The sky of the Vikings: an ethno-astronomical interpretation of Ockelbo's Runestone (GS 19)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/2237-9126.2013v7n12p97Keywords:
Viking Age Scandinavia, Medieval Ethnoastronomy, Norse Mythology.Abstract
This article proposes some iconographic interpretations for the runestone of Ockelbo (Gs 19), monument erected in Scandinavia during the Viking Age (AD 793-1066). The research proposes an analysis by the Ethnoastronomy, in convergence with studies of comparative mythology and cultural history. Our main hypothesis is that this monument has cosmological and astronomical references, centered on the mythological representation of the Milky Way and constellations correlated to this.References
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BAITY, Elisabeth Chesley. Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy so far. Current Antropology, v. 14, n. 4, p. 389-449, 1973.
BOYER, Régis. Les dieux, les hommes, le destin. In: GLOT, Claudine; LE BRIS, Michel (Dir.). L´Europe des Vikings. Paris: Hoebeke, 2004.
BOYER, Régis. Yggdrasill: la religion des anciens scandinaves. Paris: Payot, 1981.
BYOCK, Jesse. The world tree, Yggdrasill. In: BYOCK, Jesse. The Poetic Edda. London: Penguin Books, 2005. p. xxvi-xxx.
CHEREÁU, Fabien et al. Stellarium 0.11.3, 2012. Disponível em: www.stellarium.org. Acesso em: 14 abr. 2013.
DAVIDSON, Hilda. Deuses e mitos do norte da Europa. São Paulo: Madras, 2004.
DAVIDSON, Hilda. The lost beliefs of Northern Europe. New York: Routledge, 2001.
DÜWELL, Klaus. On the Sigurd representations in Great Britain and Scandinavia. In: JAZAVERY, Mohanmad (Ed.). Languages and cultures: studies in honor of Edgar C. Polomé. New York, 1988. p. 133-156.
ELIADE, Mircea. Tratado de história das religiões. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2010.
ELIADE, Mircea. O xamanismo e as técnicas arcaicas do êxtase. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1998.
FELL, Christine. From Odin to Christ. In: GRAHAM-CAMPBELL, James (Org). The Viking World. London: Frances Lincoln, 2001. p. 172-193.
FRANCO JÚNIOR, Hilário. Os três dedos de Adão: ensaios de mitologia medieval. Modelo e imagem. São Paulo: Edusp, 2010.
FUGLESANG, Signe Horn. Iconographic traditions and models in Scandinavian imagery. In: INTERNATIONAL SAGA CONFERENCE, 13., 2006, Durham.
GOMBRICH, Ernest. Arte e ilusão: um estudo da psicologia da representação pictórica. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2007.
JÓNSSON, Bjorn. The ash of Yggrdasill/Milk Way, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.germanicmythology.com/ASTRONOMY/images/BjornJonssonVikingStarmap.jpg. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2013.
KUPERJANOV, Andres. The churl´s wagon. Folklore: Electronic Journal, Estonian, v. 44, p. 51-60, 2010.
KUPERJANOV, Andres. Pseudomythological constelattion maps. Folklore: Electronic Journal, Estonian, v. 32, p. 37-62. 2006.
KUPERJANOV, Andres. Names in Estonian folk astronomy: from Bird´s way to milk way. Folklore: Electronic Journal, Estonian, v. 22, p. 49-61, 2002.
LANGER, Johnni. O mito do dragão na Escandinávia (Parte três: as sagas e o sistema nibelungiano). Brathair, São Luis, v. 7, n. 2, p. 106-141, 2007.
LANGER, Johnni. As estelas de Gotland e as fontes iconográficas da mitologia Viking. Brathair, São Luis, v. 6, n. 1, p. 10-41, 2006.
MAREZ, Alain. Anthologie runique. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2007.
OGIER, James. Eddic Constellations. Western Michigan University, 2002. Disponível em: http://www.roanoke.edu/forlang/ogier/ EddicConstellations.htm. Acesso em: 8 set. 2012.
ÖVERHOGDAL. Överhogdal. 2002. Disponível em: http://www.overhogdal.se/english.htm. Acesso em: 15 maio 2013.
PERSSON, Jonas. Norse Constellations, 2003. Disponível em: http://www. digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse. html. Acesso em: 15 maio 2013.
RIDPATH, Ian. Astronomia. São Paulo: Zahar, 2011.
ROSS, Margaret Clunies; GADE, Kari. Cosmology and the skaldic poetry. Journal of English and Germanic philology, v. 11, n. 2, p. 199-207, 2012.
SAWYER, Birgit. The Viking-age rune-stones: custom and commemoration in early medieval Scandinavia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
SØRENSEN, Preben Meulengracht. Þorr´s fishing expedition. In: ACKER, Paul; LARRINGTON, Carolyne (Ed.). The Poetic Edda: essays on Old Norse mythology. New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 119-138.
STEPHANY, Timothy J. Yggdrasill and Ymir´s skull: the cosmology of Nordic myth, 2007. Disponível em: http://timothystephany.com/papers/Article12-Cosmology.pdf. Acesso em: 15 out. 2012.
STEPHANY, Timothy J. Ancient Skies of the Northern Europe: stars, constelattions, and the Moon in Nordic mythology, 2006. Disponível em: http://timothystephany.com/ papers/Article01-NightSky.pdf. Acesso em: 15 out. 2012.
STERN, Marjolein. Sigurð Fáfnisbani as commemorative motif. In: NEY, Agneta et al. (Ed.). Á autrvega: saga and East Scandinavia. Gävle: Gävle University Press, 2009. p. 898- 905.
VERDET, Jean-Pierre. O céu: mistério, magia e mito. São Paulo: Objetiva, 1987.
TIRION, Wil; RIDPATH, Ian. Guía de las estrellas y los planetas de los hemisférios norte y sul. Barcelona: Ediciones Omega, 1986.
WARD, Cristie. Viking Age Star and Constellation Names. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/stars.shtml. Acesso em: 10 out. 2012.
WELLENDORF, Jonas. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in Old Norse cosmology. In: ANDRÉN, Anders et al. (Ed.). Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2004. p. 50-53.
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