Effect of soybean meal protein solubility in diets of grower-finisher pigs: growth performance, blood profile, apparent digestibility, and carcass and meat traits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2025v46n5p1509Keywords:
Antinutritional factors, Assessing method, Blood, Heat processing, KOH protein solubility, Soybean meal quality.Abstract
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) protein solubility (PS) is one of the most commonly used parameters to evaluate the degree of heat processing and the quality of protein and amino acids in soybean meal (SBM). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess SBM KOH-PS levels in diets for growerfinisher pigs and their effects on growth performance, blood biochemical and hematological profile, apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy, and carcass and meat traits. A total of 80 entire male pigs (Landrace × Large White; 35.24 ± 2.09 kg BW) were alloted for 88 days to a randomized block design (10 replicates and two pigs per pen as the experimental unit) with four dietary treatments: 1) SBM75 (diet containing SBM with 75% PS), SBM77 (diet containing SBM with 77% PS), SBM80 (diet containing SBM with 80% PS), and SBM85 (diet containing SBM with 85% PS). Experimental phases were defined as: grower I (77–97 d), grower II (97–111 d), grower III (111–139 d), finisher I (139–153 d), and finisher II (153–165 d). Finisher II pigs fed SBM75 or SBM80 diets showed greater (P=0.032) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) compared with those fed the SBM85 diet. Grower II pigs fed the SBM80 diet showed greater (P=0.005) digestible protein compared with those fed SBM75 or SBM85 diets. Additionally, grower II pigs fed the SBM85 diet exhibited greater (P=0.007) digestible energy (DE) compared with those fed the SBM75 diet. In contrast, finisher II pigs fed the SBM85 diet had greater (P=0.039) DE than those fed the SBM77 diet. Animals fed the SBM77 diet showed a greater (P=0.042) carcass pH 24 hours postmortem compared with those fed the other dietary treatments. Diets containing soybean meal with 75% to 85% KOH-PS did not alter growth performance or meat quality of grower-finisher pigs; however, they promoted changes in blood profile, apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy, and carcass pH.
Downloads
References
Araba, M., & Dale, N. M. (1990). Evaluation of protein solubility as an indicator of over processing soybean meal. Poultry Science, 69(1), 76-83. doi: 10.3382/ps.0690076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0690076
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2012). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (19nd ed.). AOAC International.
Bellaver, C., & Snizek, P. N. J. (1999). Processamento da soja e suas implicações na alimentação de suínos e aves. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Soja, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Biscegli, C. I., & Fávero, J. A. (1996). Recomendação sobre o uso do ultrassom na medida da espessura de toucinho em suínos vivos. (Comunicado Técnico, 2).
Boler, D. D., Dilger, A. C., Bidner, B. S., Carr, S. N., Eggert, J. M., Dia, D. J. W., Ellis, M., Mckeith, F. K., Boller & Killefer, J. (2010). Ultimate pH explains variation in pork quality traits. Journal of Muscle Foods, 21(1), 119-130. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00171.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00171.x
Bridi, A. M., & Silva, C. A. (2009). Métodos de avaliação da carcaça e da carne suína. Midigraft.
Căpriţă, R., Căpriţă, A., & Creţescu, I. (2010). Laboratory procedures for assessing quality of soybean meal. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco, Califórnia, Estados Unidos, 2.
Dozier, W. A., Hess, J. B., & El-Shemy, H. (2011). Soybean meal quality and analytical techniques. Soybean and Nutrition.
Etim, N. N., Offiong, E. E. A., Williams, M. E., & Asuquo, L. E. (2014). Influence of nutrition on blood parameters of pigs. American Journal of Biology and Life Sciences, 2(2), 46-52.
Fernandez, S. R., & Parsons, C. M. (1996). Bioavailability of digestible lysine in heat damaged soybean meal for chick growth. Poultry Science, 75(2), 224-231. doi: 10.3382/ps.0750224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0750224
Goebel, K. P., & Stein, H. H. (2011). Phosphorus digestibility and energy concentration of enzyme treated and conventional soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 89(3), 764-772. doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3253
Guo, Q., Wicks, J. C., Grant, L., Yen, C., & Gerrard, D. E. (2021). Ractopamine changes in pork quality are not mediated by changes in muscle glycogen or lactate accumulation post-mortem. Meat Science, 174, 108418. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108418
Isaac, L. J., Abah, G., Akpan, B., & Ekaette, I. U. (2013). Haematological properties of different breeds and sexes of rabbits. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, 18.
Kavanagh, S., Lynch, P. B., O’Mara, F., & Caffrey, P. J. (2001). A comparison of total collection and marker technique for the measurement of apparent digestibility of diets for growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 89(1-2), 49-58. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00237-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00237-6
Lee, H. S., Kim, J. G., Shin, Y. W., Park, Y. H., You, S. K., Kim, S. H., & Whang, K. Y. (2007). Comparison of laboratory analytical values and in vivo soybean meal quality on pigs by employing soyflakes heat-treated under different conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134, 337-346. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.011
Lima, C. B., Costa, F. G. P., Ludke, J. V., Lima, D., Jr., Mariz, T. M. A., Pereira, A. A., Silva, G. M., & Almeida, A. C. A. (2014). Fatores antinutricionais e processamento do grão de soja para alimentação animal. Agropecuária Científica no Semi-Árido, 10(4), 24-33. doi: 10.30969/acsa.v10i4.452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30969/acsa.v10i4.452
Marchal, L., Bello, A., Archer, G., Sobotik, E. B., & Dersjant-Li, Y. (2024). Total replacement of soybean meal with alternative plant-based ingredients and a combination of feed additives in broiler diets from 1 day of age during the whole growing period. Poultry Science, 103(7), 103854. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103854
Maurya, K., & Said, P. P. (2014). Extrusion processing on physical and chemical properties of protein rich products-an overview. Journal of Bioresource Engineering and Technology, 2(4), 61-67.
Milani, N. C. (2021). Avaliação do grão e do farelo de soja extrudados na alimentação de leitões recém-desmamados. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-08042021-183740/en.php
Milani, N. C., Paula, V. R. C. de, Azevedo, C. P. F., Sedano, A. A., Scarpim, L. B., Moreira, H., Jr., Duarte, D. H. A., Carciofi, A. C., Trindade, M. A. da, Neto, & Ruiz, U. S. (2022). Effects of extrusion on ileal and total tract nutrient and energy digestibility of untoasted soybean meal in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 284, 115206. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115206
National Pork Board (2011). Pork quality standard cards. NPB.
Nwanbe, R. N., & Elechi, F. N. (2009). Haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler finisher birds fed potash boiled bambara groundnut (Voanlzein subterranean (L) Thiur) meal as replacement for soybean meal. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society Animal Production, Ogbomosho, Oió, Nigeria, 34.
Oliveira, A. C. D., Ribeiro, J. D., Fº., Guimarães, J. D., Silva, A. R., Dantas, W. D. M. F., Bonfá, L. D. P., & Farias, S. K. D. (2010). Concentração de anticoagulante, tempo e temperatura de armazenagem sobre os parâmetros hematológicos no hemograma automatizado. Ciência Rural, 40(12), 2521-2526. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782010001200014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782010001200014
Rochell, S. J., Alexander, L. S., Rocha, G. C., Van Alstine, W. G., Boyd, R. D., Pettigrew, J. E., & Dilger, R. N. (2015). Effects of dietary soybean meal concentration on growth and immune response of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Journal of Animal Science, 93(6), 2987-2997. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-8462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8462
Rostagno, H. S., & Albino, L. F. T. (2024). Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais (5a ed.). Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Rumsey, G. L., Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P., & Bowser, P. R. (1994). Effect of soybean protein on serological response, non-specific defense mechanisms, growth, and protein utilization in rainbow trout. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41(3-4), 323-339. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90105-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(94)90105-8
Sakomura, N. K., & Rostagno, H. S. (2016). Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos (2a ed.). Funep.
Tarczyński, K., Zybert, A., Sieczkowska, H., Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk, E., & Antosik, K. (2021). Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Ciência Rural, 51(10), e20200885. doi: 10.1590/0103-848cr20200885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200885
Togun, V. A., Oseni, B. S. A., Ogundipe, J. A., Arewa, T. R., Hameed, A. A., Ajonijebu, D. C., Oyeniran, A., Nwosisi, I., & Mustapha, F. (2007). Effects of chronic lead administration on the haematological parameters of rabbit - a preliminary study. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the Agriculture Society of Nigerian, Zari, Kaduna, Nigeria, 341.
Upadhaya, S. D., Park, J. W., Lee, J. H., & Kim, I. H. (2016). Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in low quality soybean meal sources treated with β-mannanase for growing pigs. Animals, 10(7), 1148-1154. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116000082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000082
Veum, T. L., Serrano, X., & Hsieh, F. H. (2017). Twin-or single-screw extrusion of raw soybeans and preconditioned soybean meal and corn as individual ingredients or as corn-soybean product blends in diets for weanling swine. Journal of Animal Science, 95(3), 1288-1300. doi: 10.2527/jas.2016.1081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1081
Yin, Y., Liu, Y., Duan, G., Han, M., Gong, S., Yang, Z., Duan, Y., Guo, Q., Chen, Q., & Li, F. (2022). The effect of dietary leucine supplementation on antioxidant capacity and meat quality of finishing pigs under heat stress. Antioxidants, 11(7), 1373. doi: 10.3390/antiox11071373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071373
Žilić, S. M., Božović, I. N., Savić, S., & Šobajić, S. (2006). Heat processing of soybean kernel and its effect on lysine availability and protein solubility. Open Life Sciences, 1(4), 572-583. doi: 10.2478/s11535-006-0039-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-006-0039-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jean Carlos Smaniotto Losekann, Antonio Tristão Lopes Filho, Eduardo Inácio dos Santos, Andressa Luana Gorzelanski Trenkel, Paloma Amorim Vaz, Vaneila Daniele Lenhardt Savaris, Angela Rocio Poveda-Parra, Nilton Rohloff Junior; Jansller Luiz Genova; Paulo Levi de Oliveira Carvalho
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias adopts the CC-BY-NC license for its publications, the copyright being held by the author, in cases of republication we recommend that authors indicate first publication in this journal.
This license allows you to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform and develop the material, as long as it is not for commercial purposes. And due credit must be given to the creator.
The opinions expressed by the authors of the articles are their sole responsibility.
The magazine reserves the right to make normative, orthographic and grammatical changes to the originals in order to maintain the cultured standard of the language and the credibility of the vehicle. However, it will respect the writing style of the authors. Changes, corrections or suggestions of a conceptual nature will be sent to the authors when necessary.
