Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in buffaloes in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The study was carried out in 14 herds in the municipalities of Alagoa Nova, Areia, Campina Grande, Guarabira, Juripiranga, Santa Helena, Sapê, Rio Tinto, Santana dos Garrotes, Itatuba, Solânea, and Cacimbas. The studied population was formed by buffalo females reared for meat and milk, comprising of mixed and Murrah breeds, at least 24 months of age. For the serological diagnosis of VSIV-3, the virus-neutralization test (VN) was performed, using the VSIV-3 isolate 2013 São Bento/Paraíba. Real prevalence was 2.6% for VSIV-3, with antibody titers ranging from 160 to 1280. This is the first study to characterize VSV circulation in the buffalo population in Northeastern Brazil, where infection is considered endemic; some aspects of virus maintenance are not fully understood, such as the role of reservoirs in endemic areas. The identification of seroreactive animals in this study demonstrates the circulation of VSIV-3 in the buffalo species. Reports of virus isolation in this species have not yet been described, which suggests the need for investigating the role of buffaloes in vesicular stomatitis epidemiology.References
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LUNKES, V. L.; TONIN, A. A.; MACHADO, G.; CORBELLINI, L. G.; DIEHL, G. N.; SANTOS, L. C.; BEZERRA, C. S.; AZEVEDO, S. S.; PEQUENO, N. F.; SILVA, A. M.; WEIBLEN, R.; FLORES, E. F. Antibodies against vesicular stomatitis virus in horses from southern, midwestern and northeastern Brazilian States. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 46, n. 8, p. 1424-1429, 2016. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151135
NOORDHUIZEN, J. P. T. M.; FRANKENA, K.; VAN DER HOOFD, C. M.; GRAAF, E. A. M. Application of quantitative methods in veterinary epidemiology. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, v. 30, n. 1, p. 445, 1997. DOI: 10.3920/978-90-74134-89-7
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RODRIGUEZ, L. L. Emergence and re-emergence of vesicular stomatitis in the United States. Virus Research, New York, v. 85, n. 2, p. 211-219, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00026-6
STEFANO, E. de; ARAÚJO, W. P.; PASSOS, E. C.; PITUCO, E. M. Pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da Estomatite Vesicular em bovinos de corte criados na região de Araçatuba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil em 2000. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, São Paulo, v. 40, n. 1, p. 29-35, 2003. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-95962003000100003
STEFANO, E. de; PITUCO, E. M. Estomatite vesicular. In: MEGID, J.; RIBEIRO, M. G.; PAES, A. C. (Ed.). Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2016. p. 651-656.
WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH - OIE. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2017, 2015. Paris: OIE, 2015. Available at: http://www.oie.int/. Accessed at: 10 july. 2019.
ALONSO FERNÁNDEZ, A.; SONDAHL, M. S. Antigenic and immunogenic characterization of various strains of the Indiana serotype of vesicular stomatitis isolated in Brazil. Boletín del Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Buenos Aires, n. 51, p. 27-30, 1985.
ANDRADE, C. M.; ROSAS, C. E.; AMORIM, L. L.; MOTA, J. P.; TEIXEIRA, E. N.; SANTOS, N. F. dos. Vesicular stomatitis in Brazil I - Isolation and identification of the Alagoas strain. Annals of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, v. 25, n. 1, p. 81-87, 1980.
ARRUDA, R. C. N.; SEGUNDO, J. M. F.; SOARES, B. A.; MARTINS, N. R. S.; BARÇANTE, T. A.; BARÇANTE, J. M. P. Investigação epidemiológica de Estomatite vesicular por achados clínicos em bovinos e equinos no Estado do Maranhão. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Seropédica, v. 35, n. 5, p. 391-395, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2015000500001
BEZERRA, C. S.; CARGNELUTTI , J. F.; SAUTHIER, J. T.; WEIBLEN, R.; FLORES, E. F.; ALVES, C. J.; CLEMENTINO, I. J.; SANTOS, C. S. A. B.; AZEVEDO, S. S. Epidemiological situation of vesicular stomatitis virus infection in cattle in the state of Paraíba, semiarid region of Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Gangtok, v. 160, p. 68-75, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.027
CARGNELUTTI, J. F.; OLINDA, R. G.; MAIA, L. A.; AGUIAR, NETO, G. M.; MIRANDA, E. G.; SIMÕES, S. V. D.; LIMA, T. G.; DANTAS, A. F. M.; WEIBLEN, R.; FLORES, E. F.; RIET-CORREA, F. Outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus in horses and cattle in northeastern Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Gangtok, v. 26, n. 6, p. 788-794, 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1040638714553428
CLEMENTINO, I. J.; LIMA, J. O.; COUTINHO, D. G.; ALBUQUERQUE, E. R. C.; GOMES, A. A. B.; AZEVEDO, S. S. First case report of vesicular stomatitis in the State of Paraíba. Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 35, n. 5, p. 2601-2606, 2014. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359
FAUQUET, C. M.; MAYO, M. A.; MANILOFF, J.; DESSELBERGER, U.; BALL, L. A. Virus taxonomy: eighth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2005. p. 509-529.
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES - ICTV. Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release. London: Microbiology Society, 2019. Available at: http://www.ictvonline.org/vírusTaxonomy.asp. Accessed at: 4 jul. 2019.
KATZ, J. B.; ERNISSE, K. A.; LANDGRAF, J. G.; SCHMITT, B. J. Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, London, v. 9, n. 3, p. 329-331, 1997. DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900321
KOTAIT, I. Estudo epidemiológico da estomatite vesicular no Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo. 1990. Dissertação (Mestrado em Saúde Pública) - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
LUNKES, V. L.; TONIN, A. A.; MACHADO, G.; CORBELLINI, L. G.; DIEHL, G. N.; SANTOS, L. C.; BEZERRA, C. S.; AZEVEDO, S. S.; PEQUENO, N. F.; SILVA, A. M.; WEIBLEN, R.; FLORES, E. F. Antibodies against vesicular stomatitis virus in horses from southern, midwestern and northeastern Brazilian States. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 46, n. 8, p. 1424-1429, 2016. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151135
NOORDHUIZEN, J. P. T. M.; FRANKENA, K.; VAN DER HOOFD, C. M.; GRAAF, E. A. M. Application of quantitative methods in veterinary epidemiology. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, v. 30, n. 1, p. 445, 1997. DOI: 10.3920/978-90-74134-89-7
PAN AMERICAN FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE CENTER - PANAFTOSA. Panaftosa reports. Washington: Global IRIS, 2010. Available at: http://listserv.paho.org/. Accessed at: 10 july. 2019.
PAUSZEK, S. J.; BARRERA, J. C.; GOLDBERG, T.; ALLENDE, R.; RODRIGUEZ, L. L. Genetic and antigenic relationships of vesicular stomatitis viruses from South America. Archives of Virology, Heidelberg, v. 156, n. 11, p. 1961-1968, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1081-1
RODRIGUEZ, L. L. Emergence and re-emergence of vesicular stomatitis in the United States. Virus Research, New York, v. 85, n. 2, p. 211-219, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00026-6
STEFANO, E. de; ARAÚJO, W. P.; PASSOS, E. C.; PITUCO, E. M. Pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da Estomatite Vesicular em bovinos de corte criados na região de Araçatuba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil em 2000. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, São Paulo, v. 40, n. 1, p. 29-35, 2003. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-95962003000100003
STEFANO, E. de; PITUCO, E. M. Estomatite vesicular. In: MEGID, J.; RIBEIRO, M. G.; PAES, A. C. (Ed.). Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2016. p. 651-656.
WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH - OIE. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2017, 2015. Paris: OIE, 2015. Available at: http://www.oie.int/. Accessed at: 10 july. 2019.

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