Optimization of dietary lemon seed essential oil to enhance alfalfa silage chemical composition and in vitro degradability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p891Keywords:
Alfalfa silage, Degradability, Lemon-seed essential oil, Fermentation.Abstract
Purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of lemon-seed essential oils on chemical composition and in vitro degradability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were alfalfa silage with no additive (control) or treated with 60 ml/kg DM of lemon-seed (C60), of lemon-seed (C120) essential oils and equal mixed of them (M60). Whole plant alfalfa silage was ensiled for 60 d in triplicate laboratory scale tubes. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fiber in acidic and neutral detergent, water soluble carbohydrate, pH, were measured with 3 replicates by in vitro gas production method. Dry matter (DM) content was greater for leo60 than control. Compared with control, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was decreased in leo120. Addition of essential oils and their combination to the silage significantly decreased (p<.0001) silage pH compared with untreated silage interestingly increased for all the silages containing essential oil compared with untreated silage. Addition of lemon-seed essential to alfalfa silage decreased the rate of disappearance of organic matter and dry matter in all treatments compared to the control treatment. The degradability potential of alfalfa silage has increased in treatments containing lemon-seed essential oil (60 ml / kg DM) which is significantly different from the control. In general, the obtained data show the positive effect of lemon-seed essential oil on the quality of alfalfa silage and its fermentation properties.References
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Association of Offical Analytic Chemists (2002). Official method of Analytic (vol. 1, 17nd ed.). Arlington, VA: AOAC.
Benchaar, C., McAllister, T. A., Petit, H. V., & Chouinard, P. Y. (2014). Whole flax seed and flax oil supplementation of dairy cows fed high-forage or high-concentrate diets: effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations and milk fatty acid profile. Animal Feed Science Technology, 198, 117-29. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.003
Besharati, M., & Niazifar, M. (2020). The effect of lemon seed essential oil on composition, chemical characteristics, and gas production parameters of alfalfa silage. Journal of Animal Science, 30(1), 93-104. doi: 10.22034/AS.2020.11018
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Moaddab, M., Nemati, Z., Pliego, A. B., & Salem, A. Z. (2020). Influence of cinnamon essential oil and monensin on ruminal biogas kinetics of waste pomegranate seeds as a biofriendly agriculture environment. Waste and Biomass Valorization, (in press). doi: 10.1007/s12649-020-01167-2
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Niazifar, M., & Nemati, Z. (2020). Comparison study of flaxseed, cinnamon and lemon seed essential oils additives on quality and fermentation characteristics of lucerne silage. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 2(424), 115. doi: 10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1483
Besharati, M., Shafipour, N., & Nemati, Z. (2019). Effect of supplementation of alfalfa silage with Lactobacillus Buchneri additive, orange pulp and molasses on dry matter, crude protein and organic matter degradability by nylon bags. Research Animal Production, 10(23), 45-52. doi: 10.29252/rap.10.23.45
Bodas, R., Prieto, N., García-González, R., Andrés, S., Giráldez, F. J., & López, S. (2012). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Animal Feed Science Technology, 176(1-4), 78-93. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.010
Borchers, R. (1965). Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 24(4), 1033-1038. doi: 10.2527/jas1965.2441033x
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R. J., Holmes, B. J., & Muck, R. E. (2018). Silage review: factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3952-3979. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13837
Borshchevskaya, L. N., Gordeeva, T. L., Kalinina, A. N., & Sineokii, S. P. (2016). Spectrophotometric determination of lactic acid. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 71(8), 755-758. doi: 10.1134/S1061934816080037
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Dubios, A., Giles, M. K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Ronerts, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(30), 350-356. doi: 10.1021/ac60111a017
Dunière, L., Sindou, J., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Chevallier, I., & Thévenot-Sergentet, D. (2013). Silage processing and strategies to prevent persistence of undesirable microorganisms. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 182(1-4), 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.04.006
Duodu, K. G., Taylor, J. R. N., Belton, P. S., & Hamaker, B. R. (2003). Factors affecting sorghum protein digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science, 38(2), 117-31. doi: 10.1016/S0733-5210(03)00016-X
Elcoso, G., Zweifel, B., & Bach, A. (2019). Effects of a blend of essential oils on milk yield and feed efficiency of lactating dairy cows. Applied Animal Science, 35(3), 304-311. doi: 10.15232/aas.2018-01825
Foskolos, A., Cavini, S., Ferret, A., & Calsamiglia, S. (2016). Effects of essential oil compounds addition on ryegrass silage protein degradation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96(2), 100-3. doi: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0025
Garcia, F., Colombatto, D., Brunetti, M. A., Martínez, M. J., Moreno, M. V., Scorcione Turcato, M., & Martínez Ferrer, J. (2020). The reduction of methane production in the in vitro ruminal fermentation of different substrates is linked with the chemical composition of the essential oil. Animals, 10(5), 786. doi: 10.3390/ani10050786
Geraci, A., Di Stefano, V., Di Martino, E., Schillaci, D., & Schicchi, R. (2017). Essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity. Natural Product Research, 31(6), 653-659. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1219860
Gozalpur, V., Besharati, M., Nemati, Z., & Abdi, E. (2017). Effect of commercial essential oil (ESSENTIAL) on the characteristics of silage alfalfa with apple pulp. Proceeding of the International and National Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture, Ardabil, Iran, 1, 5. https://civilica.com/doc/932840
Hodaj-Çeliku, E., Tsiftsoglou, O., Shuka, L., Abazi, S., Hadjipavlou-Litina, D., & Lazari, D. (2017). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils of some aromatic and medicinal plants from Albania. Natural Product Communications, 12(5), 1934578X1701200525. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1701200525
Hodjatpanah-Montazeri, M., Danesh Mesgaran, M., & Vakili, A. (2016). Effect of Essential Oils of Various Plants as Microbial Modifier to Alter Corn Silage Fermentation and in vitro Methane Production. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6(2), 269-276. http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_522780.html
Hoelzer, K., Bielke, L., Blake, D. P., Cox, E., Cutting, S. M., Devriendt, B., & Metzner, M. (2018). Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 1: challenges and needs. Veterinary Research, 49(1), 64. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0560-8
Joch, M., Kudrna, V., Hakl, J., Božik, M., Homolka, P., Illek, J., & Výborná, A. (2019). In vitro and in vivo potential of a blend of essential oil compounds to improve rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 176-186. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.009
Kolling, G. J., Stivanin, S. C. B., Gabbi, A. M., Machado, F. S., Ferreira, A. L., Campos, M. M., & Fischer, V. (2018). Performance and methane emissions in dairy cows fed oregano and green tea extracts as feed additives. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4221-4234. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13841
Kouazounde, J. B., Jin, L., Assogba, F. M., Ayedoun, M. A., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K. A., & Gbenou, J. D. (2015). Effects of essential oils from medicinal plants acclimated to Benin on in vitro ruminal fermentation of Andropogon gayanus grass. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(5), 1031-1038. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6785
Lemus, C., Bonilla, J., Plasencia, A., & Ly, J. (2012). Chemical characteristics of silages of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by products for animal feeding. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 46(4). https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Chemical+characteristics+of+silages+of+mango+%28Mangifera+indica+L.%29+by+products+for+animal+feeding&btnG=
Lynch, J. P., Prema, D., Van Hamme, J. D., Church, J. S., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2014). Fiber degradability, chemical composition and conservation characteristics of alfalfa haylage ensiled with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 94(4), 697-704. doi: 10.4141/cjas-2014-086
Macheboeuf, D., Morgavi, D. P., Papon, Y., Mousset, J. L., & Arturo-Schaan, M. (2008). Dose–response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145(1-4), 335-350. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.044
Makkar H.P. (2010) In Vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis. In: Vercoe P., Makkar H., Schlink A. (eds) In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies. Springer, Dordrecht. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-3297-3_7
Markham, R. (1942). A steam distillation apparatus suitable for micro-Kjeldahl analysis. Biochemical Journal, 36(10-12), 790-791. doi: 10.1042/bj0360790
McDonald, P., Henderson, A. R., & Heron, S. J. E. (1991). The biochemistry of silage. Marlow, UK: Chalcombe Publications.340pp. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19930759161
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2021-02-24
How to Cite
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Niazifar, M., & Nemati, Z. (2021). Optimization of dietary lemon seed essential oil to enhance alfalfa silage chemical composition and in vitro degradability. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(2), 891–906. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p891
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