Homo Corruptus
Por uma história política de Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos (c. 1058)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1984-3356.2022v15n29p097-126Keywords:
História Política, Papado MedievalAbstract
Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre o primeiro livro de Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos, obra composta pelo cardeal Humberto da Silva Cândida por volta de 1058 e um dos mais conhecidos documentos latinos do século XI. Tem por objetivo revisitar um antigo problema historiográfico: sondar a identidade e a relevância histórica do corruptor, personagem que aparece exclusivamente no primeiro dos três livros. Adotando o conceito de “encaixe discursivo” proposto por Michel Pêcheux, articulo a hipótese de que a figura do corruptor demarca um efeito ideológico sistemático como veículo de um posicionamento no interior de uma competição intra-institucional pela hegemonia papal.
Downloads
References
ALLODI, Leoni; LEVI, Guido. Il regesto sublacense del secolo XI. Roma: Reale Società Romana di Storia Patria, 1885.
BALDISSONE, Ricardo. Mystical bodies and bodies of law: on juridical theology and the (re)foundations of the west. In: CARPI, Daniela; LEIBOFF, Marett (ed.). Fables of the law: fairy tales in a legal context. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. p. 111-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110496680-007
BENERICETTI, Ruggero. La cronología dei Papi della seconda metà del secolo XI nelle carte ravennati e romagnole. Archivum Historia e Pontificiae, Roma, v. 40, p. 37-52, 2002.
BEOLCHINI, Valeria. Tusculum II: tuscolo, una roccaforte dinastica a controllo della Valle latina fonti storiche e dati archeologici. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2006.
BLUMENTHAL, Uta-Renate. Humbert von Silva Candida. In: MÜLLER, Gerhard (ed.). Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020. v. 15, p. 682-685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110867978-121
BLUMENTHAL, Uta-Renate. Pope Gregory VII and the prohibition of nicolaism. In: FRASSETTO, Michael (ed.). Medieval purity and piety: essays on medieval clerical celibacy and religious reform. Nova York: Garland Publishing, 1998. p. 239-240.
BONNICI, Thomas (Ed.) Amatus de Montecassino. A História dos Normandos c. 1086 EC. Maringá: Edições Diálogos, 2021.
BOVO, Claudia. A circulação epistolar sobre a controvérsia azimista entre cristãos latinos e bizantinos (1053-1054). Revista Historias del Orbis Terrarum, Santiago de Chile, v. 26, p. 12-32, 2021. Disponível em: http://www.orbisterrarum.cl/. Acesso em: 5 maio 2022.
BOVO, Claudia. Monastic networks in eleventh-century Italy: the early stages of Peter Damian’s epistolography (1044-1046). Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia, Milano, v. 71, n. 2, p. 411-426, 2017.
BOVO, Claudia. O combate à simonia na correspondência de Pedro Damiano: uma retórica reformadora do século XI? Anos 90, Porto Alegre, v. 20, n. 38, p. 75-101, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1983-201X.40384
BRESSLAU, Heinrich; KEHR, Paulus (ed.). Die Urkunden der Deutschen könige und kaiser. Berlin: Weidmannsche Bucchhandlung, 1931. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_dd_h_iii/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.
CANTARELLA, Glauco. Il Papato e la reforma ecclesiastica del seccolo XI. In: D'ACUNTO, Nicolangelo (a cura di). Riforma o restaurazione?: La cristianità nel passaggio dal primo al secondo millennio persistenze e novità. Verona: Gabrielli Editori, 2006. p. 29-52.
HUMBERTUS CARDINALIS,. Humberti Cardinalis Contra Simoniacos 1001-1100. Firenze: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 2015. Disponível em: http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOHyw6zI1A4r7GxMByb&c=Humberti%20Cardinalis%20contra%20Simoniacos#/book. Acesso em: 09 maio 2022.
CHACÓN, Alfonso. Vitae et res gestae pontificvm romanorvm et S. R. E. cardinalivm: ab initio nafcentisecclefiaevfque ad Vrbanum VIII P. M. Roma: TypisVaticanis, 1630. (Vitae et res gestae pontificvm romanorvm et S. R. E. cardinalivm, tomo 1).
CHADWICK, Henry. East and West: the making of a rift in the church from apostolic times until the council of Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
CIPRIANO DE CARTAGO, Sancti Thascii Caecilli. Liber de unitate ecclesiae. In: HAMMAN, Adalbert G.; MIGNE, Jacques-Paul (ed.). Patrologia Cursus Completus: serie Latina.Turnhout: Brepols, 1844. v. 4. Disponível em: https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecursu04hammuoft. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
COWDREY, Herbert Edward John. Popes and church reform in the 11th century. Ashgate: Variorum, 2000.
CRISTOFORI, Francesco. Storia dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa dal secolo V all'anno del Signore 1888. Roma: Propaganda Fide, 1888.
CURTIUS, Ernest Robert. Literatura europeia e idade média latina. 3. ed. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2013.
CUSHING, Kathleen G. Law and disputation in eleventh-century libelli de lite. In: EICHBAUER, Melodie H.; SUMMERLIN, Danica (ed.). The use of canon law in ecclesiastical administration 1000–1234. Leiden: Brill, 2019. p. 185-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387249_011
DAMIAN, Peter. Letters 31-60. Translated Owen J. Blum. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1990. (The fathers of the church mediaeval continuation, v. 2).
DIEM, Albrecht. The pursuit of salvation: community, space, and discipline in early medieval monasticism. Turnholt: Brepols, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.DM-EB.5.120300
DINKOVA-BRUUN, Greti. Nummus falsus: the perception of counterfeitmoney in the eleventh and early twelfthcentury. In: GASPER, Giles E. M.; GULLBEKK, Svein H. (ed.). Money and thechurch in medieval europe1000-1200: practice, morality and thought. Nova York: Routledge, 2016. p. 77-92.
DÜMMLER, Ernst. Monvmenta germaniae historica. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1891. v. 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(568)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.
FLICHE, Augustin. La réforme Grégorienne: la formation des idées grégoriennes. Belgium: Peeters Publishers, 1924. (Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense; v. 6).
FLICHE, Augustin. Le Cardinal Humbert de Moyenmoutier: étude sur les origines de la Réforme Grégorienne. Revue Historique, Paris, v. 119, n. 1, p. 41-76, 1915.
FORNASARI, Giuseppe. Medioevo riformato del secolo XI: Pier Damiani e Gregorio VII. Nápoles: Liguori, 1996.
FRANCKE, Kuno (ed.). Gesta Romana e Aecclesiae contra Hildebrandum I. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii hahniani, 1892. v. 2. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_2/index.htm#page/379/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
FÜRST, Carl. I cardinalati non romani. In: SETTIMANA INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDIO. 6., 1972, Milano. ATTI […]. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 1972. p. 183-198. (Le Istituzioni Ecclesiastiche della “Societas Christiana” dei secoli XI-XI).
GALLE, Christoph. Raban Maur’s sermon collections and their sources: a study of the manuscripts from the monastery in Fulda. Medieval Sermon Studies, [S. l.], v. 62, n. 1, p. 61-81, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13660691.2018.1520995
GAUMER, Matthew Alan. Augustine’s Cyprian: authority in RomanAfrica. Leiden: Brill, 2016. (Brill's Series in Church History; v. 73). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004312647
GILCHRIST, John Thomas. Cardinal Humbert of Silva-Candida (d. 1061). Annuale Medievale, Pittsburgh, v. 3, p. 29-42, 1962a.
GILCHRIST, John Thomas. Humbert of Silva-Candida and the political concept of ecclesia in the eleventh century reform movement. Journal of Religious History, Australia, v. 2, n. 1, p. 13-28, 1962b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1962.tb00781.x
GLEDHILL, Michael. Peter Damian and ‘the world’: asceticism, reform and society in eleventh-century Italy. 2012. Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – King’s College London, 2012. Disponível em: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/12614139/Studentthesis-Michael_Gledhill_2012.pdf. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.
HALFMANN, Hermann von. Cardinal Humbert: sein Leben und seine Werke, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Traktates: “Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos”. Göttingen: Dieterich, 1883.
HAMILTON, Sarah. Educating the Local Clergy, c.900- c.1150. Studies in Church History, Cambridge, v. 55, p. 83-113, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/stc.2018.16
HEINEMANN, L. de (ed.). Petri Carassi Defensio Heinrici IV Regis. 1891a. v 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(432)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.
HEINEMANN, L. de (ed.). Pseudo-UdalriciEpistola de Continentia Clericorum. 1891b. v 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(254)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 6 maio 2022.
HOWARD, Ryan. Unstoppable Force and Immovable Object: the great schism of 1054. Tenor of Our Times, Searcy, v. 1, p. 64-79, 2012. Disponível em: https://scholarworks.harding.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=tenor. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
HOWE, John. Did St. Peter Damian Die in 1073? a new perspective onhis Final Days. Analecta Bollandiana, Belgium, v. 128, n. 1, p. 67-86, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102054
HÜLS, Rudolf. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms 1049-1130. Tünbigen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1977.
HUMBERTO DE SILVA C NDIDA. Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos. In: ROBISON, Elaine Golden. Humberti Cardinalis Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos: a critical edition with an introductory essay and notes. 1971.Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – Princeton University, Princeton, 1972.
JAFFÉ, Philippus (Ed.). Regesta Pontificum Romanorum. Leipzig: Veit et Comp., 1885, t. 1.
JASPER, Kathryn L. Peter Damian and the Communication of Local Reform. The Catholic Historical Review, Washington, v. 104, n. 2, p. 197-222, 2018. Disponível em: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/701931/pdf. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.2018.0024
KALDELLIS, Anthony. Keroularios in 1054: nonconfrontation to the papal legates and loyalto the emperor. In: CHRISSIS, Nikolaos G.; KOLIA-DERMITZAKI, Athina; PAPAGEORGIOU, Angeliki (ed.). Byzantium and the west perception and reality (11th–15th c.). Londres: Routledge, 2019. p. 9-24.
KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Aemiliasive provincia Ravennas. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906a. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertoriumprivilegiorum et literarum a romanispontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 5).
KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Latium. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906b. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertoriumprivilegiorum et literarum a romanispontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 2).
KEHR, Paul Fridolin (ed.). Italia Pontificia: Roma. Berolini: Weidmann, 1906c. (Italia pontificia: sive, Repertorium privilegior um et literarum a romanis pontificibus ante annum 1188 Italiaeecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatiuussingulisquepersonisconcessorum; v. 1).
KRAUSE, Hans-Georg; JASPER, Detlev; LUKAS, Veronika (ed.). Die Touler Vita Leos IX. 2007. v. 70. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_70/index.htm#page/III/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
KRAUTHEIMER, Richard. Rome: profile of a city 312-1308. Nova Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980.
LADNER, Gehart Burian. Theologie und Politikvor dem Investiturstreit: Abendmahlstreit, Kirchenreform, Cluniund Heinrich III. Darmstadt: WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft, 1968.
LECLERCQ, Jean. O amor às letras e o desejo de Deus. São Paulo: Paulus, 2012.
MALEGAM, Jehangir. The Sleep of Behemoth: disputing Peace and Violence in Medieval Europe 1000-1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801467899
MATHES, Fulgentius. Varying Concepts of Simony During the Gregorian Reform: Cardinals Humbert and Deusdedit. 1943. Dissertation (Master of Arts) – Fordham University, Nova York, 1943.
MAYNE, Richard. East and West in 1054. The Cambridge Historical Journal, Cambridge, v. 11, n. 2, p. 133-148, 1954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474691300002833
MCCREADY, William D. Odiosa Sanctitas: St. Peter Damian, Simony, and Reform. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2011.
MCQUILLAN, Stephen. The Political Development of Rome: 1012-1085. New York: University Press of America, Maryland, 2002.
MELVE, Leidufl. Inventing the Public Sphere: thepublic debate during the Investiture Contest. Leiden: Brill, 2007. v 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158849.i-776
MILLER, Maureen C. The Crisis in the Investiture Crisis Narrative. History Compass, London, v. 7, n. 6, p. 1570-1580, 2009. Disponível em: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00645.x. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00645.x
MILLS, David Forest. Extra ecclesiam nulla salus: the relations hip between Ecclesiology and Soteriology for Cyprian of Carthage. 2021. Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, 2021. Disnponível em: https://www.proquest.com/openview/390f62b3b5496a7368d65ad1d16ea181/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
MORATORI, Antônio Lodovico (ed.). Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Milão: Societatis Palatinae, 1725. v. 1, parte 2. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5319453791&view=1up&seq=5. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
MORATORI, Antônio Lodovico (ed.). Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Milão: Societatis Palatinae, 1738, v. 24. Disponível em: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5326828986&view=1up&seq=11. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
MORGHEN, Raffaelo. Medioevo Cristiano. Bari: GiusLaterzae Figli,1962.
MUNIER, Charles. Le Pape Léon IX et la Réforme de l’Église 1002-1054. Roma: Signe, 2002.
CIPRIANO DE CARTAGO, Minucci Felicis. Epistola S. Cypriani ad Jubaianum: de Haereticis Baptizandis. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia Cursus Completus: Serie Latina. Turnhout: Brepols, 1844. v 3. Disponível em: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=DiBAAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PARTNER, Peter. The Lands of St Peter: the papal state in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. California: University of California Press, 1972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520322585
PÊCHEUX, Michel. Semântica e discurso. Campinas: Editora Unicamp, 2009.
PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Ex Widrici Miraculis S. Gerardi auctore Widrico. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1841. v. 4. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_4/index.htm#page/(V)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Herimanni Augiensis Chronicon. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1849a. v. 5. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/index.htm#page/67/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Lamberti Hersfeldensis Annales. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1849b. v. 5. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/index.htm#page/134/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PERTZ, Georg (ed.). Notae Sancti Emmerani. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1861. v. 17. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_17/index.htm#page/572/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PERTZ, Gerog (ed.). Annales Minores Italiae. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, 1838. v. 3. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_18/index.htm#page/(V)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
PIVETTA, Mirco. Martini Bracarensis: formula vitae honestae. 2020. Tesi (Magistrale in Scienzedelle Antichità) – Università Ca’Foscari. Veneza, 2020. Disponível em: http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/18908/856025-1244704.pdf?sequence=2.Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
REINDEL, Kurt. Die Briefe Des Petrus Damiani. 1988. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_briefe_d_dt_kaiserzeit_4_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
REINDEL, Kurt. Liber Gratissimus (Ep. 40). 1983. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_briefe_d_dt_kaiserzeit_4_1/index.htm#page/384/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
ROBINSON, Ian Stuart. Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496592
ROBINSON, Ian Stuart. Eleventh-Century Germany: the Swabian Chronicles. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526112828
ROBISON, Elaine Golden. Humberti Cardinalis Libri Tres Adversus Simoniacos: a critical edition with an introductory essay and notes. 1971.Thesis (Doctorate in Philosophy) – Princeton University, Princeton, 1972.
RUNCIMAN, Steven. The Eastern Schism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
RYAN, John Joseph. Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida and Auxilius: the “anonymous adversary” of liber i adversus simoniacos. Medieval Studies, Toronto, v. 13, p. 218-223, 1951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.305916
SACKUR, Ernst. Brunonis Episcopi Signini Libelus de Symoniacis. 1897. v. 2. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_2/index.htm#page/542/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
SALTET, Louis. Les Réordinations: étude sur le sacrement de l'ordre. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1907.
SMITH, Andrew. Pope Leo IX: a reforming pope? History Compass, London, v. 17, n. 9, p. 1-13, 2019. Disponível em: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12588. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12588
STOLLER, Michael Edward. Schism in the Reform Papacy: the documents and councils of the Antipopes 1061-1121. 1985. Thesis (Doctorate in Arts and Science) – Columbia University, New York, 1985.
STROLL, Mary. Popes and Antipopes: the politics of Eleventh Century Church Reform. Leiden: Brill, 2012. (Studies in the History of Christian Traditions; v. 159). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226197
TELLENBACH, Gerd. Church, State and Christian Society at the time of the Investiture Contest. Nova York: Harper Torch books, 1959.
THANER, Friederich. Humberti Cardinalis Libri III Adversus Simoniacos. 1891. v. 1. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ldl_1/index.htm#page/(95)/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
VOLLRATH, Hanna. The Wester Empire under the Salians. In: LUSCOMBE, David; RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. v. 4. p. 38-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111.004
VON ROHR, John. Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus: an Early Congregational Version. Church History, Cambridge, v. 36, n. 2, p. 107-121, 1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3162449
WATTENBACH, W. (ed.). Leonis Marsicani et Petri Diaconi Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1846. v. 7. Disponível em: https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_7/index.htm#page/551/mode/1up. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022.
WEST, Charles. Competing for the Holy Spirit: Humbert of Moyenmoutier and the question of Simony. In: DEPREUX, Philippe; BOUGARD, François; LE JAN, Regine (ed.). Compétition et Sacré au Haut Moyen ge: entre méditation et exclusion. Turnhout: Brepols, 2015. p. 347-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.HAMA-EB.5.107359
WHALEN, Brett. Rethinking the Schism of 1054: authority, heresy, and the Latin rite. Traditio: studies in ancient and medieval history, thought and religion. New York, v. 62. 2007. Disponível em: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5DD029378209D589C69471CBCFFE8F1C/S0362152900000519a.pdf/rethinking-the-schism-of-1054-authority-heresy-and-the-latin-rite.pdf. Acesso em: 5 maio 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0362152900000519
WHALEN, Brett Edward. Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054806
WHITNEY, J. P. Hildebrandine Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.
WILL, Cornelius. Acta et Scripta Quae de Controversiis Ecclesiae Graecae et Latinae. Leipzig: N. G. Elwerti, 1861. Disponível em: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=VxxKAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR#v=thumbnail&q&f=false. Acesso em: 9 maio 2022
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Antíteses
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal reserves the copyright on the contributions published, without material compensation for the author, and may make them available online in Open Access mode, through its own system or other databases; you can also make normative, orthographic and grammatical changes in the originals, in order to maintain the cultured standard of the language, with the final consent of the authors. The opinions expressed by the authors are their sole responsibility.