Feline obesity: risk factors and clinical and metabolic findings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3305Palabras clave:
Clinic, Cats, Overweight, Quality of life.Resumen
Excess body fat can cause a series of metabolic and mechanical effects on the body. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the clinical, metabolic, and risk factors of overweight (OW) cats. For the acceptance of participation in the research, the tutors were asked to answer a questionnaire containing 34 questions and to point out the body condition score (BCS) on a sheet containing nine images of different scores (1 to 9 on a 9-point scale). Thereafter, the body evaluations were performed as a classification of the BCS on a scale from 1 to 9, with an ideal score (IS) of BCS 5 and OW for BCS > 5. Further, the lean mass index and morphometric measurements (thoracic and abdominal circumferences and height and length of the patella to calcaneal tuberosity) were performed to estimate the percentage of body fat. Systolic blood pressure was measured using the non-invasive Doppler method and blood was collected for hemogram and serum biochemistry (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol). After these analyses, we sought to guide and raise the awareness of the tutors to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management of the animals. Thirty adult cats were divided into two groups, based on the classification of the BCS, with eight having an IS and 22 being OW. The OW group was found to have a low level of physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, and higher values of body characteristics. Additionally, there was a median agreement between the perceptions of the clinician and the tutors. Therefore, it was concluded that the main laboratory alteration found in the obese cats was hypercholesterolemia, which was a critical parameter. It was observed that a low degree of physical activity could cause excess weight gain. It was found that the guardians of the cats with ideal weight underestimated the BCS, which could contribute to the supply of excess food and consequently, obesity. Thus, this study was sought to guide and raise the awareness of tutors, to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management thereby providing welfare and quality of life to the animals.Métricas
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Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L., & Syme, H. M. (2018). ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32(6), 1803-1822. doi: 10.111 1/jvim.15331
Aguiar, D. S., Torres, M. A. O., Chaves, D. P., Martins, N. S., Cavalcante, E. C. C., & Teofilo, T. S. (2018). Biochemical serum profile of obese domestic cats from São Luís city, Maranhão. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, 17(2), 254-259. doi: 10.5965/223811711722018254
Alves, R. S., Barbosa, R. C. C., Cheren, M. W., Silva, L. E., & Souza, H. J. M. (2017). Frequency and risk factors of obesity in a population of domestic cats from Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 39(1), 33-45. doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm0081
Amat, M., Camps, T., & Manteca, X. (2016). Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(8), 577-586. doi: 10.1177/1098612X155908 67
Aptekmann, K. P., Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passo, C. B., Secchin, M. C., & Galeas, M. A. V. (2014). Comparison of different methods of body assessing in cats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(2), 215-218. Retrieved from http://rbmv.org/index.php/BJVM/article/view/496
Barbosa, R. C. C., Botelho, C. F. M., Alves, R. S., & Souza, H. J. M. (2018). Comparison among felines body mass index, leptin hormone serum level and body condition score to diagnose obesity in domestic cats. Revista Acta Scientiaeveterinarie, 46(1), 1-6. doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.84351
Behrend, E., Holford, A., Lathan, P., Rucinsky, R., & Schulman, R. (2018). 2018 AAHA Diabetes mangement Guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 54(1), 1-21. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6822
Bonagura, J., & Twedt, D. (2008). Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV (14nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Butterwick, R. (2000). How fat is that cat? Journal Feline Medicine Surgery, 2(2), 91-94. doi: 10.1053/jfms. 2000.0078
Chandler, M. L. (2016). Impact of obesity on cardiopulmonary disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 817-830. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005
Clark, M., & Hoenig, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of obesity and its interaction with endocrine diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Pratice, 46(5), 797-815. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016. 04.004
Costa, P. B., & Broin-Crivellenti, S. (2019). Glycemic homeostasis: molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and glycemic measurement methods in dogs and cats. Investigação, 18(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 26843/investigacaov1812019p%25p
Coucier, E. E., Higgins, R. O., Mellor, D. J., & Yam, P. S. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scoltland. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12(10), 746-753. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.011
Dantas, L. M. S., Delgado, M. M., Johnson, I., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2016). Food puzzles for cats feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 723-732. doi: 10. 1177/1098612X16643753
Dean, A. G., Sullivan, K. M., & Soe, M. M. (2013). OpenEpi: open source epidemiologic statistics for public health, Version. Retrieved from www.OpenEpi.com
Ellis, S. L. H., Rodan, I., Carney, H. C., Heath, S., Rochlitz, I., Shearburn, L. D., Sundahl, E., & Westropp, J. L. (2013). AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15(3), 219-230. doi: 10.1177/1098612X13477537
Fabretti, A. K., Gomes, L. A., Kemper, D. A. G., Chaves, R. O., Kemper, B., & Pereira, P. M. (2020). Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1813-1830. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n51813
Flanagan, J., Bissot, T., Hours, M. A., Moreno, B., & German, A. J. (2018). An international multi-center cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: differences in outcome in different geographical locations. Plos One, 13(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200414
Freeman, L., Becvarova, I., Cave, N., Mackay, C., Nguyen, P., Rama, B., Takashima, G., Tiffin, R., Tsjimoto, H., Beukelen, P., V. (2011). Wsava Nutritional assessment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(7), 385-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x
Freitas, V. D., Castilho, A. R., Conceição, L. A. V., Sousa, V. R. F., Mendonça, A. J., Silva, F. G., & Almeida, A. B. P. F. (2018). Metabolic evaluation in overweight and obese cats and association with blood pressure. Revista Ciência Rural, 48(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170217
German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Mason, S. L., Bryner, C., Bouldoires, C., & Morris, P. J. (2011). Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(3), 368-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01063.x
Heath, S. (2018). Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(5), 437-444. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18771205
Kaneko, J., Harvey, J., & Bruss, M. (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (6nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Laflamme, D. P. (1997). Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Practice, 25(5/6), 13-18.
Laflamme, D. P. (2006). Understanding and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36(6), 1283-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.005
Laflamme, D. P. (2012). Obesity in dogs and cats: what is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science, 90(5), 1653-1662. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4571
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. doi: 10.2307/2529310
Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., & Klausner, J. S. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(2), 88-96. doi: 10.1.1.460.6170 Retrieved from http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol3 Iss2/LUND.pdf
Mawby, D. I., Bartges, J. W., D´Avignon, A., Laflamme, D. P., Moyers, T. D., & Cottrell, T. (2004) Comparison of various methods for estimating body fat in dogs. Journal of the American Hospital Association, 40(2), 109-114. doi: 10.5326/0400109
Mccool, K. E., Rudinsky, A. J., Parker, C. O., & Gilor, H. C. (2018). The effect of diet, adiposity, and weight loss on the secretion of incretin hormones in cats. Domestic Animal Endocinology, 62(1), 67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.004
Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passos, C. B., Gáleas, M. A. V., Secchin, M. C., & Aptekann, K. P. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of feline obesity in Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(4), 1801-1806. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n4p1801
Mori, N., Kawasumi, K., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, I., Kobayashi, M., & Arai, T. (2012). Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(5), 615-617. doi: 10.3923⁄javaa.2012.615.6 17
Öhlund, M., Egenvall, A., Fall, T., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Röcklinsberg, H., & Holst, B. S. (2017). Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1), 29-35. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14618
Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4(17), 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00017
Reeve-Johnson, M. K., Rand, J. S., Vankan, D., Anderson, S. T., Marshall, R., & Morton, J. M. (2017). Cutpoints for screening blood glucose concentrations in healthy senior cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1181-1191. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16685675
Sadek, T., Hamper, B., Horwitz, D., Rodan, I., Rowe, E., & Sundahl, E. (2018). Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(11), 1049-1055. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18791877
Santarossa, A., Parr, J. M., & Verbrugghe, A. (2017). The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(5), 521-529. doi: 10.2460/javma.251.5.521
Shields, M., Tremblay, M. S., Gorber, S. C., & Janssen, I. (2012). Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports, 23(2), 7-15. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2012002/article/11653-eng.pdf?st=0DjshqQ6
Silva, M. G. C., Domingos, T. S., & Caramaschi, S. (2018). Arterial hypertension and health care: conceptions of men and woman. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 19(2), 435-452. doi: 10.15309/18psd19 0221
Tarkosova, D., Story, M. M., Rand, J. S., & Svoboda, M. (2016). Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine, 61(6), 295-307. doi: 10.17221/145/2015-VETMED
Verbrugghe, A. (2019). Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In M. Cline, & M. Murphy (Eds.), Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Aguiar, D. S., Torres, M. A. O., Chaves, D. P., Martins, N. S., Cavalcante, E. C. C., & Teofilo, T. S. (2018). Biochemical serum profile of obese domestic cats from São Luís city, Maranhão. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, 17(2), 254-259. doi: 10.5965/223811711722018254
Alves, R. S., Barbosa, R. C. C., Cheren, M. W., Silva, L. E., & Souza, H. J. M. (2017). Frequency and risk factors of obesity in a population of domestic cats from Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 39(1), 33-45. doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm0081
Amat, M., Camps, T., & Manteca, X. (2016). Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(8), 577-586. doi: 10.1177/1098612X155908 67
Aptekmann, K. P., Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passo, C. B., Secchin, M. C., & Galeas, M. A. V. (2014). Comparison of different methods of body assessing in cats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(2), 215-218. Retrieved from http://rbmv.org/index.php/BJVM/article/view/496
Barbosa, R. C. C., Botelho, C. F. M., Alves, R. S., & Souza, H. J. M. (2018). Comparison among felines body mass index, leptin hormone serum level and body condition score to diagnose obesity in domestic cats. Revista Acta Scientiaeveterinarie, 46(1), 1-6. doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.84351
Behrend, E., Holford, A., Lathan, P., Rucinsky, R., & Schulman, R. (2018). 2018 AAHA Diabetes mangement Guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 54(1), 1-21. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6822
Bonagura, J., & Twedt, D. (2008). Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV (14nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Butterwick, R. (2000). How fat is that cat? Journal Feline Medicine Surgery, 2(2), 91-94. doi: 10.1053/jfms. 2000.0078
Chandler, M. L. (2016). Impact of obesity on cardiopulmonary disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 46(5), 817-830. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005
Clark, M., & Hoenig, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of obesity and its interaction with endocrine diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Pratice, 46(5), 797-815. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016. 04.004
Costa, P. B., & Broin-Crivellenti, S. (2019). Glycemic homeostasis: molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and glycemic measurement methods in dogs and cats. Investigação, 18(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 26843/investigacaov1812019p%25p
Coucier, E. E., Higgins, R. O., Mellor, D. J., & Yam, P. S. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scoltland. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12(10), 746-753. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.011
Dantas, L. M. S., Delgado, M. M., Johnson, I., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2016). Food puzzles for cats feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 723-732. doi: 10. 1177/1098612X16643753
Dean, A. G., Sullivan, K. M., & Soe, M. M. (2013). OpenEpi: open source epidemiologic statistics for public health, Version. Retrieved from www.OpenEpi.com
Ellis, S. L. H., Rodan, I., Carney, H. C., Heath, S., Rochlitz, I., Shearburn, L. D., Sundahl, E., & Westropp, J. L. (2013). AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15(3), 219-230. doi: 10.1177/1098612X13477537
Fabretti, A. K., Gomes, L. A., Kemper, D. A. G., Chaves, R. O., Kemper, B., & Pereira, P. M. (2020). Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1813-1830. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n51813
Flanagan, J., Bissot, T., Hours, M. A., Moreno, B., & German, A. J. (2018). An international multi-center cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: differences in outcome in different geographical locations. Plos One, 13(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200414
Freeman, L., Becvarova, I., Cave, N., Mackay, C., Nguyen, P., Rama, B., Takashima, G., Tiffin, R., Tsjimoto, H., Beukelen, P., V. (2011). Wsava Nutritional assessment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(7), 385-396. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x
Freitas, V. D., Castilho, A. R., Conceição, L. A. V., Sousa, V. R. F., Mendonça, A. J., Silva, F. G., & Almeida, A. B. P. F. (2018). Metabolic evaluation in overweight and obese cats and association with blood pressure. Revista Ciência Rural, 48(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170217
German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Mason, S. L., Bryner, C., Bouldoires, C., & Morris, P. J. (2011). Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(3), 368-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01063.x
Heath, S. (2018). Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(5), 437-444. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18771205
Kaneko, J., Harvey, J., & Bruss, M. (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (6nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Laflamme, D. P. (1997). Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Practice, 25(5/6), 13-18.
Laflamme, D. P. (2006). Understanding and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36(6), 1283-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.005
Laflamme, D. P. (2012). Obesity in dogs and cats: what is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science, 90(5), 1653-1662. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4571
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. doi: 10.2307/2529310
Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., & Klausner, J. S. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3(2), 88-96. doi: 10.1.1.460.6170 Retrieved from http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol3 Iss2/LUND.pdf
Mawby, D. I., Bartges, J. W., D´Avignon, A., Laflamme, D. P., Moyers, T. D., & Cottrell, T. (2004) Comparison of various methods for estimating body fat in dogs. Journal of the American Hospital Association, 40(2), 109-114. doi: 10.5326/0400109
Mccool, K. E., Rudinsky, A. J., Parker, C. O., & Gilor, H. C. (2018). The effect of diet, adiposity, and weight loss on the secretion of incretin hormones in cats. Domestic Animal Endocinology, 62(1), 67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.004
Mendes, A. F., Jr., Passos, C. B., Gáleas, M. A. V., Secchin, M. C., & Aptekann, K. P. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of feline obesity in Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(4), 1801-1806. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n4p1801
Mori, N., Kawasumi, K., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, I., Kobayashi, M., & Arai, T. (2012). Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(5), 615-617. doi: 10.3923⁄javaa.2012.615.6 17
Öhlund, M., Egenvall, A., Fall, T., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Röcklinsberg, H., & Holst, B. S. (2017). Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1), 29-35. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14618
Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4(17), 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00017
Reeve-Johnson, M. K., Rand, J. S., Vankan, D., Anderson, S. T., Marshall, R., & Morton, J. M. (2017). Cutpoints for screening blood glucose concentrations in healthy senior cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1181-1191. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16685675
Sadek, T., Hamper, B., Horwitz, D., Rodan, I., Rowe, E., & Sundahl, E. (2018). Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(11), 1049-1055. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18791877
Santarossa, A., Parr, J. M., & Verbrugghe, A. (2017). The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(5), 521-529. doi: 10.2460/javma.251.5.521
Shields, M., Tremblay, M. S., Gorber, S. C., & Janssen, I. (2012). Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports, 23(2), 7-15. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2012002/article/11653-eng.pdf?st=0DjshqQ6
Silva, M. G. C., Domingos, T. S., & Caramaschi, S. (2018). Arterial hypertension and health care: conceptions of men and woman. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 19(2), 435-452. doi: 10.15309/18psd19 0221
Tarkosova, D., Story, M. M., Rand, J. S., & Svoboda, M. (2016). Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine, 61(6), 295-307. doi: 10.17221/145/2015-VETMED
Verbrugghe, A. (2019). Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In M. Cline, & M. Murphy (Eds.), Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
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2021-08-12
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Lima, C. M. de, Boff, G. A., Pereira, S. B., Ferraz, A., Bruhn, F. R. P., Rondelli, M. C. H., & Nobre, M. de O. (2021). Feline obesity: risk factors and clinical and metabolic findings. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6), 3305–3320. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3305
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