Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1813Keywords:
Mortality, Nutritional assessment, Malnutrition.Abstract
A well-nourished animal is predisposed to good quality of life, health and high longevity. On the other hand, malnourished animals are predisposed to higher morbidity and mortality rates, recurrent hospitalizations, longer hospitalization times, and high health care expenditures. Malnutrition is associated with metabolic alterations and systemic dysfunctions, such as immunosuppression, impaired healing, and loss of weight due to reduced muscle and adipose mass, in addition to worsening skin and coat appearance. Nutritional assessment quantifies not only malnutrition and overweight but also how much these deviations would influence a patient's prognosis. In addition, the identification of malnourished animals allows the performance of specific nutritional treatments, with consequent clinical improvement. There are several techniques to evaluate nutritional status (NS) in dogs and cats; however, because they are individually limited, it is highly recommended to incorporate different methods before completing each case assessment. This literature review gathered information on the techniques of NS assessment during clinical examination, including anamnesis and physical examination. The importance of the manuscript is justified by the lack of nutritional semiology of small animals in the literature. In summary, there are useful markers of NS in companion animals: weight variation, the muscle mass score (MMS) and the body condition score (BCS). Additionally, the BCS, MMS and body mass index (BMI) assist in determining prognosis.Metrics
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References
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Corbee, R. J., & Kerkhoven, W. J. S. V. (2014). Nutritional support of dogs and cats after surgery or illness. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 4(4), 44-57. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2014.44006
Delaney, S. J., & Fascetti, A. (2006). Integration of nutrition into clinical practice. In P. Pibot, V. Biourge, & D. Elliott (Eds.), Encyclopedia of canine clinical nutrition (Chap. 16, pp. 494-504). Aimargues: Aniwa SAS.
Eirmann, L. (2016). Nutritional assessment. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 855-867. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.012
Elliott, D. A., Ettinger, S. J., & Feldman, E. C. (2010). Body composition of the dog and cat. In S. J. Ettinger, & E. C. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of veterinary internal medicine expert consult (Chap. 165, pp.634-637). California, CA: Elsevier.
Fabretti, A. K., Fonseca, I. B., Coelho, A. F., Silva, C. N., & Pereira, P. M. (2015). Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and electrophoretic profiles for diagnosis of malnutrition in hospitalized dogs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(1), 217-230. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n1p217
Fabretti, A. K., Fonseca, I. B., Pancieri, I. V. C., Knupp, F. C., Bordini, D. M., & Pereira, P. M. (2014). Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e perfil eletroforético na determinação do prognóstico de cães hospitalizados. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(6), 3113-3126. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n6 p3113
Fabretti, A. K., Siqueira, R. C. S., Chaves, R. O., Camacho, C. A., & Pereira, P. M. (2018). Exames laboratoriais na desnutrição de pequenos animais. Revista Clínica Veterinária, 23(133), 40-54.
Finn, E., Freeman, L. M., Rush, J. E., & Lee, Y. (2010). The relationship between body weight, body condition, and survival in cats with heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(6), 1369-1374. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0584.x
Freeman, L. M. (2012). Cachexia and sarcopenia: emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(1), 3-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00838.x
Freeman, L. M., Becvarova, I., Cave, N., Mackay, C., Nguyen, P., Rama, B.,… Beukelen, P. V. (2011). World small animal veterinary association nutrional assesment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(1), 385-396. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.05.009
Freeman, L. M., Michel, K. E., Zanghi, B. M., & Boler, B. M. V. (2019). Evaluation of the use of muscle condition score and ultrasonographic measurements for assessment of muscle mass in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 80(6), 595-600. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.80.6.595
Gagne, J. W., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2015). Pathophysiology and clinical approach to malnutrition in dogs and cats. In D. L. Chan (Ed.), Nutritional management of hospitalized small animals (pp. 117-127). Oxford, OH: John Wiley & Sons.
Gama, F. F., Leite, M. A. S., Escodro, P. B., & Notomi, M. K. (2016). Avaliação da condição corpórea em cães utilizando o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e escore de condição corpórea (ECC). Ciência Veterinária nos Trópicos, 19(2), 19-25.
Hawthorne, A. J., & Butterwick, R. F. (2000). Predicting the body composition of cats: development of a zoometric measurement for estimation of percentage body fat in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 14(3), 365-375.
Hesbach, A. L. (2007). Techniques for objective outcome assessment. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 22(3), 146-154. doi: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2007.09.002
Hutchinson, D., Sutherland-Smith, J., Watson, A. L., & Freeman, L. M. (2012). Assessment of methods of evaluating sarcopenia in old dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(11), 1794-1800. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1794
Johnson, L. N., & Freeman, L. M. (2017). Recognizing, describing, and managing reduced food intake in dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(11), 1260-1266. doi: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1260
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2020-06-17
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Fabretti, A. K., Gomes, L. A., Kemper, D. A. G., Chaves, R. O., Kemper, B., & Pereira, P. M. (2020). Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1813–1830. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1813
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