of Sociology, v. 46, n. 6. 1944. p. 499-507.
SIMMEL, Georg. Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908.
SMITH, Anthony D. Nationalism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
SRAUY, Sam & CHENEY-LIPPOLD, John. Realism in FIFA? How social realism enabled platformed racism in a video game. First Monday, v. 24, n. 6, 2019, s.p.
TILLY, Charles. Durable Inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
TILLY, Charles. Social Boundary Mechanisms. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, v. 34, n. 2, 2004, p. 211-236.
WALKER, Richard. The Elder Scrolls: Skyrim. Q&A With Lead Designer. Acesso em 3 de junho de 2011.
NESMITH, Bruce. Playstation Trophies. Disponível em: https://www.playstationtrophies.org/news/news-3764-The-Elder-Scrolls--Skyrim-Q-A-With-Lead-Designer--Bruce-Nesmith.html. Acesso em 08 de outubro de 2021.
WEBER, Max. Économie et société. Tome 1. Paris: Plon, 1995.
WIMMER, Andreas. Ethnic Boundary Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
YOUNG, Helen. Race and Popular Fantasy Literature: Habits of Whiteness. Londres: Routledge, 2015.
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Publicado
2022-07-15
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Dufour, F. G., Noël, R., & Olivaux, E. (2022). What it’s Like to be a Nord: on the Limits of the Experience of Racialisation in Skyrim. Domínios Da Imagem, 15(29), 122–148. https://doi.org/10.5433/2237-9126.2022v16n29p122
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