O oceano Ártico: oportunidades da nova fronteira marítima
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1984-3356.2014v7n13p228Palavras-chave:
China, Comércio marítimo, Conselho do Ártico, Rotas marítimas, Oceano ÁrticoResumo
As mudanças climáticas decorrentes do aquecimento global não terão apenas efeitos negativos. No caso do comércio marítimo, o risco oriundo do aumento da temperatura média do planeta apresenta algumas oportunidades que já começam a ser analisadas por vários Estados. Uma dessas oportunidades diz respeito à potencial utilização de rotas marítimas, através do Ártico, ligando os oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar quais as implicações para o comércio marítimo, decorrentes da redução da camada de gelo no oceano Ártico e evidenciar quais os Estados estão dando forma às instituições e normas para o aproveitamento dessa nova oportunidade. Para a consecução deste objetivo o texto foi estruturado em três seções. A primeira delas apresenta ao leitor as projeções de acessibilidade à navegação no oceano Ártico e as potenciais rotas marítimas que se descortinam para o comércio marítimo. A segunda seção do artigo analisa como os Estados com territórios no Ártico, bem como aqueles com interesses diretos naquela região, estão articulando instituições para esse fim, notadamente o Conselho do Ártico. A terceira e última seção analisa "como" e "porque" a China, um Estado exógeno ao Ártico, tem conseguido implementar estratégias bem-sucedidas em defesa dos seus interesses naquela região.Métricas
Carregando Métricas ...
Referências
ARCTIC COUNCIL. Document Archive. Declarations. Disponível em: http://www.arcticcouncil.org/index.php/en/document-archive/category/5-declarations. Acesso em: 30 ago. 2013.
ARCTIC COUNCIL. Observers. Disponível em: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/aboutus/arctic-council/observers. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2013.
ARCTIC COUNCIL. Permanent Participants. Disponível em: http://www.arcticcouncil.org/index.php/en/about-us/permanent-participants. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2013.
CHANG, Gordon G. China’s Arctic Play. In: The Diplomat, March 09, 2010. Disponível em: http://thediplomat.com/2010/03/09/china%E2%80%99s-arctic-play/. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2013.
DINAMARCA. Ministério das Relações Exteriores da Dinamarca. Dinamarca no Brasil. Groenlândia. Disponível em: http://brasilien.um.dk/pt/sobre-a-dinamarca/grolandia-e-asilhas-faroe/grolandia/. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2013.
ENERGY INTERNATIONAL AGENCY (EIA). Annual Energy Outlook 2012: with Projections to 2035. Disponível em: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2012).pdf. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
GARON, Richard; LASSERRE, Frederic; LE ROY; Jérôme. Is there an arms race in the Arctic? In: Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, VOLUME 14, ISSUES 3 & 4, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/496/492. Acesso em: 07 set. 2013.
GARRET, Jeffrey M. Ending Arctic Reluctance: The United States and the Arctic. In: Second Line of Defense, July 7, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.sldinfo.com/ending-reluctance/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Disponível em: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains3-2-1.html. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Organization. Disponível em: http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.UhT5RJLVCZw. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Representative Concentration Pathways. Disponível em: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/RCPs.html. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO). Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (2010). Disponível em: http://www.imo.org/Publications/Documents/Attachments/Pages%20from%20E190E.pdf. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
JEAN, Grace. Shifting Ice: Canada’s coast guard prepares for a new arctic era. In: Jane’s Navy International, Vol. 18, Issue 4, May 2013, p. 14-23.
MYERS, Steven Lee. Arctic Council Adds 6 Nations as Observer States, Including China. In: The New York Times, May 15, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/world/europe/arctic-council-adds-six-membersincluding-china.html?_r=0. Acesso em: 19 ago 2013.
NORUEGA, Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Utenriksdepartementets traktatregister. Disponível em: http://www.lovdata.no/traktater/index.html. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
PLUMER, Brad . Climate change will open up surprising new Arctic shipping routes. In: The Washington Post, March 5, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/05/climate-change-willopen-up-surprising-new-arctic-shipping-routes/. Acesso em: 18 ag. 2013.
QUAILE, Irene. China's Arctic ambitions spark concerns. In: Deutsche Welle, April 26, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.dw.de/chinas-arctic-ambitions-spark-concerns/a-15911711. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2013.
RAINWATER, Shiloh. Race to the North: China’s Arctic Strategy and its Implications. Disponível em: http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/31708e41-a53c-45d3-a5e4-ccb5ad550815/. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2013.
REUTERS. COM. First Chinese ship crosses Arctic Ocean amid record melt. In: August 17, 2012 Edition. Disponível em: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/17/us-china-environmentidUSBRE87G0P820120817. Acesso em: 01 set. 2013.
RODRIGUE, Jean-Paul. Polar Shipping Routes. Disponível em: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/polarroutes.html. Acesso em 21 ago. 2013.
SMITH, Laurence C.; STEPHENSON, Scott R. New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury. In: Proceedings of the National Academies of Science. Disponível em: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/02/27/1214212110.full.pdf+html. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
SULLIVAN, Meg. Global warming will open unexpected new shipping routes in Arctic, UCLA researchers find. In: UCLA Newsroom, March 04, 2013. Disponível em: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/new-unexpected-shipping-route-243485.aspx. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2013.
THE ARCTIC INSTITUTE. Arctic Shipping Routes. Disponível em: http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/p/maps.html. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Article Maps & Chart. The Northern Sea Route (blue) as compared to a southern route (red), showing the tremendous savings in travel distance. Disponível em: http://origins.osu.edu/sites/default/files/4-11-map1708_0.png. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS). Newsroon. 90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic. Disponível em: http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS). Disponível em: http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Acesso em: 09 set. 2013.
USA. Department of Defense. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013. Disponível em: http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
USA. United States Coast Guard. Major Icebreakers of the World. Disponível em: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg552/docs/20130718%20Major%20Icebreaker%20Chart.pdf. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
ARCTIC COUNCIL. Observers. Disponível em: http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/aboutus/arctic-council/observers. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2013.
ARCTIC COUNCIL. Permanent Participants. Disponível em: http://www.arcticcouncil.org/index.php/en/about-us/permanent-participants. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2013.
CHANG, Gordon G. China’s Arctic Play. In: The Diplomat, March 09, 2010. Disponível em: http://thediplomat.com/2010/03/09/china%E2%80%99s-arctic-play/. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2013.
DINAMARCA. Ministério das Relações Exteriores da Dinamarca. Dinamarca no Brasil. Groenlândia. Disponível em: http://brasilien.um.dk/pt/sobre-a-dinamarca/grolandia-e-asilhas-faroe/grolandia/. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2013.
ENERGY INTERNATIONAL AGENCY (EIA). Annual Energy Outlook 2012: with Projections to 2035. Disponível em: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2012).pdf. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
GARON, Richard; LASSERRE, Frederic; LE ROY; Jérôme. Is there an arms race in the Arctic? In: Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, VOLUME 14, ISSUES 3 & 4, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/496/492. Acesso em: 07 set. 2013.
GARRET, Jeffrey M. Ending Arctic Reluctance: The United States and the Arctic. In: Second Line of Defense, July 7, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.sldinfo.com/ending-reluctance/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Disponível em: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains3-2-1.html. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Organization. Disponível em: http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.UhT5RJLVCZw. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Representative Concentration Pathways. Disponível em: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/RCPs.html. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO). Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (2010). Disponível em: http://www.imo.org/Publications/Documents/Attachments/Pages%20from%20E190E.pdf. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
JEAN, Grace. Shifting Ice: Canada’s coast guard prepares for a new arctic era. In: Jane’s Navy International, Vol. 18, Issue 4, May 2013, p. 14-23.
MYERS, Steven Lee. Arctic Council Adds 6 Nations as Observer States, Including China. In: The New York Times, May 15, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/world/europe/arctic-council-adds-six-membersincluding-china.html?_r=0. Acesso em: 19 ago 2013.
NORUEGA, Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Utenriksdepartementets traktatregister. Disponível em: http://www.lovdata.no/traktater/index.html. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
PLUMER, Brad . Climate change will open up surprising new Arctic shipping routes. In: The Washington Post, March 5, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/05/climate-change-willopen-up-surprising-new-arctic-shipping-routes/. Acesso em: 18 ag. 2013.
QUAILE, Irene. China's Arctic ambitions spark concerns. In: Deutsche Welle, April 26, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.dw.de/chinas-arctic-ambitions-spark-concerns/a-15911711. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2013.
RAINWATER, Shiloh. Race to the North: China’s Arctic Strategy and its Implications. Disponível em: http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/31708e41-a53c-45d3-a5e4-ccb5ad550815/. Acesso em: 17 ago. 2013.
REUTERS. COM. First Chinese ship crosses Arctic Ocean amid record melt. In: August 17, 2012 Edition. Disponível em: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/17/us-china-environmentidUSBRE87G0P820120817. Acesso em: 01 set. 2013.
RODRIGUE, Jean-Paul. Polar Shipping Routes. Disponível em: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/polarroutes.html. Acesso em 21 ago. 2013.
SMITH, Laurence C.; STEPHENSON, Scott R. New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury. In: Proceedings of the National Academies of Science. Disponível em: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/02/27/1214212110.full.pdf+html. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2013.
SULLIVAN, Meg. Global warming will open unexpected new shipping routes in Arctic, UCLA researchers find. In: UCLA Newsroom, March 04, 2013. Disponível em: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/new-unexpected-shipping-route-243485.aspx. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2013.
THE ARCTIC INSTITUTE. Arctic Shipping Routes. Disponível em: http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/p/maps.html. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Article Maps & Chart. The Northern Sea Route (blue) as compared to a southern route (red), showing the tremendous savings in travel distance. Disponível em: http://origins.osu.edu/sites/default/files/4-11-map1708_0.png. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS). Newsroon. 90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic. Disponível em: http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS). Disponível em: http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Acesso em: 09 set. 2013.
USA. Department of Defense. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013. Disponível em: http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf. Acesso em: 08 set. 2013.
USA. United States Coast Guard. Major Icebreakers of the World. Disponível em: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg552/docs/20130718%20Major%20Icebreaker%20Chart.pdf. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2013.
Downloads
Publicado
12-07-2014
Como Citar
SILVA, M. V. M. da. O oceano Ártico: oportunidades da nova fronteira marítima. Antíteses, [S. l.], v. 7, n. 13, p. 228–253, 2014. DOI: 10.5433/1984-3356.2014v7n13p228. Disponível em: https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/antiteses/article/view/16469. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2024.
Edição
Seção
Dossiê
Licença
A Revista Antíteses adota a Licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, portanto, os direitos autorais relativos aos artigos publicados são do(s) autor (es), que cedem à Revista Antíteses o direito de exclusividade de primeira publicação.
Sob essa licença é possível: Compartilhar - copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato. Adaptar - remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material, atribuindo o devido crédito.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
