Infrared thermography and Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the effects of scrotal insulation on testicular blood flow dynamics in bulls
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1267Keywords:
Heat stress, Testicular blood flow, Thermotolerance.Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the scrotal temperature, sperm quality and testicular blood flow by using infrared thermography and Doppler ultrasonography in bulls submitted to scrotal insulation. Braford bulls (n = 8) at 18 months of age, were assigned into the following groups: insulated for 72 h (G 72; n = 2), 96 h (G 96, n = 2), 120 h (G 120, n = 2), and control animals (CON; n = 2) that remained without insulation. Infrared thermography and Doppler ultrasonography parameters were measured at four different time points: immediately after the scrotal insulation (M0), within 10 min (M10), 30 min (M30) and 60 min (M60) after scrotal insulation. The sperm quality was evaluated weekly (S1/S12). The data were analyzed by ANOVA, t-test (paired) and Pearson's correlation with a significance level of 5%. None of the observed variables were different between the insulated groups (P > 0.05). Insulated animals showed higher scrotal temperature in M0 compared to that in the M10, M30 and M60 periods (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the pulsatility and resistive indexes after scrotal insulation. However, blood flow velocity was higher in M10 compared to that in the M0, M30 and M60 periods (P < 0.05). The sperm quality was higher (P < 0.05) in all twelve collections from the control group compared with the insulated groups. Scrotal insulation resulted in changes in the sperm quality, scrotal temperature and testicular blood flow velocity.Downloads
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References
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Ammer, K. (2008). The Glamorgan protocol for recording and evaluation of thermal images of the human body. Thermology International, 18(4), 125-144.
Barca, F. A. Jr., Koetz, C. Jr., Fávaro, P. d. C., Pereira, G. R., Morotti, F., Menegassi, S. R. O.,... Seneda, M. M. (2018). Effect of breed on testicular blood flow dynamics in bulls. Theriogenology, 118(1), 16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.022
Barros Adwell, C. M. Q., Brito, L. F. C., Oba, E., Wilde, R. E., Rizzoto, G., Thundathil, J. C., & Kastelic, J. P. (2018). Arterial blood flow is the main source of testicular heat in bulls and higher ambient temperatures significantly increase testicular blood flow. Theriogenology, 116, 12-16. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.022
Barth, A. D., & Bowman, P. A. (1994). The sequential appearance of sperm abnormalities after scrotal insulation or dexamethasone treatment in bulls. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 35(2), 93-102.
Barth, A. D., & Oko, R. J. (1989). Abnormal morphology of bovine spermatozoa. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Batissaco, L., Carvalho Celeghini, E. C., Pinaffi, F., de Oliveira, B. M. M., Andrade, A. de, Serrano Recalde, E., & Fernandes, C. (2013). Correlations between testicular hemodynamic and sperm characteristics in rams. Brazilian Journal od Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 50(5), 384-395. doi: 10.11606/issn.2318-3659.v50i5p384-395
Bonilla, L., Santos, A. Q., Borges, J., Siqueira, J., Pinho, R., Gurzoni, W. S.,... Guimaraes, J. (2013). Effect of scrotal insulation on physical and morphological semen features in young cattle. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 7(4), 311-318. doi: 10.21708/avb.2013.7.4.3494
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Barbosa, R. T., & Kastelic, J. P. (2004). Testicular thermoregulation in Bos indicus, crossbred and Bos taurus bulls: relationship with scrotal, testicular vascular cone and testicular morphology, and effects on semen quality and sperm production. Theriogenology, 61(2), 511-528. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00231-0
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Barbosa, R. T., Unanian, M. M., & Kastelic, J. P. (2003). Effects of scrotal insulation on sperm production, semen quality, and testicular echotexture in Bos indicus and Bos indicus × Bos taurus bulls. Animal Reproduction Science, 79(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(03)00082-4
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, L. A. G., & Kastelic, J. P. (2002). Effect of age and genetic group on characteristics of the scrotum, testes and testicular vascular cones, and on sperm production and semen quality in AI bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology, 58(6), 1175-1186. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00921-4
Bustos-Obregon, E. (2007). Dano testicular por hipoxia simulada. International Journal of Morphology, 25(1), 173. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022007000100022
Caviglione, J. H., Kiihl, L. R. B.; Caramori, P. H.; Oliveira, D. (2000). Cartas climáticas do Paraná. Londrina: IAPAR.
Chenoweth, P., Hopkins, F. M., Spitzer, J. C., & Larsen, R. E. (2010). Guidelines for using the bull breeding soundness evaluation form. Clinical Theriogenology, 2(1), 43-50.
Chou, Y., & Yao, L. (2009). Automatic diagnostic system of electrical equipment using infrared thermography. Proceedings of the International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, First International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition.Malaca, Malasia.
Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal (2013). Manual para exame andrológico e avaliação de sêmen animal (3a. ed.). Belo Horizonte: CBRA.
Fernandes, C. E., Dode, M. A. N., Pereira, D., & Silva, A. E. D. F. (2008). Effects of scrotal insulation in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) on seminal quality and its relationship with in vitro fertilizing ability. Theriogenology, 70(9), 1560-1568. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.07.005
Freneau, G. E., Chenoweth, P. J., Ellis, R., & Rupp, G. (2010). Sperm morphology of beef bulls evaluated by two different methods. Animal Reproduction Science, 118(2), 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.08.015
Hamilton, T., Mota Mendes, C., Castro, L., Assis, P., Felipe Perez Siqueira, A., Carvalho Delgado, J. de,... Assumpção, M. E. (2016). Evaluation of lasting effects of heat stress on sperm profile and oxidative status of ram semen and epididymal sperm. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1687657. doi: 10.1155/2016/1687657
Herzog, K., & Bollwein, H. (2007). Application of doppler ultrasonography in cattle reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(s2), 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00903.x
Horn, M. M., Moraes, J. C. F., & Galina, C. S. (1999). Bulls semen quality of Aberdeen Angus and Brangus-Ibagé breeds after experimental testicular degeneration induced by dexamethasone. Ciência Rural, 29(3), 523-526. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84781999000300024
Kastelic, J. P. (2014). Understanding and evaluating bovine testes. Theriogenology, 81(1), 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.001
Kastelic, J. P., & Brito, L. F. C. (2012). Ultrasonography for monitoring reproductive function in the bull. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47(s3), 45-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02042.x
Kastelic, J. P., Cook, R. B., Coulter, G. H., & Saacke, R. G. (1996). Insulating the scrotal neck affects semen quality and scrotal/testicular temperatures in the bull. Theriogenology, 45(5), 935-942. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(96)00023-4
Kastelic, J. P., Coulter, G. H., & Cook, R. B. (1995). Scrotal surface, subcutaneous, intratesticular, and intraepididymal temperatures in bulls. Theriogenology, 44(1), 147-152. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(95)00155-2
Kastelic, J. P., Wilde, R. E., Rizzoto, G., & Thundathil, J. C. (2017). Hyperthermia and not hypoxia may reduce sperm motility and morphology following testicular hyperthermia. Veterinari Medicina, 62(8), 437-442. doi: 10.17221/124/2016-VETMED
Knížková, I., Kunc, P., Gürdil, G., Pinar, Y., & Selvi, K. (2007). Applications of infrared thermography in animal production. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, 22(3), 329-336. doi: 10.7161/ anajas.2007.22.3.329-336
Lunstra, D. D., & Coulter, G. H. (1997). Relationship between scrotal infrared temperature patterns and natural-mating fertility in beef bulls2. Journal of Animal Sci, 75(3), 767-774. doi: 10.2527/1997.753767x
Menegassi, S. R. O., Barcellos, J. O. J., Dias, E. A., Koetz, C., Pereira, G. R., Peripolli, V.,… Lopes, F. G. (2015). Scrotal infrared digital thermography as a predictor of seasonal effects on sperm traits in Braford bulls. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(3), 357-364. doi: 10.1007/s00484-014-0847-z
Menegassi, S. R. O., Pereira, G. R., Bremm, C., Koetz, C., Lopes, F. G., Fiorentini, E. C.,... Barcellos, J. O. J. (2016). Effects of ambient air temperature, humidity, and wind speed on seminal traits in Braford and Nellore bulls at the Brazilian Pantanal. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(11), 1787-1794. doi: 10.1007/s00484-016-1167-2
Menegassi, S. R. O., Pereira, G. R., Dias, E. A., Rocha, M. K., Carvalho, H. R., Koetz, C.,... Barcellos, J. O. J. (2017). Infrared thermography as a noninvasive method to assess scrotal insulation on sperm production in beef bulls. Andrologia, 50(3), e12904. doi: 10.1111/and.12904
Moreira, E. P., Moura, A. de A. A., Araujo, A. A. de. (2001). Efeitos da insulação escrotal sobre a biometria testicular e parâmetros seminais em carneiros da raça Santa Inês criados no estado do Ceará. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(6), 8. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982001000700007
Parkinson, T. J. (1987). Seasonal variations in semen quality of bulls: correlations with environmental temperature. Veterinary Record, 120(20), 479-482. doi: 10.1136/vr.120.20.479
Paul, C., Teng, S., & Saunders, P. T. K. (2009). A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death. Biology of Reproduction, 80(5), 913-919. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.071779
Pezzini, T. G., Sartori, R., Silva, T. A. de S. N., McManus, C., & Mariante, A. da S. (2006). Características seminais de touros Curraleiros e Holandeses submetidos à insulação escrotal. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41(5), 6. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000500020
Polguj, M. S., Jędrzejewski, K., & Topol, M. (2010). Arterial supply of human and bovine testes: a topographic and morphometric comparison study. Folia Morphologica, 69(4), 225-231. doi: 10.5603.FM
Prabhakar, J., Chimbombi, J., Malmgren, L., Fredriksson, G., & Madej, A. (1990). Effects on testosterone and LH concentrations of induced testicular degeneration in bulls. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 31(4), 505-507. doi: 10.1186/s13028
Rahman, M. B., Vandaele, L., Rijsselaere, T., Maes, D., Hoogewijs, M., Frijters, A.,… Van Soom, A. (2011). Scrotal insulation and its relationship to abnormal morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape of spermatozoa in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue bulls. Theriogenology, 76(7), 1246-1257. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.031
Ruediger, F., George, M., Chacur, M., Carlos Platzeck, F., Alves, E., Oba, E.,… Ramos, A. (2016). Digital infrared thermography of the scrotum, semen quality, serum testosterone levels in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) and their correlation with climatic factors. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(1), 221-232. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n1p221
Setchell, B. (1998). The parkes lecture heat and the testis. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 114(2), 179-194. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.1140179
Setchell, B. (2006). The effect of heat on the testes of mammals. Animal Reproduction, 3(2), 81-91. doi: 10.21451/1984 Retrieved from http://www.cbra.org.br/portal/downloads/publicacoes/ animalreproduction/issues/download/v3n2/AR132%20Setchell%20pag81-91.pdf
Setchell, B. P. (1978). The mammalian testis. London: Elek Books/Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Vogler, C. J., Bame, J. H., DeJarnette, J. M., McGilliard, M. L., & Saacke, R. G. (1993). Effects of elevated testicular temperature on morphology characteristics of ejaculated spermatozoa in the bovine. Theriogenology, 40(6), 1207-1219. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(93)90291-C
Waites, G. M. H. (1970). Temperature regulation and the testis. In A. D. Johnson, W. R. Gomes, & N. L. Vandemark (Eds.), Development, anatomy, and physiology (pp. 241-279). New York: Academic Press.
Welsh, J. T. H., & Johnson, B. H. (1981). Stress-induced alterations in secretion of corticosteroids, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone in bulls. Endocrinology, 109(1), 185-190. doi: 10.1210/endo-109-1-185
Alves, M. B. R., Andrade, A. F. C. D., Arruda, R. P. D., Batissaco, L., Florez-Rodriguez, S. A., Oliveira, B. M. M. D.,... Celeghini, E. C. C. (2016). Recovery of normal testicular temperature after scrotal heat stress in rams assessed by infrared thermography and its effects on seminal characteristics and testosterone blood serum concentration. Theriogenology, 86(3), 795-805.e792. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034
Ammer, K. (2008). The Glamorgan protocol for recording and evaluation of thermal images of the human body. Thermology International, 18(4), 125-144.
Barca, F. A. Jr., Koetz, C. Jr., Fávaro, P. d. C., Pereira, G. R., Morotti, F., Menegassi, S. R. O.,... Seneda, M. M. (2018). Effect of breed on testicular blood flow dynamics in bulls. Theriogenology, 118(1), 16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.022
Barros Adwell, C. M. Q., Brito, L. F. C., Oba, E., Wilde, R. E., Rizzoto, G., Thundathil, J. C., & Kastelic, J. P. (2018). Arterial blood flow is the main source of testicular heat in bulls and higher ambient temperatures significantly increase testicular blood flow. Theriogenology, 116, 12-16. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.022
Barth, A. D., & Bowman, P. A. (1994). The sequential appearance of sperm abnormalities after scrotal insulation or dexamethasone treatment in bulls. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 35(2), 93-102.
Barth, A. D., & Oko, R. J. (1989). Abnormal morphology of bovine spermatozoa. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Batissaco, L., Carvalho Celeghini, E. C., Pinaffi, F., de Oliveira, B. M. M., Andrade, A. de, Serrano Recalde, E., & Fernandes, C. (2013). Correlations between testicular hemodynamic and sperm characteristics in rams. Brazilian Journal od Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 50(5), 384-395. doi: 10.11606/issn.2318-3659.v50i5p384-395
Bonilla, L., Santos, A. Q., Borges, J., Siqueira, J., Pinho, R., Gurzoni, W. S.,... Guimaraes, J. (2013). Effect of scrotal insulation on physical and morphological semen features in young cattle. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 7(4), 311-318. doi: 10.21708/avb.2013.7.4.3494
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Barbosa, R. T., & Kastelic, J. P. (2004). Testicular thermoregulation in Bos indicus, crossbred and Bos taurus bulls: relationship with scrotal, testicular vascular cone and testicular morphology, and effects on semen quality and sperm production. Theriogenology, 61(2), 511-528. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00231-0
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Barbosa, R. T., Unanian, M. M., & Kastelic, J. P. (2003). Effects of scrotal insulation on sperm production, semen quality, and testicular echotexture in Bos indicus and Bos indicus × Bos taurus bulls. Animal Reproduction Science, 79(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(03)00082-4
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, L. A. G., & Kastelic, J. P. (2002). Effect of age and genetic group on characteristics of the scrotum, testes and testicular vascular cones, and on sperm production and semen quality in AI bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology, 58(6), 1175-1186. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00921-4
Bustos-Obregon, E. (2007). Dano testicular por hipoxia simulada. International Journal of Morphology, 25(1), 173. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022007000100022
Caviglione, J. H., Kiihl, L. R. B.; Caramori, P. H.; Oliveira, D. (2000). Cartas climáticas do Paraná. Londrina: IAPAR.
Chenoweth, P., Hopkins, F. M., Spitzer, J. C., & Larsen, R. E. (2010). Guidelines for using the bull breeding soundness evaluation form. Clinical Theriogenology, 2(1), 43-50.
Chou, Y., & Yao, L. (2009). Automatic diagnostic system of electrical equipment using infrared thermography. Proceedings of the International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, First International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition.Malaca, Malasia.
Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal (2013). Manual para exame andrológico e avaliação de sêmen animal (3a. ed.). Belo Horizonte: CBRA.
Fernandes, C. E., Dode, M. A. N., Pereira, D., & Silva, A. E. D. F. (2008). Effects of scrotal insulation in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) on seminal quality and its relationship with in vitro fertilizing ability. Theriogenology, 70(9), 1560-1568. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.07.005
Freneau, G. E., Chenoweth, P. J., Ellis, R., & Rupp, G. (2010). Sperm morphology of beef bulls evaluated by two different methods. Animal Reproduction Science, 118(2), 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.08.015
Hamilton, T., Mota Mendes, C., Castro, L., Assis, P., Felipe Perez Siqueira, A., Carvalho Delgado, J. de,... Assumpção, M. E. (2016). Evaluation of lasting effects of heat stress on sperm profile and oxidative status of ram semen and epididymal sperm. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1687657. doi: 10.1155/2016/1687657
Herzog, K., & Bollwein, H. (2007). Application of doppler ultrasonography in cattle reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(s2), 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00903.x
Horn, M. M., Moraes, J. C. F., & Galina, C. S. (1999). Bulls semen quality of Aberdeen Angus and Brangus-Ibagé breeds after experimental testicular degeneration induced by dexamethasone. Ciência Rural, 29(3), 523-526. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84781999000300024
Kastelic, J. P. (2014). Understanding and evaluating bovine testes. Theriogenology, 81(1), 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.001
Kastelic, J. P., & Brito, L. F. C. (2012). Ultrasonography for monitoring reproductive function in the bull. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47(s3), 45-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02042.x
Kastelic, J. P., Cook, R. B., Coulter, G. H., & Saacke, R. G. (1996). Insulating the scrotal neck affects semen quality and scrotal/testicular temperatures in the bull. Theriogenology, 45(5), 935-942. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(96)00023-4
Kastelic, J. P., Coulter, G. H., & Cook, R. B. (1995). Scrotal surface, subcutaneous, intratesticular, and intraepididymal temperatures in bulls. Theriogenology, 44(1), 147-152. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(95)00155-2
Kastelic, J. P., Wilde, R. E., Rizzoto, G., & Thundathil, J. C. (2017). Hyperthermia and not hypoxia may reduce sperm motility and morphology following testicular hyperthermia. Veterinari Medicina, 62(8), 437-442. doi: 10.17221/124/2016-VETMED
Knížková, I., Kunc, P., Gürdil, G., Pinar, Y., & Selvi, K. (2007). Applications of infrared thermography in animal production. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, 22(3), 329-336. doi: 10.7161/ anajas.2007.22.3.329-336
Lunstra, D. D., & Coulter, G. H. (1997). Relationship between scrotal infrared temperature patterns and natural-mating fertility in beef bulls2. Journal of Animal Sci, 75(3), 767-774. doi: 10.2527/1997.753767x
Menegassi, S. R. O., Barcellos, J. O. J., Dias, E. A., Koetz, C., Pereira, G. R., Peripolli, V.,… Lopes, F. G. (2015). Scrotal infrared digital thermography as a predictor of seasonal effects on sperm traits in Braford bulls. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(3), 357-364. doi: 10.1007/s00484-014-0847-z
Menegassi, S. R. O., Pereira, G. R., Bremm, C., Koetz, C., Lopes, F. G., Fiorentini, E. C.,... Barcellos, J. O. J. (2016). Effects of ambient air temperature, humidity, and wind speed on seminal traits in Braford and Nellore bulls at the Brazilian Pantanal. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(11), 1787-1794. doi: 10.1007/s00484-016-1167-2
Menegassi, S. R. O., Pereira, G. R., Dias, E. A., Rocha, M. K., Carvalho, H. R., Koetz, C.,... Barcellos, J. O. J. (2017). Infrared thermography as a noninvasive method to assess scrotal insulation on sperm production in beef bulls. Andrologia, 50(3), e12904. doi: 10.1111/and.12904
Moreira, E. P., Moura, A. de A. A., Araujo, A. A. de. (2001). Efeitos da insulação escrotal sobre a biometria testicular e parâmetros seminais em carneiros da raça Santa Inês criados no estado do Ceará. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(6), 8. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982001000700007
Parkinson, T. J. (1987). Seasonal variations in semen quality of bulls: correlations with environmental temperature. Veterinary Record, 120(20), 479-482. doi: 10.1136/vr.120.20.479
Paul, C., Teng, S., & Saunders, P. T. K. (2009). A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death. Biology of Reproduction, 80(5), 913-919. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.071779
Pezzini, T. G., Sartori, R., Silva, T. A. de S. N., McManus, C., & Mariante, A. da S. (2006). Características seminais de touros Curraleiros e Holandeses submetidos à insulação escrotal. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41(5), 6. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000500020
Polguj, M. S., Jędrzejewski, K., & Topol, M. (2010). Arterial supply of human and bovine testes: a topographic and morphometric comparison study. Folia Morphologica, 69(4), 225-231. doi: 10.5603.FM
Prabhakar, J., Chimbombi, J., Malmgren, L., Fredriksson, G., & Madej, A. (1990). Effects on testosterone and LH concentrations of induced testicular degeneration in bulls. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 31(4), 505-507. doi: 10.1186/s13028
Rahman, M. B., Vandaele, L., Rijsselaere, T., Maes, D., Hoogewijs, M., Frijters, A.,… Van Soom, A. (2011). Scrotal insulation and its relationship to abnormal morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape of spermatozoa in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue bulls. Theriogenology, 76(7), 1246-1257. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.031
Ruediger, F., George, M., Chacur, M., Carlos Platzeck, F., Alves, E., Oba, E.,… Ramos, A. (2016). Digital infrared thermography of the scrotum, semen quality, serum testosterone levels in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) and their correlation with climatic factors. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(1), 221-232. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n1p221
Setchell, B. (1998). The parkes lecture heat and the testis. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 114(2), 179-194. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.1140179
Setchell, B. (2006). The effect of heat on the testes of mammals. Animal Reproduction, 3(2), 81-91. doi: 10.21451/1984 Retrieved from http://www.cbra.org.br/portal/downloads/publicacoes/ animalreproduction/issues/download/v3n2/AR132%20Setchell%20pag81-91.pdf
Setchell, B. P. (1978). The mammalian testis. London: Elek Books/Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Vogler, C. J., Bame, J. H., DeJarnette, J. M., McGilliard, M. L., & Saacke, R. G. (1993). Effects of elevated testicular temperature on morphology characteristics of ejaculated spermatozoa in the bovine. Theriogenology, 40(6), 1207-1219. doi: 10.1016/0093-691X(93)90291-C
Waites, G. M. H. (1970). Temperature regulation and the testis. In A. D. Johnson, W. R. Gomes, & N. L. Vandemark (Eds.), Development, anatomy, and physiology (pp. 241-279). New York: Academic Press.
Welsh, J. T. H., & Johnson, B. H. (1981). Stress-induced alterations in secretion of corticosteroids, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone in bulls. Endocrinology, 109(1), 185-190. doi: 10.1210/endo-109-1-185
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2020-05-13
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Barca Junior, F. A., Koetz Junior, C., Fávaro, P. da C., Pereira, G. R., Menegassi, S. R. O., Morotti, F., … Seneda, M. M. (2020). Infrared thermography and Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the effects of scrotal insulation on testicular blood flow dynamics in bulls. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(4), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1267
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