Occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p213Keywords:
PCR, Feline, Shelter, Cryptosporidium muris, Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis.Abstract
Protozoans are widely distributed, and several species may parasitize the digestive tracts of cats (Felis catus), and can be transmitted to humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the species and occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats in the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. A total of 206 cat fecal samples were tested, of which 141 were from shelter animals, and 65 were from pets owned by local people. Samples were processed by parasitological techniques. Coproparasitological techniques (Willis, Faust and Ziehl-Neelsen) were performed for detection of protozoan parasites. Subsequently, all samples were processed by PCR protocols specific to Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. PCR products from positive samples were selected for sequencing. No samples were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Using specific PCR protocols, 1/206 (0.48%) samples tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. After purification, this one positive sample was sequenced, and it demonstrated a 100% identity match to Cryptosporidium muris. Using specific PCR protocols, 13/206 (9.22%) cat fecal samples tested, including 2/65 (3.08%) pet cat fecal samples, were positive for T. gondii. PCR analysis revealed that 37/206 (17.96%) of cat fecal samples were positive for Giardia spp., including 27/141 (19.15%) of shelter cat fecal samples, and 10/65 (15.38%) pet cat fecal samples (p = 0.5124). When sequenced, these positive samples showed a 100% identity match with Giardia duodenalis. This study demonstrated that infections with Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Giardia duodenalis are present in the population of both pet cats and shelter cats in the city of Londrina. This poses a risk to public health, because these parasites have a high zoonotic potential.Downloads
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References
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Bolais, P. F., Vignoles, P., Pereira, P. F., Keim, R., Aroussi, A., Ismail, K.,... Mercier, A. (2017). Toxoplasma gondii survey in cats from two environments of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Modified Agglutination Test on sera and filter-paper. Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 88. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2017-8
Bowman, D. D., & Lucio-Forster, A. (2010). Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in dogs and cats: Veterinary and public health importance. Experimental Parasitology, 124(1), 121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.01.003
Chappell, C. L., Okhuysen, P. C., Langer-Curry, R. C., Lupo, P. J., Widmer, G., & Tzipori, S. (2015). Cryptosporidium muris: infectivity and illness in healthy adult volunteers. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92(1), 50-55. doi: doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0525
Christie, E., Dubey, J. P., & Pappas, P. W. (1976). Prevalence of Sarcocystis infection and other intestinal parasitisms in cats from a humane shelter in Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 168(5), 421-422.
Dantas-Torres, F., & Otranto, D. (2014). Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasites & Vectors, 7(22), 1-25. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-22
Dubey, J. P. (2010). Toxoplasmosis of animals and dumans (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Dubey, J. P., Navarro, I. T., Sreekumar, C., Dahl, E., Freire, R. L., Kawabata, H. H.,... Lehmann, T. (2004). Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats from Paraná, Brazil: seroprevalence, tissue distribution, and biologic and genetic characterization of isolates. The Journal of Parasitology, 90(4), 721-726. doi: 10.1645/GE-382R
Dubey, J. P., Velmurugan, G. V., Chockalingam, A., Pena, H. F. J., Oliveira, L. N. de., Leifer, C. A.,... Su, C. (2008). Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 157(3-4), 299-305. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.036
Faust, E. C., Sawitz, W., Tobie, J., Odom, V., Peres, C., & Lincicome, D. R. (1939). Comparative efficiency of various technics for the diagnosis of protozoa and helminths in feces. The Journal of Parasitology, 25(3), 241-262. doi: 10.2307/3272508
Fayer, R., Santin, M., Trout, J. M., & Dubey, J. P. (2006). Detection of Cryptosporidium felis and Giardia duodenalis Assemblage F in a cat colony. Veterinary Parasitology, 140(1-2), 44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.005
Ferreira, I. M. R., Vidal, J. E., de Mattos, C. D. C. B., de Mattos, L. C., Qu, D., Su, C., & Pereira-Chioccola, V. L. (2011). Toxoplasma gondii isolates: multilocus RFLP-PCR genotyping from human patients in Sao Paulo State, Brazil identified distinct genotypes. Experimental Parasitology, 129(2), 190-195. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.06.002
Gennari, S. M., Ferreira, J. I. G. da S., Pena, H. F. de J., Labruna, M. B., & Azevedo, S. D. S. (2016). Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in cats seen at the University of Sao Paulo Veterinary Hospital, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 25(4), 423-428. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612016082
Gracenea, M., Gómez, M. S., & Torres, J. (2012). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs and cats in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain). Acta Parasitologica, 54(1), 73-77. doi: 10.2478/s11686-009-0005-7
Guterbock, W. M., & Levine, N. D. (1977). Coccidia and intestinal nematodes of East Central Illinois cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 170(12), 1411-1423.
Hill, D., & Dubey, J. P. (2002). Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 8(10), 634-640.
Homan, W. L., Vercammen, M., De Braekeleer, J., & Verschueren, H. (2000). Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. International Journal for Parasitology, 30(1), 69-75.
Hopkins, R. M., Meloni, B. P., Groth, D. M., Wetherall, J. D., Reynoldson, J. A., & Thompson, R. C. A. (1997). Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs Living in the Same Locality. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(1), 44-51. doi: 10.2307/3284315
Huber, F., Silva, S. da., Bomfim, T. C. B., Teixeira, K. R. S., & Bello, A. R. (2007). Genotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium sp. from domestic animals in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 150(1-2), 65-74. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.018
Huson, D. H., & Bryant, D. (2006). Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(2), 254-267. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj030
Kourenti, C., Karanis, P., & Smith, H. (2007). Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. Journal of Water and Health, 5(1), 1-38. doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.002
Lucio-Forster, A., & Bowman, D. D. (2011). Prevalence of fecal-borne parasites detected by centrifugal flotation in feline samples from two shelters in upstate New York. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(4), 300-303. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.013
Moura, A. B. de, Osaki, S. C., Zulpo, D. L., & Marana, E. R. M. (2007). Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in swine and ovine slaughtered at municipality of Guarapuava in the State of Parana, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 16(1), 54-56.
Nissen, J., Jokelainen, P., Stensvold, C. R., Trevisan, C., Fuchs, J., Burgdorf, K. S.,... Pires, S. M. (2017). The disease burden of congenital toxoplasmosis in Denmark, 2014. PloS One, 12(5), e0178282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178282
Ortolani, E. L. (2000). Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Órgão Oficial do Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 9(1), 29-31.
Pena, H. F. J., Gennari, S. M., Dubey, J. P., & Su, C. (2008). Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil. International Journal for Parasitology, 38(5), 561-569. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.004
Pena, H. F. J., Soares, R. M., Amaku, M., Dubey, J. P., & Gennari, S. M. (2006). Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats from São Paulo state, Brazil: seroprevalence, oocyst shedding, isolation in mice, and biologic and molecular characterization. Research in Veterinary Science, 81(1), 58-67. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.09.007
Pereira, P. F., Barbosa, A. da S., Moura, A. P. P. de, Vasconcellos, M. L., Uchôa, C. M. A., Bastos, O. M. P., . . . Amendoeira, M. R. R. (2017). Gastrointestinal parasites in stray and shelter cats in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 26(3), 383-388. doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612017024
Robben, S. R., le Nobel, W. E., Döpfer, D., Hendrikx, W. M., Boersema, J. H., Fransen, F., & Eysker, M. E. (2004). Infections with helminths and/or protozoa in cats in animal shelters in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde, 129(1), 2-6.
Robertson, I. D., Irwin, P. J., Lymbery, A. J., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2000). The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology, 30, 1369-1377.
Ruffolo, B. B., Toledo, R. dos S., Martins, F. D. C., Bugni, F. M., Costa, L. da, Marana, E. R. M.,... Freire, R. L. (2016). Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in seronegative urban rats and presence of antibodies in communicating dogs in Brazil. Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 58(28) 1-6. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658028
Ruiz, A., & Frenkel, J. K. (1980). Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rican cats. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 29(6), 1150-1160.
Sabshin, S. J., Levy, J. K., Tupler, T., Tucker, S. J., Greiner, E. C., & Leutenegger, C. M. (2012). Enteropathogens identified in cats entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(3), 331-337. doi: 10.2460/javma.241.3.331
Samico-Fernandes, E. F. T., Melo, R. P. B. de, Kim, P. de C. P., Almeida, J. C. de., Barros, L. D. de, Garcia, J. L., . . . Mota, R. A. (2015). First report of genotype #65 of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs. Parasitology Research, 114, 3927-3930. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4664-z
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2020-01-10
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Torrico, K. J., Santos, N. J. R. dos, Abate, H. L., Martins, F. D. C., Barros, L. D. de, Seixas, M., … Vidotto, O. (2020). Occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(1), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p213
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