Homo Corruptus : Por uma história política de Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos (c. 1058)

Leandro Duarte Rust

doi:10.5433/1984-3356.2022v15n29p097-126

Autores

Leandro Duarte Rust Universidade de Brasília

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5433/1984-3356.2022v15n29p097-126

Palavras-chave:

História Política, Papado Medieval

Resumo

Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre o primeiro livro de Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos, obra composta pelo cardeal Humberto da Silva Cândida por volta de 1058 e um dos mais conhecidos documentos latinos do século XI. Tem por objetivo revisitar um antigo problema historiográfico: sondar a identidade e a relevância histórica do corruptor, personagem que aparece exclusivamente no primeiro dos três livros. Adotando o conceito de “encaixe discursivo” proposto por Michel Pêcheux, articulo a hipótese de que a figura do corruptor demarca um efeito ideológico sistemático como veículo de um posicionamento no interior de uma competição intra-institucional pela hegemonia papal.

Métricas

Carregando Métricas ...

Biografia do Autor

Leandro Duarte Rust, Universidade de Brasília

Doutor em História pela UFF. Professor da UnB.

Referências

ALLODI, Leoni; LEVI, Guido. Il regesto sublacense del secolo XI. Roma: Reale Società Romana di Storia Patria, 1885.

BALDISSONE, Ricardo. Mystical bodies and bodies of law: on juridical theology and the (re)foundations of the west. In: CARPI, Daniela; LEIBOFF, Marett (ed.). Fables of the law: fairy tales in a legal context. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. p. 111-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110496680-007

BENERICETTI, Ruggero. La cronología dei Papi della seconda metà del secolo XI nelle carte ravennati e romagnole. Archivum Historia e Pontificiae, Roma, v. 40, p. 37-52, 2002.

BEOLCHINI, Valeria. Tusculum II: tuscolo, una roccaforte dinastica a controllo della Valle latina fonti storiche e dati archeologici. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2006.

BLUMENTHAL, Uta-Renate. Humbert von Silva Candida. In: MÜLLER, Gerhard (ed.). Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020. v. 15, p. 682-685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110867978-121

BLUMENTHAL, Uta-Renate. Pope Gregory VII and the prohibition of nicolaism. In: FRASSETTO, Michael (ed.). Medieval purity and piety: essays on medieval clerical celibacy and religious reform. Nova York: Garland Publishing, 1998. p. 239-240.

BONNICI, Thomas (Ed.) Amatus de Montecassino. A História dos Normandos c. 1086 EC. Maringá: Edições Diálogos, 2021.

BOVO, Claudia. A circulação epistolar sobre a controvérsia azimista entre cristãos latinos e bizantinos (1053-1054). Revista Historias del Orbis Terrarum, Santiago de Chile, v. 26, p. 12-32, 2021. Disponível em: http://www.orbisterrarum.cl/. Acesso em: 5 maio 2022.

BOVO, Claudia. Monastic networks in eleventh-century Italy: the early stages of Peter Damian’s epistolography (1044-1046). Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia, Milano, v. 71, n. 2, p. 411-426, 2017.

BOVO, Claudia. O combate à simonia na correspondência de Pedro Damiano: uma retórica reformadora do século XI? Anos 90, Porto Alegre, v. 20, n. 38, p. 75-101, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1983-201X.40384

BRESSLAU, Heinrich; KEHR, Paulus (ed.). Die Urkunden der Deutschen könige und kaiser. Berlin: Weidmannsche Bucchhandlung, 1931. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_dd_h_iii/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.

CANTARELLA, Glauco. Il Papato e la reforma ecclesiastica del seccolo XI. In: D'ACUNTO, Nicolangelo (a cura di). Riforma o restaurazione?: La cristianità nel passaggio dal primo al secondo millennio persistenze e novità. Verona: Gabrielli Editori, 2006. p. 29-52.

HUMBERTUS CARDINALIS,. Humberti Cardinalis Contra Simoniacos 1001-1100. Firenze: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 2015. Disponível em: http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOHyw6zI1A4r7GxMByb&c=Humberti%20Cardinalis%20contra%20Simoniacos#/book. Acesso em: 09 maio 2022.

CHACÓN, Alfonso. Vitae et res gestae pontificvm romanorvm et S. R. E. cardinalivm: ab initio nafcentisecclefiaevfque ad Vrbanum VIII P. M. Roma: TypisVaticanis, 1630. (Vitae et res gestae pontificvm romanorvm et S. R. E. cardinalivm, tomo 1).

CHADWICK, Henry. East and West: the making of a rift in the church from apostolic times until the council of Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

CIPRIANO DE CARTAGO, Sancti Thascii Caecilli. Liber de unitate ecclesiae. In: HAMMAN, Adalbert G.; MIGNE, Jacques-Paul (ed.). Patrologia Cursus Completus: serie Latina.Turnhout: Brepols, 1844. v. 4. Disponível em: https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecursu04hammuoft. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

COWDREY, Herbert Edward John. Popes and church reform in the 11th century. Ashgate: Variorum, 2000.

CRISTOFORI, Francesco. Storia dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa dal secolo V all'anno del Signore 1888. Roma: Propaganda Fide, 1888.

CURTIUS, Ernest Robert. Literatura europeia e idade média latina. 3. ed. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2013.

CUSHING, Kathleen G. Law and disputation in eleventh-century libelli de lite. In: EICHBAUER, Melodie H.; SUMMERLIN, Danica (ed.). The use of canon law in ecclesiastical administration 1000–1234. Leiden: Brill, 2019. p. 185-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387249_011

DAMIAN, Peter. Letters 31-60. Translated Owen J. Blum. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1990. (The fathers of the church mediaeval continuation, v. 2).

DIEM, Albrecht. The pursuit of salvation: community, space, and discipline in early medieval monasticism. Turnholt: Brepols, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.DM-EB.5.120300

DINKOVA-BRUUN, Greti. Nummus falsus: the perception of counterfeitmoney in the eleventh and early twelfthcentury. In: GASPER, Giles E. M.; GULLBEKK, Svein H. (ed.). Money and thechurch in medieval europe1000-1200: practice, morality and thought. Nova York: Routledge, 2016. p. 77-92.

DÜMMLER, Ernst. Monvmenta germaniae historica. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1891. v. 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(568)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.

FLICHE, Augustin. La réforme Grégorienne: la formation des idées grégoriennes. Belgium: Peeters Publishers, 1924. (Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense; v. 6).

FLICHE, Augustin. Le Cardinal Humbert de Moyenmoutier: étude sur les origines de la Réforme Grégorienne. Revue Historique, Paris, v. 119, n. 1, p. 41-76, 1915.

FORNASARI, Giuseppe. Medioevo riformato del secolo XI: Pier Damiani e Gregorio VII. Nápoles: Liguori, 1996.

FRANCKE, Kuno (ed.). Gesta Romana e Aecclesiae contra Hildebrandum I. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii hahniani, 1892. v. 2. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_2/index.htm#page/379/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

FÜRST, Carl. I cardinalati non romani. In: SETTIMANA INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDIO. 6., 1972, Milano. ATTI […]. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 1972. p. 183-198. (Le Istituzioni Ecclesiastiche della “Societas Christiana” dei secoli XI-XI).

GALLE, Christoph. Raban Maur’s sermon collections and their sources: a study of the manuscripts from the monastery in Fulda. Medieval Sermon Studies, [S. l.], v. 62, n. 1, p. 61-81, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13660691.2018.1520995

GAUMER, Matthew Alan. Augustine’s Cyprian: authority in RomanAfrica. Leiden: Brill, 2016. (Brill's Series in Church History; v. 73). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004312647

GILCHRIST, John Thomas. Cardinal Humbert of Silva-Candida (d. 1061). Annuale Medievale, Pittsburgh, v. 3, p. 29-42, 1962a.

GILCHRIST, John Thomas. Humbert of Silva-Candida and the political concept of ecclesia in the eleventh century reform movement. Journal of Religious History, Australia, v. 2, n. 1, p. 13-28, 1962b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1962.tb00781.x

GLEDHILL, Michael. Peter Damian and ‘the world’: asceticism, reform and society in eleventh-century Italy. 2012. Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – King’s College London, 2012. Disponível em: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/12614139/Studentthesis-Michael_Gledhill_2012.pdf. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.

HALFMANN, Hermann von. Cardinal Humbert: sein Leben und seine Werke, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Traktates: “Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos”. Göttingen: Dieterich, 1883.

HAMILTON, Sarah. Educating the Local Clergy, c.900- c.1150. Studies in Church History, Cambridge, v. 55, p. 83-113, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/stc.2018.16

HEINEMANN, L. de (ed.). Petri Carassi Defensio Heinrici IV Regis. 1891a. v 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(432)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.

HEINEMANN, L. de (ed.). Pseudo-UdalriciEpistola de Continentia Clericorum. 1891b. v 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(254)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.

HOWARD, Ryan. Unstoppable Force and Immovable Object: the great schism of 1054. Tenor of Our Times, Searcy, v. 1, p. 64-79, 2012. Disponível em: https://scholarworks.harding.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=tenor. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

HOWE, John. Did St. Peter Damian Die in 1073? a new perspective onhis Final Days. Analecta Bollandiana, Belgium, v. 128, n. 1, p. 67-86, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102054

HÜLS, Rudolf. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms 1049-1130. Tünbigen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1977.

HUMBERTO DE SILVA C NDIDA. Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos. In: ROBISON, Elaine Golden. Humberti Cardinalis Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos: a critical edition with an introductory essay and notes. 1971.Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – Princeton University, Princeton, 1972.

JAFFÉ, Philippus (Ed.). Regesta Pontificum Romanorum. Leipzig: Veit et Comp., 1885, t. 1.

JASPER, Kathryn L. Peter Damian and the Communication of Local Reform. The Catholic Historical Review, Washington, v. 104, n. 2, p. 197-222, 2018. Disponível em: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/701931/pdf. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.2018.0024

KALDELLIS, Anthony. Keroularios in 1054: nonconfrontation to the papal legates and loyalto the emperor. In: CHRISSIS, Nikolaos G.; KOLIA-DERMITZAKI, Athina; PAPAGEORGIOU, Angeliki (ed.). Byzantium and the west perception and reality (11th–15th c.). Londres: Routledge, 2019. p. 9-24.

KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Aemiliasive provincia Ravennas. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906a. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertoriumprivilegiorum et literarum a romanispontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 5).

KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Latium. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906b. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertoriumprivilegiorum et literarum a romanispontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 2).

KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Roma. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906c. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertorium privilegior um et literarum a romanis pontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 1).

KRAUSE, Hans-Georg; JASPER, Detlev; LUKAS, Veronika (ed.). Die Touler Vita Leos IX. 2007. v. 70. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_70/index.htm#page/III/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

KRAUTHEIMER, Richard. Rome: profile of a city 312-1308. Nova Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980.

LADNER, Gehart Burian. Theologie und Politikvor dem Investiturstreit: Abendmahlstreit, Kirchenreform, Cluniund Heinrich III. Darmstadt: WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft, 1968.

LECLERCQ, Jean. O amor às letras e o desejo de Deus. São Paulo: Paulus, 2012.

MALEGAM, Jehangir. The Sleep of Behemoth: disputing Peace and Violence in Medieval Europe 1000-1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801467899

MATHES, Fulgentius. Varying Concepts of Simony During the Gregorian Reform: Cardinals Humbert and Deusdedit. 1943. Dissertation (Master of Arts) – Fordham University, Nova York, 1943.

MAYNE, Richard. East and West in 1054. The Cambridge Historical Journal, Cambridge, v. 11, n. 2, p. 133-148, 1954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474691300002833

MCCREADY, William D. Odiosa Sanctitas: St. Peter Damian, Simony, and Reform. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2011.

MCQUILLAN, Stephen. The Political Development of Rome: 1012-1085. New York: University Press of America, Maryland, 2002.

MELVE, Leidufl. Inventing the Public Sphere: thepublic debate during the Investiture Contest. Leiden: Brill, 2007. v 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158849.i-776

MILLER, Maureen C. The Crisis in the Investiture Crisis Narrative. History Compass, London, v. 7, n. 6, p. 1570-1580, 2009. Disponível em: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00645.x. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00645.x

MILLS, David Forest. Extra ecclesiam nulla salus: the relations hip between Ecclesiology and Soteriology for Cyprian of Carthage. 2021. Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, 2021. Disnponível em: https://www.proquest.com/openview/390f62b3b5496a7368d65ad1d16ea181/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

MORATORI, Antônio Lodovico (ed.). Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Milão: Societatis Palatinae, 1725. v. 1, parte 2. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5319453791&view=1up&seq=5. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

MORATORI, Antônio Lodovico (ed.). Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Milão: Societatis Palatinae, 1738, v. 24. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5326828986&view=1up&seq=11. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

MORGHEN, Raffaelo. Medioevo Cristiano. Bari: GiusLaterzae Figli,1962.

MUNIER, Charles. Le Pape Léon IX et la Réforme de l’Église 1002-1054. Roma: Signe, 2002.

CIPRIANO DE CARTAGO, Minucci Felicis. Epistola S. Cypriani ad Jubaianum: de Haereticis Baptizandis. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia Cursus Completus: Serie Latina. Turnhout: Brepols, 1844. v 3. Disponível em: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=DiBAAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PARTNER, Peter. The Lands of St Peter: the papal state in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. California: University of California Press, 1972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520322585

PÊCHEUX, Michel. Semântica e discurso. Campinas: Editora Unicamp, 2009.

PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Ex Widrici Miraculis S. Gerardi auctore Widrico. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1841. v. 4. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_4/index.htm#page/(V)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1849a. v. 5. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/index.htm#page/67/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Lamberti Hersfeldensis Annales. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1849b. v. 5. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/index.htm#page/134/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Notae Sancti Emmerani. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1861. v. 17. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_17/index.htm#page/572/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PERTZ, Gerog (ed.). Annales Minores Italiae. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1838. v. 3. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_18/index.htm#page/(V)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

PIVETTA, Mirco. Martini Bracarensis: formula vitae honestae. 2020. Tesi (Magistrale in Scienzedelle Antichità) – Università Ca’Foscari. Veneza, 2020. Disponível em: http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/18908/856025-1244704.pdf?sequence=2.Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

REINDEL, Kurt. Die Briefe Des Petrus Damiani. 1988. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_briefe_d_dt_kaiserzeit_4_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

REINDEL, Kurt. Liber Gratissimus (Ep. 40). 1983. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_briefe_d_dt_kaiserzeit_4_1/index.htm#page/384/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

ROBINSON, Ian Stuart. Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496592

ROBINSON, Ian Stuart. Eleventh-Century Germany: the Swabian Chronicles. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526112828

ROBISON, Elaine Golden. Humberti Cardinalis Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos: a critical edition with an introductory essay and notes. 1971.Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – Princeton University, Princeton, 1972.

RUNCIMAN, Steven. The Eastern Schism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.

RYAN, John Joseph. Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida and Auxilius: the “anonymous adversary” of liber i adversus simoniacos. Medieval Studies, Toronto, v. 13, p. 218-223, 1951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.305916

SACKUR, Ernst. Brunonis Episcopi Signini Libelus de Symoniacis. 1897. v. 2. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_2/index.htm#page/542/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

SALTET, Louis. Les Réordinations: étude sur le sacrement de l'ordre. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1907.

SMITH, Andrew. Pope Leo IX: a reforming pope? History Compass, London, v. 17, n. 9, p. 1-13, 2019. Disponível em: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12588. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12588

STOLLER, Michael Edward. Schism in the Reform Papacy: the documents and councils of the Antipopes 1061-1121. 1985. Thesis (Doctorate in Arts and Science) – Columbia University, New York, 1985.

STROLL, Mary. Popes and Antipopes: the politics of Eleventh Century Church Reform. Leiden: Brill, 2012. (Studies in the History of Christian Traditions; v. 159). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226197

TELLENBACH, Gerd. Church, State and Christian Society at the time of the Investiture Contest. Nova York: Harper Torch books, 1959.

THANER, Friederich. Humberti Cardinalis Libri III Adversus Simoniacos. 1891. v. 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(95)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

VOLLRATH, Hanna. The Wester Empire under the Salians. In: LUSCOMBE, David; RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. v. 4. p. 38-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111.004

VON ROHR, John. Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus: an Early Congregational Version. Church History, Cambridge, v. 36, n. 2, p. 107-121, 1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3162449

WATTENBACH, W. (ed.). Leonis Marsicani et Petri Diaconi Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1846. v. 7. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_7/index.htm#page/551/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.

WEST, Charles. Competing for the Holy Spirit: Humbert of Moyenmoutier and the question of Simony. In: DEPREUX, Philippe; BOUGARD, François; LE JAN, Regine (ed.). Compétition et Sacré au Haut Moyen ge: entre méditation et exclusion. Turnhout: Brepols, 2015. p. 347-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.HAMA-EB.5.107359

WHALEN, Brett. Rethinking the Schism of 1054: authority, heresy, and the Latin rite. Traditio: studies in ancient and medieval history, thought and religion. New York, v. 62. 2007. Disponível em: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5DD029378209D589C69471CBCFFE8F1C/S0362152900000519a.pdf/rethinking-the-schism-of-1054-authority-heresy-and-the-latin-rite.pdf. Acesso em: 5 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0362152900000519

WHALEN, Brett Edward. Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054806

WHITNEY, J. P. Hildebrandine Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.

WILL, Cornelius. Acta et Scripta Quae de Controversiis Ecclesiae Graecae et Latinae. Leipzig: N. G. Elwerti, 1861. Disponível em: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=VxxKAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR#v=thumbnail&q&f=false. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022