Tillage systems and nitrogen timings effect on growth, stay green and grain quality in maize (Zea mays L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl2p3007Keywords:
Chlorophyll contents, Leaf area ratio, Specific leaf area, Grain quality, Nitrogen application timings, Tillage systems.Abstract
Nitrogen (N), being mobile in soil is exposed to various losses owing to unwise use of nitrogen fertilizer, and conventional soil and crop management practices which can be minimized by temporal nitrogen application and different tillage practices. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of different tillage systems and nitrogen timings on growth, stay green and grain quality in maize. Three tillage systems viz. T1: tillage with cultivator, T2: mouldboard plough + 2-cultivations, T3: chisel plough + 2-cultivations; and five nitrogen timings viz. N1: whole at sowing, N2: ½ at sowing+½ at V5 (5-leaf stage), N3: ½ at sowing+½ at tasseling, N4: ½ at V5+½ at tasseling, N5: 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling). Tillage systems and nitrogen application had significant effect on leaf area per plant, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Tillage systems had non-significant effect on stay green and grain quality parameters except for oil contents. However, nitrogen timings had significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and total contents as well as grain quality parameters. The higher a, b and total chlorophyll contents were noted with three splits i.e. 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling compared with other treatments. The results suggest to grow maize by preparing the field through chisel plough and applying N in three splits to improve its growth, chlorophyll contents and grain quality.Downloads
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References
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BENGOUGH, A. G.; MCKENZIE, B. M.; HALLETT, P. D.; VALENTINE, T. A. Root elongation water stress, and mechanical impedance: a review of limiting stresses and beneficial root tip traits. Journal of Experimental Botany, v. 62, n. 1, p. 59-68, 2011. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq350.
BOOMSMA, C. R.; SANTINI, J. B.; TOLLENAAR, M.; VYN, T. J. Maize morphophysiological response to intense crowing and low nitrogen availability: an analysis and review. Agronomy Journal, Madison, v. 101, n. 6, p. 1426-1452, 2009. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2009.0082.
COCIU, A. I.; ALIONTE, E. Yield and some quality traits of winter wheat, maize and soybean, grown in different tillage and deep loosening systems aimed to soil conservation. Romanian Agricultural Research, v. 28, n. 1, p. 109-120, 2011.
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COOMBS, J.; HIND, G.; LEEGOOD, R. C.; TIESZEN, L. L.; VONSHAK, A. Analytical techniques. In: COOMBS, J.; HALL, D. O.; LONG, S. P.; SCURLOCK, J. M. O. (Ed.). Techniques in bio-productivity and photosynthesis. New York: Pergamon Press, 1987. p. 219-227.
D’HAENE, K.; VERMANG, J.; CORNELIS, M. W.; LEROY, B. L. M.; SCHIETTECATTE, W.; NEVE, D. S.; GABRIELS, D.; HOFMAN, G. Reduced tillage effects on physical properties of silt loam soils growing root crops. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 99, n. 2, p. 279-290, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2008.03.003
DINNES, D. L.; KARLEN, D. L.; JAYBES, D. B.; KASPAR, T. C.; HATFIELD, J. L.; COLVIN, T. S.; CAMBARDELLA, C. A. Nitrogen management strategies to reduce nitrate leaching in tile-drained midwestern soils. Agronomy Journal, Madison, v. 94, n. 1, p. 153-171, 2002. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2002.0153
EKELOF, J.; GUAMAN, V.; JENSEN, E. S.; PERSSON, P. Inter-row subsoiling and irrigation increase starch potato yield, phosphorus use efficiency and quality parameters. Potato Research, v. 58, n. 1, p. 15-27, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s11540-014-9261-5
GALLAIS, A.; COQUE, M.; BERTIN, P. Response to selection of a maize population for adaptation to high or low nitrogen fertilization. Maydica, v. 53, n. 1, p. 21-28, 2008.
HALVORSON, A. D.; BRIAN, J. W.; ALFRED, L. B. Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 66, n. 1, p. 906-912, 2002. DOI:
HAMZA, M. A.; ANDERSON, W. K. Soil compaction in cropping systems. A review of the nature causes and possible solutions. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 82, n. 2, p. 121-145, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009
HOU, H. P.; DING, Z. S.; MA, W.; LI, C. F.; ZHAO, M. Yield performance characteristics and regulation effects of plant density and sub-soiling tillage system for high yield population of summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, v. 39, n. 6, p. 1069-1077, 2013. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01069
HOU, X. Q.; LI, R.; JIA, Z. K.; HAN, Q. F.; WANG, W.; YANG, B. P. Effects of rotational tillage practices on soil properties, winter wheat yields and water-use efficiency in semi-arid areas of north-west China. Field Crops Research, v. 129, n. 4, p. 7-13, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021
JABRO, J. D.; STEVENS, W. B.; IVERSEN, W. M.; EVANS, R. G. Tillage depth effects on soil physical properties, sugarbeet yield and sugarbeet quality. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, v. 41, n. 7, p. 908-916, 2010. DOI: 10.1080/00103621003594677
JAMIL, M.; SAJAD, A.; AHMAD, M.; AKHTAR, M. F.; ABBASI, G. H.; ARSHAD, M. Growth, yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) fodder as affected by nitrogen-zinc interaction in arid climate. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v. 52, n. 3, p. 637-643, 2015.
LIANG, J. F.; QI, Q. Z.; JIA X. H., GONG, S. J.; HUANG, Y. F. Effects of different tillage managements on soil properties and corn growth. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, v. 19, n. 4, p. 945-950, 2010.
LIU, K.; WIATRAK, P. Corn production response to tillage and nitrogen application in dryland environment. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 124, n. 8, p. 138-143, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2012.05.017
LOW, N. H. Food analysis, 417/717. Laboratory manual deptt. of Applied Microbiology and Food Science: Uini. Saskatchewan, 1990.
LUPWAYI, N. Z.; LNAFOND, G. P.; ZIADI, N.; GRANT, A. G. Soil microbial response to nitrogen fertilizer and tillage in barley and corn. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 118, n. 1, p. 139-146, 2012. DOI:10.1016/j.still.2011.11.006
MA, B. L.; BISWAS, D. K. Field-level comparison of nitrogen rates and application methods on maize yield, grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency in a humid environment. Journal of Plant Nutrition, v. 39, n. 5, p. 727-741, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2015.1106556
MA, B. L.; BISWAS, D. K. Precision N management for sustainable corn production. In: LICHTFOUSE, E.; GOYAL, A. (Ed.). Sustainable agriculture reviews. New York: Springer Publishing, 2015. Chapter 2, v. 6, p. x-x.
MA, B. L.; LIANG, B.; BISWAS, D. K.; MORRISON, M. J.; MCLAUGHLIN, N. B. The carbon footprint of maize production as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and maize-legume rotations. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem, v. 94, n. 1, p. 15-31, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s10705-012-9522-0
MA, B. L.; WU, T. Y.; TREMBLAY, N.; DEEN, W.; MCLAUGHLIN, N. B.; MORRISON, M. J.; GREGORICH, E. G.; STEWART, G. Nitrous oxide fluxes from corn fields: On-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer. Global Change Biology, v. 16, n. 1, p. 156-170, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01932.x
MAO, Y. Effects of incorrect rotary tillage operation on soil fertilizer protecting and moisture keeping and yield of wheat. Agriculture Development Equipment, v. 2, n. 1, p. 26-27, 2009.
MITCHELL, J. K.; MCISAAC, G. F.; WALKER, S. E.; HIRSHI, M. C. Nitrate in river and subsurface drainage flows from an east central Illinois watershed. Transactions of the ASABE, v. 432, n. x, p. 337-342, 2000. DOI:10.13031/2013.2709
MOSADDEGHI, M. R.; MORSHEDIZAD, M.; MAHBOUBI, A. A.; DEXTER, A. R.; SCHULIN, R. Laboratory evaluation of a model for soil crumbling for prediction of the optimum soil water content for tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 105, n. 2, p. 242-250, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2009.08.005
MUTHUKUMAR, V. B.; VELAYUDHAM, K.; THAVAPRAKASH, N. Effect of plant growth regulators and time of nitrogen application on quality and green cob yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.). Madras Agriculture Journal, v. 92, n. 7-9, p. 545-548, 2005.
OFFICIAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS - AOAC. 15th ed. association of Analytical Chemists Incorporation Virginia, 1990. v. 11.
OLESEN, J. E.; MUNKHOLM, L. J. Subsoil loosening in a crop rotation for organic farming eliminated plough pan with mixed effects on crop yield. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 94, n. 2, p. 376-385, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2006.08.015
SHARMA, P.; ABROL, V.; SHARMA, R. K. Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. European Journal of Agronomy, v. 34, n. 1, p. 46-51, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2010.10.003
SILVA, P. R. F.; STRIEDER, M. L.; COSER, R. P. S.; RAMBO, L.; SANGOI, L.; ARGENTA, G.; FORSTHOFER, E. L.; SILVA, A. A. Grain yield and crude protein content increase of maize hybrids with late nitrogen side-dressing. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 62, n. 5, p. 487-492, 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-90162005000500014
STEEL, R. G. D.; TORRIE, J. H.; DICKEY, D. A. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1997. 666 p.
SUN, X.; DING, Z.; WANG, X.; HOU, H.; ZHOU, B.; YUE, Y. Subsoiling practices change root distribution and increase post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and yield in summer maize. PLoS ONE, San Francisco, v. 12, n. 4, p. e0174952, 2017. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174952
TURNBULL, T. L.; KELLY, N.; ADAMS, M. A.; WARREN, C. R. Within-canopy nitrogen and photosynthetic gradients are unaffected by soil fertility in field-grown Eucalyptus globulus. Tree Physiology, v. 27, n. 11, p. 1607-1617, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/27.11.1607
URIBELARREA, M.; CRAFTS-BRANDNER, S. J.; BELOW, F. E. Physiological N response of field-grown maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with divergent yield potential and grain protein concentration. Plant and Soil, The Hague, v. 316, p. 151-160, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-008-9767-1
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2019-09-30
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Wasaya, A., Tahir, M., Yasir, T. A., Javed, M. M., Raza, M. A., & Akram, M. (2019). Tillage systems and nitrogen timings effect on growth, stay green and grain quality in maize (Zea mays L.). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(6Supl2), 3007–3020. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6Supl2p3007
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