Incidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler flocks at the Federal District of Brazil and its surrounding areas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2407Keywords:
Airsaccullitis, Avian respiratory disease, Mycoplasmoses, Broiler.Abstract
Mycoplasma is an important avian pathogen that can cause both respiratory disease and synovitis in birds, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. This study aimed to determine the incidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in broiler flocks at the Federal District and its surrounding regions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All slaughtered lots (57 flocks) were analyzed from July to November in one of the two slaughterhouses at the Federal District with Federal inspection services. Approximately 10 samples of broiler tracheae per slaughtered batch were collected from the evisceration line. The results obtained from the accumulated incidence over the study period were 7.02% and 35.09% for M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, respectively. A greater concentration of flocks affected by M. synoviae was observed during October. The sample design as well as the PCR technique assisted in detecting both agents in the broiler batches in the first epidemiological study of these two agents in the region.Downloads
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References
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Bradbury, J. M. (2005). Poultry mycoplasmas: sophisticated pathogens in simple guise. British Poultry Science, 46(2), 125-136. doi: 10.1080/00071660500066282
Brown, D. R., Whitcom, R. F., & Bradbury, J. M. (2007). Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). International Journal System Evolution of Microbiology, 57(11), 2703-2719. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64722-0
Buim, M. R., Mettifogo, E. M., Timenetsky, J., Kleven, S., & Ferreira, A. J. P. (2009). Epidemiological survey on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by multiplex PCR in commercial poultry. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 29(7), 552-556. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2009000700009
Butcher, G. D. (2002). Mycoplasma Gallisepticum - a continuing problem in commercial poultry. Gainesville: UF/IFAS. Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved from http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu
Darc Moretti, L., Dias, A. R., Telles, O. E., & Balian, C. S. (2010). Time series evaluation of traumatic lesions and airsacculitis at one poultry abattoir in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 94(2010), 231-239. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.013
Dohoo, I., Martin, W., & Stryhn, H. (2003). Veterinary epidemiologic research. Charlottetown: Atlantic Veterinary College.
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (2019). Embrapa Suínos e Aves. Embrapa: Brasília. Recuperado de http://www.cnpsa.embrapa.br
Ferbewee, A. (2008). Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch commercial poultry farms. Avian Pathology, 37, 629-633. doi: 10.1080/03079450802484987
Fraga, P. A., Vargas T., Ikuta, N., Fonseca, K. S. A., Celmer, J. A., Marques, K. E., & Lunge, R. V. (2013). A multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 44(2). 505-510. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822013000200028
Garust, A. T., & Nobrega, O. (1956). Doença crônica respiratória no Brasil. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, 23, 35-38.
Gharaibeh, S., & Hailat, A. (2011). Mycoplasma gallisepticum experimental infection and tissue distribution in chickens, sparrows and pigeons. Avian Pathology, 40(4), 349-354. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2011.582 480
Gharibi, D., Ghadimipour, R., & Mayahi, M. (2018). Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan Province, Iran. Archives Razi Institute., 73(2), 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Haas, D. J., & Torres, A. C. D. (2006). Aplicações das técnicas de pcr no diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas dos animais. Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária, 26(15), 1-15. Recuperado de https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Dionei_Haas/publication/321951849_Aplicacoes_das_tecnicas_de_PCR_no_diagnostico_de_doencas_infecciosas_dos_animais/links/5a3af118a6fdcc7ffe63f323/Aplicacoes-das-tecnicas-de-PCR-no-diagnostico-de-doencas-infecciosas-dos-animais.pdf
Haesendonck, R., Verlinden, M., Devos, G., Michiels, T., Butaye, P., Haesbrouck, F., Martel, A. (2014). High seroprevalence of respiratory pathogens in hobby poultry. Avian Diseases, 58(4), 623-627. doi: 10. 1637./10870-052314
Hess, M., Neubauer, C., & Hacki, L. R. (2007). Interlaboratory comparison of ability to detect nucleic acid of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology, 36(2), 127-133. doi: 10.1080/03079450701203082
Hofmann, M., Griot, C., Chaignat, V., Perler, L., & Thür, B. (2008). Bluetongue disease reaches. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 150(2), 49-56. doi: 10.1024/0036-7281.150.2.49
Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J., & On, S. L. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75(11), 827-831. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813. 1997.tb15665.x
Hutton S., Bettridge, J., Christley, R., Habte, T., & Ganapathy, K. (2017). Detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793B, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health Production., 49(2), 317-322. doi: 10.1007/s11250-016-1195-2
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2012). Pesquisa pecuária municipal. Recuperado de http:// www. sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/acervo/acervo2.asp?e=v&p=PP&z=t&o=24
Instituto Nacional de Metereologia (2019). Manuais INMET. Recuperado de http://www.inmet.gov.br/ portal/index.php?r=tempo2/verProximosDias&code=5300108
Instrução Normativa N° 50, de 24 de setembro de 2013. O Ministério de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, alterar a lista de doenças passíveis da aplicação de medidas de defesa sanitária animal, previstas no art. 61 do Regulamento do Serviço de Defesa Sanitária Animal, publicado pelo Decreto no 24.548, de 3 de julho de 1934. Recuperado de https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw 0TZC2Mb/content/id/31061237/do1-2013-09-25-instrucao-normativa-n-50-de-24-de-setembro-de-2013-31061233
Kleven, S. H. (2003). Mycoplasmosis. In Y. M. Saif, J. H. Barnes, R. J. Glisson, M. A., R. L. Fadle, & E. D. Mc Dougald (Eds.), Swayne, Diseases of poultry (11nd ed., pp. 719-721). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Kleven, S. H. (2008). Control of avian mycoplasma infections in comercial poultry. Avian Diseases, 52(3), 367-374. doi: 10.1637/8323-041808-Review.1
Landam, W. J., Mevius, J. D., Veldam, T. K., & Feberwee, A. (2014). Is Mycoplasma synoviae outrunning Mycoplasma gallisepticum? A viewpoint from the Netherlands. Avian Pathology, 43(1), 2-8.
Lauerman, L. H. (1998). Nucleic acid amplification assays for diagnosis of animal diseases. Auburn: American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.
Ley, D. H. (2003). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In Y. M. Saif, H. J. Barnes, J. R. Glisson, A. M. Fadly, L. R. McDougald, & D. E. Swayne (Eds.), Diseases of poultry (pp. 722-744). Ames: Blackwell Publishing.
Machado, S. L., Nascimento, R. E., Pereira, A. L. V., Abreu, C. L. D., Gouvea, R., & Santos, M. M. L. (2014). Escherichia coli in broilers with airsacculitis. Revista Brasileira de Medicina. Veterinária., 36(3), 261-265. Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/Escherichiacoliinbroilerchickens withairsacculitis%20(2).pdf
Mettifogo, E., & Buim, M. R. (2009). Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In L. Revolledo, & A. J. P. Ferreira (Eds.), Patologia aviária (pp. 86-100). Barueri, SP: Editora Manole LTDA.
Michiels, T., Welby, S., Vanrobaeys, M., Quinet, C., Rouffaer, L., Lens, L. Butaye, P. (2016). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium. Journal Avian Pathology, 45(2), 244-252. doi: 101080/03079457.2016.1145354
Minharro, S., Andrade, M. A., Sobestiansky, J., Hintze, F., & Umehara, O. (1999). Alterações anatomopatológicas macroscópicas detectadas em abatedouros de aves sob Inspeção Federal no Estado de Goiás no período de 1995-1997. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2(2), 111-117. Recuperado de https:// repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7859
Minharro, S., Linhares, C. F. G., Andrade, A. M., Rocha, T. P., & Santana, P. A. (2001). Envolvimento de Escherichia coli, de Mycoplasma gallisepticum e de Mycoplasma synoviae em lesões de sacos aéreos em frangos abatidos no estado de Goiás. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2(2), 111-117. Recuperado de https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7859
Moreno, A. M. (2009). Técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico. In L. Revolledo, & A. J. P. Ferreira (Eds.), Patologia aviária (pp. 413-427). Barueri, SP: Editora Manole.
Muhammad, F., Hussain, J., Fareed, S. K., Ahmed Khan, T., Ahmed Khan, S., & Ahmad, A. (2018). Diagnosis of avian Mycoplasmas: a comparison between PCR and culture technique. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(3), 239-244. doi: 10.22092/ari.2017.108217.1085
Nascimento, E. R. (2000). Micoplasmoses. In A. Berchieri Jr., & M. Macari (Eds.), Doenças das aves (PP. 267-281). Campinas: FACTA.
Nascimento, E. R., & Pereira, V. L. A. (2009). Micoplasmoses. In J. Di Fabio, & L. I. Rossini (Eds.), Doenças das aves (pp. 485-500). Campinas: FACTA.
Nascimento, E. R., Pereira, V. L. A., Nascimento, M. G. F., & Barreto, M. L. (2005). Avian mycoplasmosis update. Brazilian Jornal of Poulryt Science, 7(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2005000100001
Onozuka, D., Hashizume, M., & Agihara, A. (2009). Impact of weather factors on Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Thorax, BMJ Journals, 64(6), 507-511. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.111237
Portaria Ministerial n◦193, de setembro de 1994. Institui o Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola (PNSA) e cria o Comitê Consultivo do Programa. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, DF, 22 set de 1994. Recuperado de https://www.defesa.agricultura.sp.gov.br/legislacoes/portaria-mapa-193-de-19-09-1994, 369.html
Rasoulinezhad, S., Bozorgmehrifard, S., Hosseine, H. M., Sheikhi, H., & Charkhkar, S. (2018). Molecular detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from backyard and commercial Turkeys in some parts of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(2), 79-85. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2005000100001
Reis, S., & Nobrega, P. (1955). Tratado de doenças das aves (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Instituto Biológico.
Scherer, A. L., Scherer, J. F., Petry, M. V., & Sander, M. (2011). Occurrence and interaction of wild birds at poultry houses in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 19(1), 74-79.
Sprygin, A. V., Andreychuck, B. D., Kolotilov, N. A., Runina, A. I., Mudrak, S. N., Borisov, V. A.,… Perevozchikova, A. N. (2010). Development of a duplex real-time TaqManPCR assay with an internal control for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from commercial and backyard poultry. Avian Pathology, 39(2), 99-109. doi: 10.1080/0307945100360 4621
StataCorp (2011). Stata Data Analysis Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. Retrieved from http://www.stata.com/
Barros, M. R., Nascimento, R. E., Silva, A. S. J., Pinheiro, W. J., Jr., Santos, B. S., Machado, S. L., Mota, A. R. (2014). Occurrence of Mycoplasma synoviae on commercial poultry farms of Pernambuco, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 34.953-956. doi: 10.5090/s0100-736x2014001000005
Bradbury, J. M. (2005). Poultry mycoplasmas: sophisticated pathogens in simple guise. British Poultry Science, 46(2), 125-136. doi: 10.1080/00071660500066282
Brown, D. R., Whitcom, R. F., & Bradbury, J. M. (2007). Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). International Journal System Evolution of Microbiology, 57(11), 2703-2719. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64722-0
Buim, M. R., Mettifogo, E. M., Timenetsky, J., Kleven, S., & Ferreira, A. J. P. (2009). Epidemiological survey on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by multiplex PCR in commercial poultry. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 29(7), 552-556. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2009000700009
Butcher, G. D. (2002). Mycoplasma Gallisepticum - a continuing problem in commercial poultry. Gainesville: UF/IFAS. Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved from http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu
Darc Moretti, L., Dias, A. R., Telles, O. E., & Balian, C. S. (2010). Time series evaluation of traumatic lesions and airsacculitis at one poultry abattoir in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 94(2010), 231-239. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.013
Dohoo, I., Martin, W., & Stryhn, H. (2003). Veterinary epidemiologic research. Charlottetown: Atlantic Veterinary College.
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (2019). Embrapa Suínos e Aves. Embrapa: Brasília. Recuperado de http://www.cnpsa.embrapa.br
Ferbewee, A. (2008). Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch commercial poultry farms. Avian Pathology, 37, 629-633. doi: 10.1080/03079450802484987
Fraga, P. A., Vargas T., Ikuta, N., Fonseca, K. S. A., Celmer, J. A., Marques, K. E., & Lunge, R. V. (2013). A multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 44(2). 505-510. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822013000200028
Garust, A. T., & Nobrega, O. (1956). Doença crônica respiratória no Brasil. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, 23, 35-38.
Gharaibeh, S., & Hailat, A. (2011). Mycoplasma gallisepticum experimental infection and tissue distribution in chickens, sparrows and pigeons. Avian Pathology, 40(4), 349-354. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2011.582 480
Gharibi, D., Ghadimipour, R., & Mayahi, M. (2018). Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among commercial poultry in Khouzestan Province, Iran. Archives Razi Institute., 73(2), 139-146. doi: 10.22092/ari.2018.116164
Haas, D. J., & Torres, A. C. D. (2006). Aplicações das técnicas de pcr no diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas dos animais. Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária, 26(15), 1-15. Recuperado de https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Dionei_Haas/publication/321951849_Aplicacoes_das_tecnicas_de_PCR_no_diagnostico_de_doencas_infecciosas_dos_animais/links/5a3af118a6fdcc7ffe63f323/Aplicacoes-das-tecnicas-de-PCR-no-diagnostico-de-doencas-infecciosas-dos-animais.pdf
Haesendonck, R., Verlinden, M., Devos, G., Michiels, T., Butaye, P., Haesbrouck, F., Martel, A. (2014). High seroprevalence of respiratory pathogens in hobby poultry. Avian Diseases, 58(4), 623-627. doi: 10. 1637./10870-052314
Hess, M., Neubauer, C., & Hacki, L. R. (2007). Interlaboratory comparison of ability to detect nucleic acid of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology, 36(2), 127-133. doi: 10.1080/03079450701203082
Hofmann, M., Griot, C., Chaignat, V., Perler, L., & Thür, B. (2008). Bluetongue disease reaches. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 150(2), 49-56. doi: 10.1024/0036-7281.150.2.49
Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J., & On, S. L. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75(11), 827-831. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813. 1997.tb15665.x
Hutton S., Bettridge, J., Christley, R., Habte, T., & Ganapathy, K. (2017). Detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793B, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health Production., 49(2), 317-322. doi: 10.1007/s11250-016-1195-2
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2012). Pesquisa pecuária municipal. Recuperado de http:// www. sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/acervo/acervo2.asp?e=v&p=PP&z=t&o=24
Instituto Nacional de Metereologia (2019). Manuais INMET. Recuperado de http://www.inmet.gov.br/ portal/index.php?r=tempo2/verProximosDias&code=5300108
Instrução Normativa N° 50, de 24 de setembro de 2013. O Ministério de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, alterar a lista de doenças passíveis da aplicação de medidas de defesa sanitária animal, previstas no art. 61 do Regulamento do Serviço de Defesa Sanitária Animal, publicado pelo Decreto no 24.548, de 3 de julho de 1934. Recuperado de https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw 0TZC2Mb/content/id/31061237/do1-2013-09-25-instrucao-normativa-n-50-de-24-de-setembro-de-2013-31061233
Kleven, S. H. (2003). Mycoplasmosis. In Y. M. Saif, J. H. Barnes, R. J. Glisson, M. A., R. L. Fadle, & E. D. Mc Dougald (Eds.), Swayne, Diseases of poultry (11nd ed., pp. 719-721). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Kleven, S. H. (2008). Control of avian mycoplasma infections in comercial poultry. Avian Diseases, 52(3), 367-374. doi: 10.1637/8323-041808-Review.1
Landam, W. J., Mevius, J. D., Veldam, T. K., & Feberwee, A. (2014). Is Mycoplasma synoviae outrunning Mycoplasma gallisepticum? A viewpoint from the Netherlands. Avian Pathology, 43(1), 2-8.
Lauerman, L. H. (1998). Nucleic acid amplification assays for diagnosis of animal diseases. Auburn: American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.
Ley, D. H. (2003). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In Y. M. Saif, H. J. Barnes, J. R. Glisson, A. M. Fadly, L. R. McDougald, & D. E. Swayne (Eds.), Diseases of poultry (pp. 722-744). Ames: Blackwell Publishing.
Machado, S. L., Nascimento, R. E., Pereira, A. L. V., Abreu, C. L. D., Gouvea, R., & Santos, M. M. L. (2014). Escherichia coli in broilers with airsacculitis. Revista Brasileira de Medicina. Veterinária., 36(3), 261-265. Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/Escherichiacoliinbroilerchickens withairsacculitis%20(2).pdf
Mettifogo, E., & Buim, M. R. (2009). Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In L. Revolledo, & A. J. P. Ferreira (Eds.), Patologia aviária (pp. 86-100). Barueri, SP: Editora Manole LTDA.
Michiels, T., Welby, S., Vanrobaeys, M., Quinet, C., Rouffaer, L., Lens, L. Butaye, P. (2016). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium. Journal Avian Pathology, 45(2), 244-252. doi: 101080/03079457.2016.1145354
Minharro, S., Andrade, M. A., Sobestiansky, J., Hintze, F., & Umehara, O. (1999). Alterações anatomopatológicas macroscópicas detectadas em abatedouros de aves sob Inspeção Federal no Estado de Goiás no período de 1995-1997. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2(2), 111-117. Recuperado de https:// repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7859
Minharro, S., Linhares, C. F. G., Andrade, A. M., Rocha, T. P., & Santana, P. A. (2001). Envolvimento de Escherichia coli, de Mycoplasma gallisepticum e de Mycoplasma synoviae em lesões de sacos aéreos em frangos abatidos no estado de Goiás. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2(2), 111-117. Recuperado de https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7859
Moreno, A. M. (2009). Técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico. In L. Revolledo, & A. J. P. Ferreira (Eds.), Patologia aviária (pp. 413-427). Barueri, SP: Editora Manole.
Muhammad, F., Hussain, J., Fareed, S. K., Ahmed Khan, T., Ahmed Khan, S., & Ahmad, A. (2018). Diagnosis of avian Mycoplasmas: a comparison between PCR and culture technique. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(3), 239-244. doi: 10.22092/ari.2017.108217.1085
Nascimento, E. R. (2000). Micoplasmoses. In A. Berchieri Jr., & M. Macari (Eds.), Doenças das aves (PP. 267-281). Campinas: FACTA.
Nascimento, E. R., & Pereira, V. L. A. (2009). Micoplasmoses. In J. Di Fabio, & L. I. Rossini (Eds.), Doenças das aves (pp. 485-500). Campinas: FACTA.
Nascimento, E. R., Pereira, V. L. A., Nascimento, M. G. F., & Barreto, M. L. (2005). Avian mycoplasmosis update. Brazilian Jornal of Poulryt Science, 7(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2005000100001
Onozuka, D., Hashizume, M., & Agihara, A. (2009). Impact of weather factors on Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Thorax, BMJ Journals, 64(6), 507-511. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.111237
Portaria Ministerial n◦193, de setembro de 1994. Institui o Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola (PNSA) e cria o Comitê Consultivo do Programa. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, DF, 22 set de 1994. Recuperado de https://www.defesa.agricultura.sp.gov.br/legislacoes/portaria-mapa-193-de-19-09-1994, 369.html
Rasoulinezhad, S., Bozorgmehrifard, S., Hosseine, H. M., Sheikhi, H., & Charkhkar, S. (2018). Molecular detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from backyard and commercial Turkeys in some parts of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(2), 79-85. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2005000100001
Reis, S., & Nobrega, P. (1955). Tratado de doenças das aves (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Instituto Biológico.
Scherer, A. L., Scherer, J. F., Petry, M. V., & Sander, M. (2011). Occurrence and interaction of wild birds at poultry houses in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 19(1), 74-79.
Sprygin, A. V., Andreychuck, B. D., Kolotilov, N. A., Runina, A. I., Mudrak, S. N., Borisov, V. A.,… Perevozchikova, A. N. (2010). Development of a duplex real-time TaqManPCR assay with an internal control for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from commercial and backyard poultry. Avian Pathology, 39(2), 99-109. doi: 10.1080/0307945100360 4621
StataCorp (2011). Stata Data Analysis Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. Retrieved from http://www.stata.com/
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2021-05-20
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Santos, M. M. dos, Nascimento, E. R. do, Barreto, M. L., Gonçalves, V. S. P., & Santana, Ângela P. (2021). Incidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler flocks at the Federal District of Brazil and its surrounding areas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(4), 2407–2418. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2407
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