Histopathological findings in stranded Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Paraná coast, Southern Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2024v44n2p479Keywords:
Loggerhead turtle, Sea turtle, Anthropogenic interaction, Pathology.Abstract
Caretta caretta, one of the five sea turtle species in Brazil, is currently listed as globally endangered. While health assessments are crucial for monitoring population status, they are infrequent and lack systematic implementation. Evaluating the health condition of sea turtles can occur through examinations of both live and deceased animals. Carcasses play a pivotal role in identifying diseases and potential threats impacting the species. Therefore, this study presents the histopathological findings from 20 dead stranded C. caretta along the Paraná coast between 2015 and 2021. All individuals underwent measurements, and necropsies were conducted. The mean curved carapace length (cm) was 67.3 ± 6.9 (49.4 – 81.5). Body condition was classified as good in 13 animals, fair in four, poor in two, and undetermined in one. Fourteen females, four males, and two undetermined sexes were registered, with a mean age of 15.8 ± 3,89 (ranging from 9 – 24) years. Evidence of anthropogenic interaction (10 bycatch interactions, 6 marine debris, 2 oil interactions combined with marine debris) was noted in 80.0% of the animals. Histological changes primarily affected the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys, with prominent alterations such as inflammatory infiltrate (interstitial pneumonia, heterophilic splenitis, nephritis, endocarditis), congestion, and hepatic and renal hydropic degeneration. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of pathological findings in stranded wild C. caretta on the Paraná coast, offering valuable insights into the health of these animals and aiding in the conservation efforts to protect their populations.
Downloads
References
Andrade, M. F., Domit, C., Broadhurst, M. K., Tolhurst, D. J., & Silva-Souza, Â. T. (2016). Appropriate morphometrics for the first assessment of juvenile green turtle (Chelonia mydas) age and growth in the South-Western Atlantic. Marine Biology, 163(254), 1-15. doi: 10.1007/s00227-016-3031-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3031-7
Baldi, G., Furii, G., Del Vecchio, M., Salvemini, P., Vallini, C., Angelini, Pari, S., Moraes, K. L., Margaritoulis, D., Çurri, A., Lazar, B., & Casale, P. (2023). Growth rates and age at maturity of Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles estimated from a single-population foraging ground. Marine Biology, 170(36), 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s00227-023-04189-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04189-1
Bucchia, M., Camacho, M., Santos, M. R. D., Boada, L. D., Roncada, P., Mateo, R., Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E., Rodríguez-Estival, J., Zumbado, M., Orós, J., Henríquez-Hernández, L. A., García-Álvarez, N., & Luzardo, O. P. (2015). Plasma levels of pollutants are much higher in loggerhead turtle populations from the Adriatic Sea than in those from open waters (Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Science of the Total Environment, 523(1), 161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.047
Cardona, L., Abalo‐Morla, S., Cani, A., Feliu‐Tena, B., Izaguirre, N., Tomás, J., & Belda, E. J. (2024). Identifying the foraging grounds of the new loggerhead turtle nesters in the western Mediterranean. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol.(nº1), 1-15. doi: 10.1002/aqc.4059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4059
Casale, P., Affronte, M., Insacco, G., Freggi, D., Vallini, C., Pino d’Astore, P., Basso, R., Paolillo, G., Abbate, G., & Argano, R. (2010). Sea turtle strandings reveal high anthropogenic mortality in Italian waters. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20(6), 611-620. doi: 10.1002/aqc.1133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1133
Ciccarelli, S., Valastro, C., Bello, A. D., Paci, S., Caprio, F., Corrente, M. L., Trotta, A., & Franchini, D. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disease in sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Animals, 10(8), 1355-1366. doi: 10.3390/ani10081355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081355
Cubas, S. Z. S., Silva, J. C. R., & Catão-Dias, J. L. (2007). Tratado de animais selvagens-medicina veterinária. Editora Roca.
Day, R. D., Keller, J. M., Harms, C. A., Segars, A. L., Cluse, W. M., Godfrey, M. H., Lee, A. M., Peden-Adams, M., Thorvalson, K., Dodd, M., & Norton, T. (2010). Comparison of mercury burdens in chronically debilitated and healthy loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(1), 111-117. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.111
Di Renzo, L., De Angelis, M. E., Torresi, M., Di Lollo, V., Di Teodoro, G., Averaimo, D., Defourny, S. V. P., Di Giacinto, F., Profico, C., Olivieri, V., Pomilio, F., Cammà, C., Ferri, N., & Di Francesco, G. (2022). First report of septicaemic listeriosis in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) stranded along the Adriatic Coast: strain detection and sequencing. Animals, 12(18), 2364. doi: 10.3390/ani12182364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182364
Domiciano, I. G., Domit, C., Trigo, C. C., Alcântara, B. K. de, Headley, S. A., & Bracarense, A. P. F. R. L. (2014). Phaeohyphomycoses in a free-ranging loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) from Southern Brazil. Mycopathologia, 178(1-2), 123-128. doi: 10.1007/s11046-014-9769-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-014-9769-x
Domiciano, I. G., Gagliotti, G. F. P. S., Domit, C., Lorenzetti, E., & Bracarense, A. P. F. R. L. (2022). Bacterial and fungal pathogens in granulomatous lesions of Chelonia mydas in a significant foraging ground off southern Brazil. Veterinary Research Communications, 46(3), 859-870. doi: 10.1007/s11259-022-09911-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09911-w
Duarte, D. L. V., Monteiro, D. S., Jardim, R. D., Soares, J. C. M., & Varela, A. S., Jr. (2011). Determinação sexual e maturação gonadal de fêmeas da tartaruga-verde (Chelonia mydas) e tartaruga-cabeçuda (Caretta caretta) no extremo sul do Brasil. Acta Biológica Paranaense, 40(3-4), 87-103. doi: 10.5380/abpr.v40i(1-4).25130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/abpr.v40i(1-4).25130
Flint, M., Patterson-Kane, J. C., Limpus, C. J., & Mills, P. C. (2010). Health surveillance of stranded green turtles in Southern Queensland, Australia (2006-2009): An epidemiological analysis of causes of disease and mortality. EcoHealth, 7(1), 135-145. doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0300-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0300-7
George, R. (1997) The Biology of Sea Turtles. In: P.L. Lutz, & J.A. Musick (Orgs). Health problems and diseases of sea turtles (Cap.14, pp.363-409). CRC Press.
Girard, F., Catteau, S., Gambaiani, D., Gérigny, O., Sénégas, J. B., Moisson, P., & Claro, F. (2021). Shift in demographic structure and increased reproductive activity of loggerhead turtles in the French Mediterranean Sea revealed by long-term monitoring. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23164. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02629-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02629-w
Guebert-Bartholo, F. M., Barletta, M., Costa, M. F., & Monteiro, E. L. A., Fº. (2011). Using gut contents to assess foraging patterns of juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas in the Paranaguá Estuary, Brazil. Endangered Species Research, 13(2), 131-143. doi: 10.3354/esr00320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00320
Guthrie, A., George, J., & DeMaar, T. W. (2010). Bilateral chronic shoulder infections in an adult green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, 20(4), 105-108. doi: 10.5818/1529-9651-20.4.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-20.4.105
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2022). The IUCN red list threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org
Jerdy, H., Mastrangelli, A., Lacerda, P., Baldassin, P., Scarelli, A. C., Werneck, M. R., & Carvalho, E. (2020). Anoxia effects in asphyxiated green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) caught in an artisanal fishing net on the Coast of Brazil. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 176(1), 67-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.002
Kassab, A., Shousha, S., & Fargani, A. (2009). Morphology of blood cells, liver and spleen of the desert tortoise (Testudo graeca). The Open Anatomy Journal, 1(1), 1-10. doi: 10.2174/1877609400901010001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1877609400901010001
Keller, J. M., McClellan-Green, P. D., Kucklick, J. R., Keil, D. E., & Peden-Adams, M. M. (2006). Effects of organochlorine contaminants on loggerhead sea turtle immunity: comparison of a correlative field study and in vitro exposure experiments. Environmental Health Perspective, 114(1), 70-76. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8143
Knieriem, A., & Hartmann, M. G. (2001). Comparative histopathology of lungs from by-caught Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Leucopleurus acutus). Aquatic Mammals, 27(2), 73-81.
Lutz, P. L., Musick, J. A., & Wyneken, J. (1997). The biology of sea turtles. CRC Press.
Mancino, C., Canestrelli, D., & Maiorano, L. (2022). Going west: range expansion for loggerhead sea turtles in the Mediterranean Sea under climate change. Global Ecology and Conservation, 38(10), e02264. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02264
Monteiro, D. S., Estima, S. C., Gandra, T. B. R., Silva, A. P., Bugoni, L., Swimmer, Y., Jeffrey, A., Seminoff, J., & Secchi, E. R. (2016). Long-term spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle strandings in southern Brazil. Marine Biology, 163(12), 247. doi: 10.1007/s00227-016-3018-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3018-4
Nelms, S. E., Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., Lindeque, P. K., & Godley, B. J. (2016). Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 73(2), 165-181. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv165
Oliveira, R. E. M., Pires, J. M. D. L., Batista, J. S., Attademo, F. L. N., Farias, D. S. D. de, Freire, A. C. D. B., Bomfim, A. C., Lima, L. R. P., Oliveira, R. M., Gavilan, S. A., Silva, F. J. L., & Oliveira, M. F. (2020). Death of a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) from ingestion of an eel (Myrichthys ocellatus). Veterinarní Medicína, 65(9), 415-420. doi: 10.17221/83/2020-VETMED DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/83/2020-VETMED
Oraze, J. S., Beltran, E., Thornton, S. M., Gumpenberger, M., Weller, R., & Biggi, M. (2019). Neurologic and computed tomography findings in sea turtles with history of traumatic injury. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 50(2), 350. doi: 10.1638/2018-0024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/2018-0024
Oriá, A. P., Silva, D. N., Raposo, A. C., Estrela‐Lima, A., Pires, T. T., Gattamorta, M. A., Zamana, R. R., Matushima, E. R., & Ofri, R. (2021). Atypical ocular Chelonoid herpesvirus manifestations in a captive loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 24(1), 97-102. doi: 10.1111/vop.12837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12837
Orós, J., Deniz, S., Rodríguez, J. L., Rodríguez, F., Molina, J. M., & Fernández, A. (1996). Hallazgos anatomopatológicos y microbiológicos en reptiles mantenidos en cautividad y tortugas marinas de vida libre. Revista Española de Herpetología, 10(1), 117-125.
Orós, J., Montesdeoca, N., Camacho, M., Arencibia, A., & Calabuig, P. (2016). Causes of stranding and mortality, and final disposition of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (1998-2014): a long-term retrospective study. Plos ONE, 11(2), e0149398. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149398
Orós, J., Torrent, A., Calabuig, P., & Déniz, S. (2005). Diseases and causes of mortality among sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands, Spain (1998-2001). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 63(1), 13-24. doi: 10.3354/dao063013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao063013
Reis, E. C., Pereira, C. S., Rodrigues, D. dos P., Secco, H. K. C., Lima, L. M., Rennó, B., & Siciliano, S. (2010). Condição de saúde das tartarugas marinhas do litoral centro-norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: avaliação sobre a presença de agentes bacterianos, fibropapilomatose e interação com resíduos antropogênicos. Oecologia Australis, 14(3), 756-765. doi: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.11
Rossi, A. S., Gattamorta, M. A., Prioste, F. E., Lima, E. H., Melo, M. T., Brandão, P. E., Silva, S. O. S., Silveira, F. M., & Matushima, E. R. (2015). Fibropapillomas in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) caught in Almofala, Ceará, Brazil: histopathological and molecular characterizations. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 147(1), 12-16.
Rousselet, E., Stacy, N. I., LaVictoire, K., Higgins, B. M., Tocidlowski, M. E., Flanagan, J. P., & Godard-Codding, C. A. J. (2013). Hematology and plasma biochemistry analytes in five age groups of immature, captive-reared loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44(4), 859-874. doi: 10.1638/2012-0162r1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/2012-0162R1.1
Saad, A. H., & Bassiouni, W. M. (1993). Structure and histochemical organization of the spleen of Agama stellio (Sauria: Agamidae) and Chalcides ocellatus (Sauria: Scincidae). Journal of Morphology, 216(2), 115-120. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052160202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052160202
Santoro, M., Badillo, F. J., Mattiucci, S., Nascetti, G., Bentivegna, F., Insacco, G., Travaglini, A., Paoletti, M., Kinsella, J. M., Tomás, J., Raga, J. A., & Aznar, F. J. (2010). Helminth communities of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from Central and Western Mediterranean Sea: The importance of host’s ontogeny. Parasitology International, 59(3), 367-375. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2010.04.009
Santoro, M., Di Nocera, F., Iaccarino, D., Lawton, S., Cerrone, A., Degli Uberti, B., D'Amore, M., Affuso, A., Hochscheid, S., Maffucci, F., & Galiero, G. (2017). Pathology and molecular analysis of Hapalotrema mistroides (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infecting a Mediterranean loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 124(2), 101-108. doi: 10.3354/dao03117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03117
Santos-Costa, P. C., Duarte-Benvenuto, A., Groch, K. R., Catão-Dias, J. L., & Díaz-Delgado, J. (2020). Pathological findings in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) during an unusual mortality event in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2016. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 178(1), 50-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.008
Schumacher, J. (1997). Respiratory diseases of reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 6(4), 209-215. doi: 10.1016/S1055-937X(97)80007-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-937X(97)80007-2
Sim, R. R., Allender, M. C., Crawford, L. K., Wack, A. N., Murphy, K. J., Mankowski, J. L., & Bronson, E. (2016). Ranavirus epizootic in captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) with concurrent herpesvirus and mycoplasma infection: management and monitoring. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47(1), 256-270. doi: 10.1638/2015-0048.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0048.1
Simpson, V. R., & Fisher, D. N. (2017). A description of the gross pathology of drowning and other causes of mortality in seabirds. BMC Veterinary Research, 13(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1214-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1214-1
Sistema de Informação Monitoramento da Biota Aquática (2021). Sistema de informação de monitoramento da biota aquática. SIMBA. https://www.simba.petrobras.com.br
Solomando, A., Pujol, F., Sureda, A., & Pinya, S. (2022). Ingestion and characterization of plastic debris by loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, in the Balearic Islands. Science of the Total Environment, 826(1), 154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154159
Stacy, B., Foley, A., Greiner, E., Herbst, L., Bolten, A., Klein, P., Manire, C. A., & Jacobson, E. R. (2010). Spirorchiidiasis in stranded loggerhead Caretta caretta and green turtles Chelonia mydas in Florida (USA): host pathology and significance. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 89(3), 237-259. doi: 10.3354/dao02195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02195
Stacy, N. I., Lynch, J. M., Arendt, M. D., Avens, L., Braun McNeill, J., Cray, C., Day, R. D., Harms, C. A., Lee, A. M., Peden-Adams, M. M., Thorvalson, K., Segars, A. L., & Norton, T. M. (2018). Chronic debilitation in stranded loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Southeastern United States: morphometrics and clinicopathological findings. PloS One, 13(7), e0200355. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200355
Stamper, M. A., Harms, C., Epperly, S. P., Braun-McNeill, J., Avens, L., & Stoskopf, M. K. (2005). Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), a comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 36(4), 635-641. doi: 10.1638/04-074.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/04-074.1
Storelli, M. M., & Zizzo, N. (2014). Occurrence of organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) and pathologic findings in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, from the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Science of the Total Environment, 472(1), 855-861. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.137
Tacchi, M. F., Quirino, F. P., Ferreira, D. J. M., Afonso, L. G., Tognin, F., & Negreiros, D. (2019). Effect of sand granulometry on the egg hatchling success of the sea turtle Caretta caretta. Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 14(1), 43-54. doi: 10.3897/neotropical.14.e34836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e34836
Tagliolatto, A. B., Goldberg, D. W., Godfrey, M. H., & Monteiro, C., Neto. (2019). Spatio‐temporal distribution of sea turtle strandings and factors contributing to their mortality in south‐eastern Brazil. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(2), 331-350. doi: 10.1002/aqc.3244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3244
Thomson, J. A., Burkholder, D., Heithaus, M. R., & Dill, L. M. (2009). Validation of a rapid visual-assessment technique for categorizing the body condition of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the field. Copeia, 2009(2), 251-255. doi: 10.1643/ce-07-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-07-227
Wallace, B. P., DiMatteo, A. D., Bolten, A. B., Chaloupka, M. Y., Hutchinson, B. J., Abreu-Grobois, F. A., Mortimer, J. A., Seminoff, J. A., Amorocho, D., Bjorndal, K. A., Bourjea, J., Bowen, B. W., Dueñas, R. B., Casale, P., Choudhury, B. C., Costa, A., Dutton, P. H., Fallabrino, A.,… Mast, R. B. (2011). Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024510
Werneck, M. R., Nunes, C., Jerdy, H., & Carvalho, E. C. Q. (2017). Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Testudines, Cheloniidae), as a new host of Monticellius indicum Mehra, 1939 (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) and associated lesions to spirorchiid eggs. Helminthologia, 54(4), 363-368. doi: 10.1515/helm-2017-0047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0047
Work, P. A., Sapp, A. L., Scott, D. W., & Dodd, M. G. (2010). Influence of small vessel operation and propulsion system on loggerhead sea turtle injuries. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 393(1-2), 168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.019
Wyneken, J. (2001). The anatomy of sea turtles. NOAA Technical Memorandum.
Zimmerman, L. M., Vogel, L. A., & Bowden, R. M. (2010). Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(5), 661-671. doi: 10.1242/ jeb.038315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.038315
Zinenko, O., Vishnyakova, K. A., Stoyanov, L., & Gol’din, P. E. (2021). The northernmost record of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta (Testudines, Cheloniidae), in the black sea with the review of the species occurrence in the region. Zoodiversity, 55(2), 127-132. doi: 10.15407/zoo2021.02.127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.02.127
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Semina: Ciências Agrárias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias adopts the CC-BY-NC license for its publications, the copyright being held by the author, in cases of republication we recommend that authors indicate first publication in this journal.
This license allows you to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform and develop the material, as long as it is not for commercial purposes. And due credit must be given to the creator.
The opinions expressed by the authors of the articles are their sole responsibility.
The magazine reserves the right to make normative, orthographic and grammatical changes to the originals in order to maintain the cultured standard of the language and the credibility of the vehicle. However, it will respect the writing style of the authors. Changes, corrections or suggestions of a conceptual nature will be sent to the authors when necessary.
