Drying kinetics of olive pomace-derived charcoal briquettes with energy consumption
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n4p1805Keywords:
Charcoal, Briquette, Drying, Modelling.Abstract
The drying experiments were performed at different temperatures of the drying air (40, 50, and 60°C) and air velocity of 2.5 and 3.5 m/s. Six thin-layer drying models were evaluated and fitted to the experimental moisture data. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the determination coefficient, chi-square, and root mean square error. Among the selected models, the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best model for describing the drying behaviour of olive pomace. Charcoal is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating in many developing countries. It is an important green source for making barbecue, which is obtained from agricultural waste. Due to less CO2 emission, it reduces health risk and deforestation. The coal briquette carbonisation production process consists of a carbonisation stage and a forming stage. During the forming stage, the raw material is mixed with a suitable binder. The final stage of the charcoal process after formation is drying. In this study, the drying parameters of charcoal briquettes made from the olive pomace-making process were evaluated. Three different temperatures and velocities were selected for the drying applications. The low temperature drying process was performed at 60, 50, and 40°C with air velocities of 3 and 2.5. The results were in the range of 3 to 8 hours of drying time. The drying data were applied to six different mathematical models, namely 1Diffusion Approach, 2Henderson and Pabis, 3Two term exponential, 4Midilli et al., 5Page, and 6Wang and Singh Equation Models. The performances of these models were compared according to the coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of estimate (SEE), and residual sum of squares (RSS) between the observed and predicted moisture ratios. The Midilli et al. Diffusion Approach, and Page models described the drying curve satisfactorily in all drying methods.References
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Difonzo, G., Aresta, A., Cotugno, P., Ragni, R., Squeo, G., Summo, C., & Caponio, F. (2021). Supercritical CO2 extraction of phytocompounds from olive pomace subjected to different drying methods. Molecules, 26(3), 598. doi: 10.3390/molecules26030598
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Oliveira, R. S. de, Palacio, S. M., Silva, E. A. da, Mariani, F. Q., & Reinehr, T. O. (2017). Briquettes production for use as power source for combustion using charcoal thin waste and sanitary sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(11), 10778-10785. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8695-0
Ouazzane, H., Laajine, F., El Yamani, M., El Hilaly, J., Rharrabti, Y., Amarouch, M. Y., & Mazouzi, D. (2017). Olive mill solid waste characterization and recycling opportunities: a review. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(8), 2632-2650.
Pell, M. (1990). Gas fluidization. Elsevier Science.
Sacilik, K., & Elicin, A. K. (2006). The thin layer drying characteristics of organic apple slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 73, 281-289. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.024
Salomone, R., & Ioppolo, G. (2012). Environmental impacts of olive oil production: a Life Cycle Assessment case study in the province of Messina (Sicily). Journal of Cleaner Production, 28, 88-100. doi: 10.1016/ j.jclepro.2011.10.004
Sharaf-Elden, Y. I., Blaisdell, J. L., & Hamdy, M. Y. (1980). A model for ear corn drying. Transactions of the ASAE, 5, 1261-1265. doi: 10.13031/2013.34757)@1980
Sridhar, D., & Madhu, G. M. (2015). Drying kinetics and mathematical modeling of Casuarina Equisetifolia wood chips at various temperatures. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 59(4), 288-295. doi: 10.3311/PPch.7855
Sugumaran, P., & Seshadri, S. (2010). Biomass charcoal briquetting: technology for alternative energy based income generation in rural areas. Shri AMM Muragappa Chettiar Research Centre.
Togrul, I. T., & Pehlivan, D. (2003). Modelling of drying kinetics of single apricot. Journal of Food Engineering, 58(1), 23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00329-1
Tohidi, M., Sadeghi, M., & Torki-Harchegani, M. (2017). Energy and quality aspects for fixed deep bed drying of paddy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 519-528. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.196
Tsilingiris, P. T. (2008). Thermophysical and transport properties of humid air at temperature range between 0 and 100 C. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(5), 1098-1110. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2007. 09.015
Vieira, M. G. A., Estrella, L., & Rocha, S. C. S. (2007). Energy efficiency and drying kinetics of recycled paper pulp. Drying Technology, 25(10), 1639-1648. doi: 10.1080/07373930701590806
Wang, C. Y., & Singh, R. P. (1978). A single layer drying equation for rough rice. ASAE.
Zare, D., Minaei, S., Zadeh, M. M., & Khoshtaghaza, M. H. (2006). Computer simulation of rough rice drying in a batch dryer. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18-19), 3241-3254. doi: 101016/jenconman 200602021
Zubairu, A., & Gana, S. A. (2014). Production and characterization of briquette charcoal by carbonization of agro-waste. Energy Power, 4(2), 41-47. doi: 10.5923/j.ep.20140402.03
Akgun, N. A., & Doymaz, I. (2005). Modelling of olive cake thin-layer drying process. Journal of Food Engineering, 68(4), 455-461. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.06.023
Akpinar, E. K., Bicer, Y., & Cetinkaya, F. (2006). Modelling of thin layer drying of parsley leaves in a convective dryer and under open sun. Journal of Food Engineering, 75(3), 308-315. doi: 10.1016/j. jfoodeng.2005.04.018.
Arjona, R., Garcia, A., & Ollero, P. (1999). The drying of alpeorujo, a waste product of the olive oil mill industry. Journal of Food Engineering, 41(3-4), 229-234. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(99)00104-1
Bouknana, D., Hammouti, B., Salghi, R., Jodeh, S., Zarrouk, A., Warad, I., & Sbaa, M. (2014). Physicochemical characterization of olive oil mill wastewaters in the eastern region of Morocco. J. Mater. Environ. Sci, 5(4), 1039-1058.
Demirbas, A. (2010). Biorefmeries. Springer Publishing Company.
Diamante, L. M., & Munro, P. A. (1993). Mathematical modelling of the thin layer solar drying of sweet potato slices. Solar Energy, 51(4), 271-276. doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(93)90122-5
Difonzo, G., Aresta, A., Cotugno, P., Ragni, R., Squeo, G., Summo, C., & Caponio, F. (2021). Supercritical CO2 extraction of phytocompounds from olive pomace subjected to different drying methods. Molecules, 26(3), 598. doi: 10.3390/molecules26030598
Doymaz, I., Gorel, O., & Akgun, N. A. (2004). Drying characteristics of the solid by-product of olive oil extraction. Biosystems Engineering, 88(2), 213-219. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.03.003
Elicin, A. K., & Sacilik, K. (2005). An experimental study for solar tunnel drying of apple. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(2), 207-211. doi: 10.1501/Tarimbil_0000000421
Gogus, F., & Maskan, M. (2001). Drying of olive pomace by a combined microwave fan assisted convection oven. Food/Nahrung, 45(2), 129-132. doi: 10.1002/1521-3803(20010401)45:2<129::AID-FOOD129>3. 0.CO;2-T
Gogus, F., & Maskan, M. (2006). Air drying characteristics of solid waste (pomace) of olive oil processing. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(4), 378-382. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.12.018
Goker, G., Kiralan, S., Tekin, A., & Erdogdu, F. (2021). Formation kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during drying process of olive pomace. Food Chemistry, 345, 128856. doi: 10.101 6/j.foodchem.2020.128856
Menemencioglu, K. (2013). Traditional wood charcoal production labour in Turkish forestry (Cankiri sample). Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 1111, 1136-1142. doi: 10.1234/4.2013.4521
Meziane, S. (2011). Drying kinetics of olive pomace in a fluidized bed dryer. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(3), 1644-1649. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.10.027
Motevali, A., Minaei, S., Banakar, A., Ghobadian, B., & Khoshtaghaza, M. H. (2014). Comparison of energy parameters in various dryers. Energy Conversion and Management, 87, 711-725. doi: 10.1016/j. enconman.2014.07.012
Naghavi, Z., Moheb, A., & Ziaei-Rad, S. (2010). Numerical simulation of rough rice drying in a deep-bed dryer using non-equilibrium model. Energy Conversion and Management, 51(2), 258-264. doi: 10.1016/j. enconman.2009.09.019
Oliveira, R. S. de, Palacio, S. M., Silva, E. A. da, Mariani, F. Q., & Reinehr, T. O. (2017). Briquettes production for use as power source for combustion using charcoal thin waste and sanitary sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(11), 10778-10785. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8695-0
Ouazzane, H., Laajine, F., El Yamani, M., El Hilaly, J., Rharrabti, Y., Amarouch, M. Y., & Mazouzi, D. (2017). Olive mill solid waste characterization and recycling opportunities: a review. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(8), 2632-2650.
Pell, M. (1990). Gas fluidization. Elsevier Science.
Sacilik, K., & Elicin, A. K. (2006). The thin layer drying characteristics of organic apple slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 73, 281-289. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.024
Salomone, R., & Ioppolo, G. (2012). Environmental impacts of olive oil production: a Life Cycle Assessment case study in the province of Messina (Sicily). Journal of Cleaner Production, 28, 88-100. doi: 10.1016/ j.jclepro.2011.10.004
Sharaf-Elden, Y. I., Blaisdell, J. L., & Hamdy, M. Y. (1980). A model for ear corn drying. Transactions of the ASAE, 5, 1261-1265. doi: 10.13031/2013.34757)@1980
Sridhar, D., & Madhu, G. M. (2015). Drying kinetics and mathematical modeling of Casuarina Equisetifolia wood chips at various temperatures. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 59(4), 288-295. doi: 10.3311/PPch.7855
Sugumaran, P., & Seshadri, S. (2010). Biomass charcoal briquetting: technology for alternative energy based income generation in rural areas. Shri AMM Muragappa Chettiar Research Centre.
Togrul, I. T., & Pehlivan, D. (2003). Modelling of drying kinetics of single apricot. Journal of Food Engineering, 58(1), 23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00329-1
Tohidi, M., Sadeghi, M., & Torki-Harchegani, M. (2017). Energy and quality aspects for fixed deep bed drying of paddy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 519-528. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.196
Tsilingiris, P. T. (2008). Thermophysical and transport properties of humid air at temperature range between 0 and 100 C. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(5), 1098-1110. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2007. 09.015
Vieira, M. G. A., Estrella, L., & Rocha, S. C. S. (2007). Energy efficiency and drying kinetics of recycled paper pulp. Drying Technology, 25(10), 1639-1648. doi: 10.1080/07373930701590806
Wang, C. Y., & Singh, R. P. (1978). A single layer drying equation for rough rice. ASAE.
Zare, D., Minaei, S., Zadeh, M. M., & Khoshtaghaza, M. H. (2006). Computer simulation of rough rice drying in a batch dryer. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18-19), 3241-3254. doi: 101016/jenconman 200602021
Zubairu, A., & Gana, S. A. (2014). Production and characterization of briquette charcoal by carbonization of agro-waste. Energy Power, 4(2), 41-47. doi: 10.5923/j.ep.20140402.03
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2022-05-30
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Say, S. M., Erdem, T., Ekinci, K., Erdem, B. Öztürk, Sehri, M., & Korkut, S. S. (2022). Drying kinetics of olive pomace-derived charcoal briquettes with energy consumption. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 43(4), 1805–1822. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n4p1805
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