Evaluation of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs using an observational questionnaire
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2235Keywords:
Older dogs, Disorientation, Cognitive decline.Abstract
The life expectancy of dogs has increased in recent years, mainly due to intensified care by owners, through health care, nutrition, and wellness. Currently, we have a large population of elderly dogs and consequently, the development of age-related conditions, such as cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS). Thus, we aimed to identify signs compatible with canine CDS (CDS) in dogs, through investigation of daily behavioral changes. We collected data from review, interaction with other animals, and the behavior of dogs. An observational questionnaire was used to evaluate behavioral changes. The responses generated a summation of points for the classification of dogs with and without signs compatible with CCDS. We also evaluated the interference of behavioral changes in the cohabitation of the owner with his dog. Of the 178 dogs studied, 40 (22.4%) had signs compatible with CCDS, especially those aged ? 10 years (31.4%). There were no statistical correlations with variables of sex, reproductive status, size, and race. Statistical differences were observed regarding the frequency of behavioral changes between dogs with and without CCDS in relation to disorientation, activity, sleep/wake cycle, house/soil, and socioenvironmental interaction. The owners considered that dogs with CCDS alter their daily routine and were favorable to initiating treatment, although with reduced compliance for life-long medication. We conclude that dogs older than 10 years have signs compatible with CCDS regardless of race, sex, reproductive status, and size. They present changes mainly in behavior related to activity, socioenvironmental interaction, sleep/wake cycle, and house soil and, less frequently, the manifestation of disorientation.References
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BENNETT, S. Cognitive dysfunction in dogs: Pathologic neurodegeneration or just growing older? The Veterinary Journal, Londres, v. 194, n. 2, p. 141-142, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.009
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CORY, J. Identification and management of cognitive decline in companion animals and the comparisons with Alzheimer disease: a review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, Brandon, v. 8, n. 4, p. 291-301, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.08.001
FAST, R.; SCHÜTT, T.; TOFT, N.; MOLLER, A.; BERENDT, A. N. D. M. An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Copenhagen, v. 27, n. 4, p. 822-829, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12109
GALLEGO, D. V.; FIGUEROA, J. R.; OROZCO, C. S. Síndrome de disfuncíon cognitiva de perros geriátricos. Revista MVZ Córdoba, Córdoba, v. 15, n. 3, p. 2252-2262, 2010. DOI: http://sci- 10.21897/rmvz.313
GREER, K. A.; CANTERBERRY, S. C.; MURPHY, K. E. Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog. Research in Veterinary Science, Texas, v. 82, n. 2, p. 208-214, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.06.005
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HEAD, E. B. Aging in dogs: parallels with human brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Veterinary therapeutics, California, v. 2, n. 3, p. 247-260, 2001. Available in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/19746668 . Acess at: 15 mar. 2015
KATINA, S.; FARBAKOVA, J.; MADARI, A. Risk factors for canine cognitive. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, Kotlarska, v. 58, n. 17, p. 2-7, 2016. DOI: 10.11862s13028-016-0196-5
LANDSBERG, G.; ARAUJO, A. Behavior Problems in Geriatric Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v. 35, n. 3, p. 675-698, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.008
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LANDSBERG, G. M.; SHERMAN, B. L.; ZIMMERMAN, A.; MELESE, P.; NEILSON, J. C.; CLARCK, T.P. Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety. Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applicationsand Research, v. 3, n. 1, p. 12-19, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2007.09.001
MADARI, A.; FARBAKOVA, J.; KATINA, S. Assessment of severity and progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome using the canine dementia scale (cades). Aplied Animal Behavior Science, v. 171, n. 1, p. 138-145, 2015. DOI: 1016/j.applanim.2015.08.034
MARCOLINO, G.; ESCODRO, P. B.; SOUZA, F.W.; NOTOM, M. K. Utilização de formulário clínico para reconhecimento de distúrbio cognitivo em cães idosos. Revista Ciência Veterinária nos Trópicos, Recife, v 19, n. 2. p. 10-18, 2016. Available in: http://www.rcvt.org.br/volume19_2/Revista%20Cient%C3% ADfica2.pdf. Acess at: 15 mar. 2015
MARTÍNEZ, A. G; ROSADO, B.; PESINI, P.; GARCÍA-BELENGUER, S.; PALACIO, J.; VILLEGAS, A.; SUÁREZ, M. L.; SANTAMARINA, G.; SARASA, M.. Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on two simple tasks in pet dogs. The Veterinary Journal, Lugo, v. 198, n. 1, p. 176-181, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.004
MALEK-AHMADI, M.; DAVIS, K.; BELDEN, C.; LAIZURE, B.; JACOBSON, S.; YAARI, R.; SINGH, U.; SABBAGH, M.N. Validation and diagnostic accuracy of the Alzheimer's questionnaire. Age Ageing, Sun City, v. 41, n. 3, p. 396-399, 2012. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs008
NEILSON, J. C.; HART, B. L.; CLIFF, K. D.; RUEHL, W. W. Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Portland, v. 18, n. 11, p. 1787-1791, 2001. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1787
OSELLA, M.; RE, G.; ODORE, R.; GIRARDI, C.; BADINO, P.; BARBERO, R.; BERGAMASCO, L. Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome: prevalence, clinical signs and treatment with a neuroprotective nutraceutical. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Grugliasco, v. 105, n. 4, p. 297-310, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.007
PÉREZ-GUISADO, J. El Síndrome de disfuncíon cognitiva en el perro. Revista Electrónica de Clínica Veterinária RECVET, Lugo, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2007.
PINEDA, S.; OLIVARES, A.; MAS, B.; IBAÑEZ, M. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: updated behavioral and clinical evaluations as a tool to evaluate the well-being of aging dogs. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, Madrid, v. 46, n. 1, p. 1-12, 2014. DOI: 10.4067/S0301-732X2014000100002
REGENERATIVE NEUROSCIENCE GROUP - RNG. Canine-cognitive-dysfunction-rating-scale-CCDR. 2012. Available in: http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/1839821/Canine-Cognitive-Dysfunction-Rating-scale-CCDR. Acess at: 20 mar. 2015.
ROFINA, J. E.; VAN EDEREN, A. M.; TOUSSAINT, M. J. M.; SECRÈVE, M.; VAN DER SPEK, A.; VAN DER MEER, I.; VAN EERDENBURG, F. J. C. M.; GRUYS, E. Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research, v. 1069, n. 1, p. 216-226, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.021
ROSADO, B.; MARTÍNEZ, A. G.; PESINI, P.; GARCIA, B. S.; PALACIO, J.; VILLEGAS, A.; SUÁREZ, M.L; SANTAMARINA, G.; SARASA, M. Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs - Part 1: locomotor and exploratory behaviour. The Veterinar Journal, Zaragoza, v. 194, n. 2, p. 189-195, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.025
SALVIN, H. E.; MCGREEVY, P.D.; SACHDEV, P. S. The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): A data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. The Veterinary Journal, Sydney, v. 188, n. 3, p. 331-336, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.014
SCHÜTT, T.; TOFT, N.; BERENDT, M. A comparison of two screening questionnaires for clinical assessment of canine cognitive dysfunction. Jornal of Veterinary Behavior, Copenhagen, v. 10, n. 6, p. 452-458, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.036
SIWAK, C. T.; MURPHEY, H. L.; MUGGENBURG, B. A.; MILGRAM, N. W. Age-dependent decline in locomotor activity in dogs is environment specific. Physioogy. Behavior, Toronto, v.75, n. 1, p. 65-70, 2002.
SVICERO, J. D.; HECKLER, M. C. T.; AMORIM, R. M. Prevalence of behavioral changes in senile dogs. Revista Ciência Rural, São Paulo, v. 47, n. 2, p. x-x, 2017. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151645
BAIN, M. J. Predicting behavioral changes associated with age related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Califórnia, v. 218, n. 11, p. 1792-1795, 2001. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1792
BENNETT, S. Cognitive dysfunction in dogs: Pathologic neurodegeneration or just growing older? The Veterinary Journal, Londres, v. 194, n. 2, p. 141-142, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.009
BOWEN, J.; HEATH, S. Geriatric behavioural issues. In: BOWEN, J.; HEATH, S. Behaviour problems in small animals. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. 2005. p. 59-69.
CASTAÑEDA, I. G. Metodos diagnósticos para la determinación de la disfunción cognoscitiva en perros geriatras (SDC Parte 2). Revista Vanguardia Veterinaria, v. 68, n. 2, p. 34-47, 2015. Available in: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318947716_. Acess at: 15 mar. 2015
CORY, J. Identification and management of cognitive decline in companion animals and the comparisons with Alzheimer disease: a review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, Brandon, v. 8, n. 4, p. 291-301, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.08.001
FAST, R.; SCHÜTT, T.; TOFT, N.; MOLLER, A.; BERENDT, A. N. D. M. An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Copenhagen, v. 27, n. 4, p. 822-829, 2013. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12109
GALLEGO, D. V.; FIGUEROA, J. R.; OROZCO, C. S. Síndrome de disfuncíon cognitiva de perros geriátricos. Revista MVZ Córdoba, Córdoba, v. 15, n. 3, p. 2252-2262, 2010. DOI: http://sci- 10.21897/rmvz.313
GREER, K. A.; CANTERBERRY, S. C.; MURPHY, K. E. Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog. Research in Veterinary Science, Texas, v. 82, n. 2, p. 208-214, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.06.005
GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍNEZ, A.; ROSADO, B.; GARCÍA-BELENGUER, S.; GARCÍA-BELENGUER, S. Síndrome de disfunción cognitiva en el perro geriátrico. Clínica Veterinaria de Pequeños Animales, Zaragoza, v. 32, n. 3, p. 159-167, 2012. DOI: https://ddd.uab.cat/record/130189
HEAD, E. B. Aging in dogs: parallels with human brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Veterinary therapeutics, California, v. 2, n. 3, p. 247-260, 2001. Available in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/19746668 . Acess at: 15 mar. 2015
KATINA, S.; FARBAKOVA, J.; MADARI, A. Risk factors for canine cognitive. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, Kotlarska, v. 58, n. 17, p. 2-7, 2016. DOI: 10.11862s13028-016-0196-5
LANDSBERG, G.; ARAUJO, A. Behavior Problems in Geriatric Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v. 35, n. 3, p. 675-698, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.008
LANDSBERG, G. M.; NICHOL, J.; ARAUJO, J. A. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a disease of canine and feline brain aging. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v. 42, n. 4, p. 749-768, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.003
LANDSBERG, G. M.; SHERMAN, B. L.; ZIMMERMAN, A.; MELESE, P.; NEILSON, J. C.; CLARCK, T.P. Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety. Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applicationsand Research, v. 3, n. 1, p. 12-19, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2007.09.001
MADARI, A.; FARBAKOVA, J.; KATINA, S. Assessment of severity and progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome using the canine dementia scale (cades). Aplied Animal Behavior Science, v. 171, n. 1, p. 138-145, 2015. DOI: 1016/j.applanim.2015.08.034
MARCOLINO, G.; ESCODRO, P. B.; SOUZA, F.W.; NOTOM, M. K. Utilização de formulário clínico para reconhecimento de distúrbio cognitivo em cães idosos. Revista Ciência Veterinária nos Trópicos, Recife, v 19, n. 2. p. 10-18, 2016. Available in: http://www.rcvt.org.br/volume19_2/Revista%20Cient%C3% ADfica2.pdf. Acess at: 15 mar. 2015
MARTÍNEZ, A. G; ROSADO, B.; PESINI, P.; GARCÍA-BELENGUER, S.; PALACIO, J.; VILLEGAS, A.; SUÁREZ, M. L.; SANTAMARINA, G.; SARASA, M.. Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on two simple tasks in pet dogs. The Veterinary Journal, Lugo, v. 198, n. 1, p. 176-181, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.004
MALEK-AHMADI, M.; DAVIS, K.; BELDEN, C.; LAIZURE, B.; JACOBSON, S.; YAARI, R.; SINGH, U.; SABBAGH, M.N. Validation and diagnostic accuracy of the Alzheimer's questionnaire. Age Ageing, Sun City, v. 41, n. 3, p. 396-399, 2012. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs008
NEILSON, J. C.; HART, B. L.; CLIFF, K. D.; RUEHL, W. W. Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Portland, v. 18, n. 11, p. 1787-1791, 2001. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1787
OSELLA, M.; RE, G.; ODORE, R.; GIRARDI, C.; BADINO, P.; BARBERO, R.; BERGAMASCO, L. Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome: prevalence, clinical signs and treatment with a neuroprotective nutraceutical. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Grugliasco, v. 105, n. 4, p. 297-310, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.007
PÉREZ-GUISADO, J. El Síndrome de disfuncíon cognitiva en el perro. Revista Electrónica de Clínica Veterinária RECVET, Lugo, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2007.
PINEDA, S.; OLIVARES, A.; MAS, B.; IBAÑEZ, M. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: updated behavioral and clinical evaluations as a tool to evaluate the well-being of aging dogs. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, Madrid, v. 46, n. 1, p. 1-12, 2014. DOI: 10.4067/S0301-732X2014000100002
REGENERATIVE NEUROSCIENCE GROUP - RNG. Canine-cognitive-dysfunction-rating-scale-CCDR. 2012. Available in: http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/1839821/Canine-Cognitive-Dysfunction-Rating-scale-CCDR. Acess at: 20 mar. 2015.
ROFINA, J. E.; VAN EDEREN, A. M.; TOUSSAINT, M. J. M.; SECRÈVE, M.; VAN DER SPEK, A.; VAN DER MEER, I.; VAN EERDENBURG, F. J. C. M.; GRUYS, E. Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research, v. 1069, n. 1, p. 216-226, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.021
ROSADO, B.; MARTÍNEZ, A. G.; PESINI, P.; GARCIA, B. S.; PALACIO, J.; VILLEGAS, A.; SUÁREZ, M.L; SANTAMARINA, G.; SARASA, M. Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs - Part 1: locomotor and exploratory behaviour. The Veterinar Journal, Zaragoza, v. 194, n. 2, p. 189-195, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.025
SALVIN, H. E.; MCGREEVY, P.D.; SACHDEV, P. S. The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): A data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. The Veterinary Journal, Sydney, v. 188, n. 3, p. 331-336, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.014
SCHÜTT, T.; TOFT, N.; BERENDT, M. A comparison of two screening questionnaires for clinical assessment of canine cognitive dysfunction. Jornal of Veterinary Behavior, Copenhagen, v. 10, n. 6, p. 452-458, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.036
SIWAK, C. T.; MURPHEY, H. L.; MUGGENBURG, B. A.; MILGRAM, N. W. Age-dependent decline in locomotor activity in dogs is environment specific. Physioogy. Behavior, Toronto, v.75, n. 1, p. 65-70, 2002.
SVICERO, J. D.; HECKLER, M. C. T.; AMORIM, R. M. Prevalence of behavioral changes in senile dogs. Revista Ciência Rural, São Paulo, v. 47, n. 2, p. x-x, 2017. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151645
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2019-08-07
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Krug, F. D. M., Tillmann, M. T., Piñeiro, M. B. C., Capellas, S. de O., Costa, A. L., Bruhn, F. R. P., & Nobre, M. de O. (2019). Evaluation of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs using an observational questionnaire. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 40(5Supl1), 2235–2246. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2235
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