Laboratory profile of malnutrition in hospitalized dogs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3273Keywords:
Nutritional assessment, Malnutrition, Iron metabolism, Transferrin.Abstract
Malnutrition occurs when the supply of available nutrients is less than organic demand. It is an underdiagnosed problem in veterinary medicine and can result in several negative metabolic consequences, with greater morbidity and mortality. Currently, the classification of nutritional status (NS) is performed subjectively in veterinary medicine, so studies and discoveries about laboratory markers (objectives) of malnutrition are desirable. This study evaluated the correlations between several laboratory variables (practical and low-cost measurements) and the nutritional status (NS) of 246 dogs from a veterinary school hospital in southern Brazil. In this way, the laboratory profile of malnutrition in this population is evident. NS was classified by body condition score (BCS) and muscle mass score (MMS). A patient was considered to be malnourished if the BCS was less than 3 (values from 1 to 9). The laboratory variables analyzed were hemogram, cholesterol, total protein (TP), albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP/albumin ratio, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin (TF), transferrin saturation index (TSI), and transthyretin. The means and standard deviations of the variables, correlation analyses, and comparative analyses (Kruskal-Wallis in alfa = 5%) were calculated. This research aimed to identify objective and practical malnutrition markers that help in the elaboration of a protocol for nutritional evaluation in diseased dogs. Low values of TF, TIBC, TP, hemogram, and TSI elevation were indicative of malnutrition. Additionally, cholesterol and albuminemia are not good markers of malnutrition in dogs with systemic diseases. For the graduation of the inflammatory state (important to differentiate inflammatory hypoproteinemia from protein malnutrition), it is more reliable to measure the CRP/albumin ratio. Canine transthyretin cannot be measured with reagents designed for humans, such as those used in this study. It was possible to conclude that laboratory indicators of malnutrition in sick dogs include low values of TF, TIBC, and TP, anemia, and elevations of TSI. The joint changes in these markers gradually reinforced the diagnosis.Metrics
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References
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De Luis, D. A. de, Izaola, O., Cuellar, L., Terroba, M. C., Cabezas, G., Rojo, S.,... Sagrado, M. G. (2006). Nutritional assessment: predictive variables at hospital admission related with length of stay. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 50(4), 394-398. doi: 10.1159/000094362
Ernest, N., Akpan, P., & Uko, E. (2013). Reduced levels of some iron parameters of protein energy malnourished children in Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 3(13), 114-120.
Fabretti, A. K., Fonseca, I. B., Pancieri, I. V. C., Knupp, F. C., Bordini, D. M., & Pereira, P. M. (2014). Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e perfil eletroforético na determinação do prognóstico de cães hospitalizados. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(6), 3113-3126. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n1p217
Fabretti, A. K., Fonseca, I. C. B., Coelho, A. F., Silva, C. N., & Pereira, P. M. (2015). Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and electrophoretic profiles for diagnosis of malnutrition in hospitalized dogs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(1), 217-230. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n1p217
Fabretti, A. K., Siqueira, R. C. S., Chaves, R. O., Camacho, C. A., & Pereira, P. M. (2018). Exames laboratoriais na desnutrição de pequenos animais. Revista Clínica Veterinária, 23(133), 40-54.
Felder, S., Braun, N., Stanga, Z., Kulkarni, P., Faessler, L., Kutz, A.,… Schuetz, P. (2016). Unraveling the link between malnutrition and adverse clinical outcomes: association of acute and chronic malnutrition measures with blood biomarkers from different pathophysiological states. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 68(3), 164-172. doi: 10.1159/000444096
Gagne, J. W., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2015). Pathophysiology and clinical approach to malnutrition in dogs and cats. In D. L. Chan, (Ed.), Nutritional management of hospitalized small animals (pp. 117-127). Oxford, OH: John Wiley & Sons.
Gama-Axelsson, T., Heimbürger, O., Stenvinkel, P., Bárány, P., Lindholm, B., & Qureshi, A. R. (2012). Serum albumin as predictor of nutritional status in patients with ESRD. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 7(9), 1446-1453. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10251011
Ghadiri-Anari, A., Nazemian, N., & Vahedian-Ardakani, H. (2014). Association of body mass index with hemoglobin concentration and iron parameters in Iranian population. ISRN Hematology, 52(53), 1-3. doi: 10.1155/2014/525312
Hébuterne, X., Lemarié, E., Michallet, M., de Montreuil, C. B., Schneider, S. M., & Goldwasser, F. (2014). Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 38(2), 196-204. doi: 10.1177/0148607113502674
Ingenbleek, Y. (2019). Plasma transthyretin as a biomarker of sarcopenia in elderly subjects. Nutrients, 11(4), 895-913. doi: 10.3390/nu11040895
Ingenbleek, Y., & Bernstein, L. H. (2015). Plasma transthyretin as a biomarker of lean body mass and catabolic states. Advances in Nutrition, 6(5), 572-580. doi: 10.3945/an.115.008508
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2021-08-12
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Fabretti, A. K., Siqueira, R. C. S., Amaral, H. F., Gomes, L. A., Venturini, D., & Pereira, P. M. (2021). Laboratory profile of malnutrition in hospitalized dogs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6), 3273–3288. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3273
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