Genetic parameters and trends for reproductive traits in Blanco Orejinegro cattle from Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2523Keywords:
Consanguinity, Heritability, Inbreeding depression, Genetic evaluation.Abstract
The Colombian creole cattle breed Blanco Orejinegro (BON) is an important zoogenetic resource, but there is little knowledge about the genetic parameters and trends of its reproductive traits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate parameters for the reproductive traits calving interval (CI), age at first calving (AFC), gestation duration (GD) and genetic trends for CI in the BON breed. Genealogy information from 7,799 animals was used, and employing the MTDFREML program, the components of the variance, heritability (h2), repeatability (rep), and estimated breeding values (EBV) for CI (n=3308), AFC (n=729), and GD (n=306) were estimated, in addition to the inbreeding coefficient (F) of the population. Genetic trends were established through linear regression using R software. Finally, the animals were classified as inbred (F>0) and noninbred (F=0), and the effect of inbreeding on reproductive performance was established through a generalized linear model using the R program. An average F value of 4.41%±0.06 was observed. The h2 for CI was 0.11±0.03 with a rep of 0.15±0.04; for AFC, h2 was 0.00±0.05; and for GD, h2 was 0.00±0.08. The genetic trend for CI was -0.01 days/year. Finally, for CI, inbreeding depression was evident; this trait increased when inbreeding increased. These results indicate an important environmental influence on reproductive traits. The heritability estimate for CI suggests that little genetic progress could be achieved through selection. The evidence of inbreeding depression raises the need to control inbreeding to conserve this genetic resource.References
Aguirre-Valverde, J., Vargas-Leitón, B., & Romero-Zuñiga, J. J. (2013). Efectos de la endogamia sobre parámetros reproductivos en vacas Holstein y Jersey de Costa Rica. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 245. doi: 10.15517/am.v24i2.12523
Amaya, A., Martínez, R., & Cerón-Muñoz, M. (2020). Parámetros genéticos para crecimiento y reproducción en ganado Simmental mediante parentesco por pedigrí y genómico. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 25(1), 1-8. doi: 10.21897/rmvz.1520
Ayalew, W., Aliy, M., & Negussie, E. (2017). Estimation of genetic parameters of the productive and reproductive traits in Ethiopian Holstein using multi-trait models. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(11), 1550. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0198
Boldman, K. G., Kriese, L. A., Van Vleck, L. D., & Kachman, S.D. (1995). A manual for use of MTDFREML: A set of programs to obtain estimates of variances and covariances (pp. 1-112). Olay Centre, Nebraska, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. http://www.zzlab.net/MTDFREML/index.html
Canaza-Cayo, A. W., Lopes, P. S., Cobuci, J. A., Martins, M. F., & Silva, M. V. G. B. da. (2018). Genetic parameters of milk production and reproduction traits of Girolando cattle in Brazil. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(1), 22-30. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1335180
Eler, J. P., Bignardi, A. B., Ferraz, J. B. S., & Santana, M. L. Jr. (2014). Genetic relationships among traits related to reproduction and growth of Nelore females. Theriogenology, 82(5), 708-715. doi: 10.1016/j. theriogenology.2014.06.001
González Herrera, L. G., Rincón Flórez, J. C., González Corrales, J. C., Londoño Gil, M., Caivio Nasner, S. L., Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, A., & López Herrea, A. (2020). Evaluación genética de ganado Blanco Orejinegro (BON) de Colombia. Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Howard, J. T., Pryce, J. E., Baes, C., & Maltecca, C. (2017). Invited review: Inbreeding in the genomics era: inbreeding, inbreeding depression, and management of genomic variability. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), 6009-6024. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12787
Kern, E. L., Cobuci, J. A., Costa, C. N., Neto, J. B., Campos, G. S., & McManus, C. M. (2014). Genetic parameters for longevity measures in Brazilian Holstein cattle using linear and threshold models. Archives Animal Breeding, 57(1), 1-12.doi: 10.7482/0003-9438-57-033
Lopez, B. I., Son, J.-H., Seo, K., & Lim, D. (2019). Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Hanwoo (Korean Cattle). Animals, 9(10), 715. doi: 10.3390/ani9100715
M-Rocha, J. F., Gallego, J. L., Vásquez, R. F., Pedraza, J. A., Echeverri, J., Cerón-Muñoz, M. F., & Martínez, R. (2012). Estimation of genetic parameters for age at first calving and calving interval in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) breed cattle populations in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 25(2), 220-228.
Martínez-Rocha, R. E., Ramírez-Valverde, R., Núñez-Domínguez, R., García-Muñiz, J. G., & Parra-Bracamonte, G. M. (2021). Comportamiento de crecimiento y reproductivo en hembras bovinas Romosinuano. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 26(1), e2033-e2033. doi: 10.21897/rmvz.2033
Martínez, A., Gama, L. T., Cañón, J., Ginja, C., Delgado, J. V, Dunner, S.,… Rodellar, C. (2012a). Genetic footprints of Iberian cattle in America 500 years after the arrival of Columbus. PLoS One, 7(11), e49066. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049066
Martínez, J. L. L., Bernal, J. H. Q., Blanquicet, J. L. G., & Sarraz, G. A. O. (2020). Efecto de caracteres propios e inherentes al animal sobre la edad al primer parto en la hembra bovina de la raza Romosinuano. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias, 9(2), 6-22. doi: 10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v9n2.79322
Martínez, S., Rodrigo, E., Vásquez, R., Gallego, G., Gómez, Y., Jaime L.,… Quiceno, J. (2012b).Eficiencia productiva de la raza Bon en el trópico colombiano. Bogotá (Cundinamarca): Corpoica.
Mc Parland, S., Kearney, J. F., Rath, M., & Berry, D. P. (2007). Inbreeding effects on milk production, calving performance, fertility, and conformation in Irish Holstein-Friesians. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4411-4419. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0227
Mrode, R., & Thompson, R. (2014). Linear models for the prediction of animal breeding values (3nd ed.). Trowbridge: CABI Publishing.
Ocampo Gallego, R., Ramírez Toro, J., Lopera Peña, J., Restrepo Castañeda, G., & Gallego Gil, J. (2020). Genetic diversity assessed by pedigree analysis in the Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle breed population from the colombian germplasm bank. Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences, 36(1), 69-77. doi: 10.29393/CHJAAS36-4D30004
Ossa-Saraz, G. A. (1999). Comportamiento productivo del ganado Costeño con Cuernos y sus cruces. Santafé de Bogotá: CO-BAC. (Doc. 19125).
Pryce, J. E., Haile-Mariam, M., Goddard, M. E., & Hayes, B. J. (2014). Identification of genomic regions associated with inbreeding depression in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 46(1),1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12711-014-0071-7
Quijano, J. H., & Echeverri, J. J. (2016). Genética cuantitativa aplicada al mejoramiento animal. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Recuperado de https://www.uneditorial.com/bw-genetica-cuantitativa-aplicada-al-mejoramiento-animal-biologia.html#mas-info
R Core Team (2019). A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Vega-Murillo, V. E., Calderón-Robles, R. C., Galavíz-Rodríguez, J. R., & Lagunes-Lagunes, J. (2012). Genetic analysis of milk yield of holstein and brown swiss cows under intensive grazing in subtropical conditions. Revista Cientifica de La Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de La Universidad Del Zulia, 22(6), 545-552.
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Robles, R. C. C., Fernández, J. V. R., & Lagunes, J. L. (2010). Estimation of genetic parameters for fertility traits in Brown Swiss cattle under subtropical conditions of Mexico. Veterinaria México, 41(2), 117-129.
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Hernández-Hernández, V. D., Villagómez Amezcua-Manjarréz, E., & Zárate-Martínez, J. P. (2013). Heredabilidad de características reproductivas de vacas Indubrasil. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 293-300.
Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., & Woznicki, S. A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16, 145-163. doi: 10.1016/j. crm.2017.02.001
Saraz, G. O., Hinestroza, A. D., Rodríguez, M. O. S., Reza, S., García, J. P., & Pérez, Y. A. (2013). Formación, desarrollo y caracterización fenotípica de los caracteres productivos y reproductivos del hato Romosinuano del banco de germoplasma de Colombia. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 14(2), 231-243.
Sebastian, J., & Correa, P. (2016). Evaluación comparativa de parámetros productivos y reproductivos en ganado Brahmán gris y rojo en un hato puro en Barinas-Venezuela. Recuperado de https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/zootecnia/5
Segura-Correa, J. C., Magaña-Monforte, J. G., Aké-López, J. R., Segura-Correa, V. M., Hinojosa-Cuellar, J. A., & Osorio-Arce, M. M. (2017). Breed and environmental effects on birth weight, weaning weight and calving interval of Zebu cattle in Southeastern Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20(2), 297-305.
Setiaji, A., & Oikawa, T. (2019). Genetics of heifer reproductive traits in Japanese Black cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(2), 197-202. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2013.819433
Signer-Hasler, H., Burren, A., Neuditschko, M., Frischknecht, M., Garrick, D., Stricker, C.,... Flury, C. (2017). Population structure and genomic inbreeding in nine Swiss dairy cattle populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49(1), 1-13 doi: 10.1186/s12711-017-0358-6
Teixeira, N. M., Freitas, A. F., & Ribas, N. P. (1994). Tendências genéticas em rebanhos da raça Holandesa no Estado do Paraná. II. Idade ao primeiro parto e primeiro intervalo de partos. Revista de la Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 23(6), 992-1001.
Torshizi, M. E. (2016). Effects of season and age at first calving on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of lactation curve parameters in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 58(1), 8. doi: 10.1186/s40781-016-0089-1
Ulhôa Magnabosco, C., Brito Lopes, F., Magalhaes Rosa, G. J. de, & Sainz, R. D. (2016). Bayesian estimates of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Nellore cows raised on pasture in tropical regions. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 29(2), 119-129. doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a05
United States Department of Agriculture (2017). AIP, Animal improvement program (Last Modified: 01/12/2017). Washington, DC: Barc-West, Building.
Valencia, J. A. C., Aristizabal, P. A. R., Carmona, K. V. Z., Martínez, J. L. L., & Herrera, L. G. G. (2016). Factores ambientales relacionados con el peso al parto, el peso al destete y el intervalo entre partos en vacas blanco orejinegro y brahman. FAGROPEC-Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 8(2), 68-72.
Vergara, O., Cerón, M., Hurtado, N., Arboleda, E., Granada, J., & Rúa, C. (2008). Estimación de la heredabilidad del intervalo de partos en bovinos cruzados. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 13(1), 1192-1196.
Vergara, O., Ossa, G., Cabrera, J., Simanca, J., & Pérez, J. (2016). Heritabilities and genetic trends for reproductive traits in a population of Romosinuano cattle in Colombia. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 21(1), 5250-5257.
Wright, S. (1922) Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. American Naturalist, 56(645), 330-338. doi: 10.1086/279872
Amaya, A., Martínez, R., & Cerón-Muñoz, M. (2020). Parámetros genéticos para crecimiento y reproducción en ganado Simmental mediante parentesco por pedigrí y genómico. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 25(1), 1-8. doi: 10.21897/rmvz.1520
Ayalew, W., Aliy, M., & Negussie, E. (2017). Estimation of genetic parameters of the productive and reproductive traits in Ethiopian Holstein using multi-trait models. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(11), 1550. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0198
Boldman, K. G., Kriese, L. A., Van Vleck, L. D., & Kachman, S.D. (1995). A manual for use of MTDFREML: A set of programs to obtain estimates of variances and covariances (pp. 1-112). Olay Centre, Nebraska, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. http://www.zzlab.net/MTDFREML/index.html
Canaza-Cayo, A. W., Lopes, P. S., Cobuci, J. A., Martins, M. F., & Silva, M. V. G. B. da. (2018). Genetic parameters of milk production and reproduction traits of Girolando cattle in Brazil. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(1), 22-30. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1335180
Eler, J. P., Bignardi, A. B., Ferraz, J. B. S., & Santana, M. L. Jr. (2014). Genetic relationships among traits related to reproduction and growth of Nelore females. Theriogenology, 82(5), 708-715. doi: 10.1016/j. theriogenology.2014.06.001
González Herrera, L. G., Rincón Flórez, J. C., González Corrales, J. C., Londoño Gil, M., Caivio Nasner, S. L., Saldarriaga Saldarriaga, A., & López Herrea, A. (2020). Evaluación genética de ganado Blanco Orejinegro (BON) de Colombia. Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Howard, J. T., Pryce, J. E., Baes, C., & Maltecca, C. (2017). Invited review: Inbreeding in the genomics era: inbreeding, inbreeding depression, and management of genomic variability. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), 6009-6024. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12787
Kern, E. L., Cobuci, J. A., Costa, C. N., Neto, J. B., Campos, G. S., & McManus, C. M. (2014). Genetic parameters for longevity measures in Brazilian Holstein cattle using linear and threshold models. Archives Animal Breeding, 57(1), 1-12.doi: 10.7482/0003-9438-57-033
Lopez, B. I., Son, J.-H., Seo, K., & Lim, D. (2019). Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Hanwoo (Korean Cattle). Animals, 9(10), 715. doi: 10.3390/ani9100715
M-Rocha, J. F., Gallego, J. L., Vásquez, R. F., Pedraza, J. A., Echeverri, J., Cerón-Muñoz, M. F., & Martínez, R. (2012). Estimation of genetic parameters for age at first calving and calving interval in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) breed cattle populations in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 25(2), 220-228.
Martínez-Rocha, R. E., Ramírez-Valverde, R., Núñez-Domínguez, R., García-Muñiz, J. G., & Parra-Bracamonte, G. M. (2021). Comportamiento de crecimiento y reproductivo en hembras bovinas Romosinuano. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 26(1), e2033-e2033. doi: 10.21897/rmvz.2033
Martínez, A., Gama, L. T., Cañón, J., Ginja, C., Delgado, J. V, Dunner, S.,… Rodellar, C. (2012a). Genetic footprints of Iberian cattle in America 500 years after the arrival of Columbus. PLoS One, 7(11), e49066. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049066
Martínez, J. L. L., Bernal, J. H. Q., Blanquicet, J. L. G., & Sarraz, G. A. O. (2020). Efecto de caracteres propios e inherentes al animal sobre la edad al primer parto en la hembra bovina de la raza Romosinuano. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias, 9(2), 6-22. doi: 10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v9n2.79322
Martínez, S., Rodrigo, E., Vásquez, R., Gallego, G., Gómez, Y., Jaime L.,… Quiceno, J. (2012b).Eficiencia productiva de la raza Bon en el trópico colombiano. Bogotá (Cundinamarca): Corpoica.
Mc Parland, S., Kearney, J. F., Rath, M., & Berry, D. P. (2007). Inbreeding effects on milk production, calving performance, fertility, and conformation in Irish Holstein-Friesians. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4411-4419. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0227
Mrode, R., & Thompson, R. (2014). Linear models for the prediction of animal breeding values (3nd ed.). Trowbridge: CABI Publishing.
Ocampo Gallego, R., Ramírez Toro, J., Lopera Peña, J., Restrepo Castañeda, G., & Gallego Gil, J. (2020). Genetic diversity assessed by pedigree analysis in the Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle breed population from the colombian germplasm bank. Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences, 36(1), 69-77. doi: 10.29393/CHJAAS36-4D30004
Ossa-Saraz, G. A. (1999). Comportamiento productivo del ganado Costeño con Cuernos y sus cruces. Santafé de Bogotá: CO-BAC. (Doc. 19125).
Pryce, J. E., Haile-Mariam, M., Goddard, M. E., & Hayes, B. J. (2014). Identification of genomic regions associated with inbreeding depression in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 46(1),1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12711-014-0071-7
Quijano, J. H., & Echeverri, J. J. (2016). Genética cuantitativa aplicada al mejoramiento animal. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Recuperado de https://www.uneditorial.com/bw-genetica-cuantitativa-aplicada-al-mejoramiento-animal-biologia.html#mas-info
R Core Team (2019). A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Vega-Murillo, V. E., Calderón-Robles, R. C., Galavíz-Rodríguez, J. R., & Lagunes-Lagunes, J. (2012). Genetic analysis of milk yield of holstein and brown swiss cows under intensive grazing in subtropical conditions. Revista Cientifica de La Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de La Universidad Del Zulia, 22(6), 545-552.
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Robles, R. C. C., Fernández, J. V. R., & Lagunes, J. L. (2010). Estimation of genetic parameters for fertility traits in Brown Swiss cattle under subtropical conditions of Mexico. Veterinaria México, 41(2), 117-129.
Ríos-Utrera, Á., Hernández-Hernández, V. D., Villagómez Amezcua-Manjarréz, E., & Zárate-Martínez, J. P. (2013). Heredabilidad de características reproductivas de vacas Indubrasil. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 293-300.
Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., & Woznicki, S. A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16, 145-163. doi: 10.1016/j. crm.2017.02.001
Saraz, G. O., Hinestroza, A. D., Rodríguez, M. O. S., Reza, S., García, J. P., & Pérez, Y. A. (2013). Formación, desarrollo y caracterización fenotípica de los caracteres productivos y reproductivos del hato Romosinuano del banco de germoplasma de Colombia. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 14(2), 231-243.
Sebastian, J., & Correa, P. (2016). Evaluación comparativa de parámetros productivos y reproductivos en ganado Brahmán gris y rojo en un hato puro en Barinas-Venezuela. Recuperado de https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/zootecnia/5
Segura-Correa, J. C., Magaña-Monforte, J. G., Aké-López, J. R., Segura-Correa, V. M., Hinojosa-Cuellar, J. A., & Osorio-Arce, M. M. (2017). Breed and environmental effects on birth weight, weaning weight and calving interval of Zebu cattle in Southeastern Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20(2), 297-305.
Setiaji, A., & Oikawa, T. (2019). Genetics of heifer reproductive traits in Japanese Black cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(2), 197-202. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2013.819433
Signer-Hasler, H., Burren, A., Neuditschko, M., Frischknecht, M., Garrick, D., Stricker, C.,... Flury, C. (2017). Population structure and genomic inbreeding in nine Swiss dairy cattle populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49(1), 1-13 doi: 10.1186/s12711-017-0358-6
Teixeira, N. M., Freitas, A. F., & Ribas, N. P. (1994). Tendências genéticas em rebanhos da raça Holandesa no Estado do Paraná. II. Idade ao primeiro parto e primeiro intervalo de partos. Revista de la Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 23(6), 992-1001.
Torshizi, M. E. (2016). Effects of season and age at first calving on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of lactation curve parameters in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 58(1), 8. doi: 10.1186/s40781-016-0089-1
Ulhôa Magnabosco, C., Brito Lopes, F., Magalhaes Rosa, G. J. de, & Sainz, R. D. (2016). Bayesian estimates of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Nellore cows raised on pasture in tropical regions. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 29(2), 119-129. doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a05
United States Department of Agriculture (2017). AIP, Animal improvement program (Last Modified: 01/12/2017). Washington, DC: Barc-West, Building.
Valencia, J. A. C., Aristizabal, P. A. R., Carmona, K. V. Z., Martínez, J. L. L., & Herrera, L. G. G. (2016). Factores ambientales relacionados con el peso al parto, el peso al destete y el intervalo entre partos en vacas blanco orejinegro y brahman. FAGROPEC-Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 8(2), 68-72.
Vergara, O., Cerón, M., Hurtado, N., Arboleda, E., Granada, J., & Rúa, C. (2008). Estimación de la heredabilidad del intervalo de partos en bovinos cruzados. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 13(1), 1192-1196.
Vergara, O., Ossa, G., Cabrera, J., Simanca, J., & Pérez, J. (2016). Heritabilities and genetic trends for reproductive traits in a population of Romosinuano cattle in Colombia. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 21(1), 5250-5257.
Wright, S. (1922) Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. American Naturalist, 56(645), 330-338. doi: 10.1086/279872
Downloads
Published
2021-05-20
How to Cite
Caivio-Nasner, S. L., López-Herrera, A., González-Herrera, L. G., & Rincón Flórez, J. C. (2021). Genetic parameters and trends for reproductive traits in Blanco Orejinegro cattle from Colombia. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(4), 2523–2538. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2523
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Semina: Ciências Agrárias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
O Copyright dos manuscritos publicados pertence ao periódico. Como são publicados em um periódico de acesso aberto, eles estão disponíveis gratuitamente, para uso privado ou para fins educacionais e não comerciais.
A revista tem o direito de fazer, no documento original, alterações referentes às normas lingüísticas, ortografia e gramática, com o objetivo de garantir as normas padrão do idioma e a credibilidade da revista. No entanto, respeitará o estilo de escrita dos autores.
Quando necessário, alterações conceituais, correções ou sugestões serão encaminhadas aos autores. Nesses casos, o manuscrito deve ser submetido a uma nova avaliação após revisão.
A responsabilidade pelas opiniões expressas nos manuscritos é inteiramente dos autores.
