An overview of public archival policies for presidential records in the United States of America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1981-8920.2021v26n2p515Keywords:
National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Archivist, Presidential Records Act, Presidential RecordsAbstract
Objective: The objective of the research is to explore and describe the trajectory of archival policy applied to the public documents of the Presidents of the United States of America.Methodology: The study is characterized as a research with a qualitative approach and exploratory in nature, using bibliographic research and documentary research online on the National Archives and Records Administration website as methodological procedure.
Results: As results, elements of analysis on archival policies are presented for presidential documents, from the point of view of theory and praxis that involve this type of file.
Conclusions: Historical, legal and political developments are reflected in the country's archival policies and shape the procedures for accessing and preserving information. In the USA, the administrative and bureaucratic structures, the joint performance of National Archives and Presidential Libraries and the protagonism of the figure of the Archivist make up a model with characteristics unique to that country.
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References
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SMITH, N. K; STERN, G. M. A historical review of access to records in presidential libraries. The Public Historian, EUA v. 28, n. 3, p. 79-116, 2006. Disponível em: https://online.ucpress.edu/tph/article/28/3/79/89947/A-Historical-Review-ofAccess-to-Records-in. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2021.
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BEARMAN, D. The Implications of Armstrong v. Executive of the President for the Archival Management of Electronic Records. The American Archivist EUA, v. 56, n. 4, p. 674-689, 1993. Disponível em: https://www.americanarchivist.org/doi/abs/10.17723/aarc.56.4.v4x38681q7217155. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
BLEVINS, K. M. The Failure of the Freedom of Information Act: Addressing the Need for Statutory Change.2013. Dissertation (Mass Communications) – Pennsylvania State University. Pennsylvania, 2013. p. 188. Disponível em: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/22681. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2020.
CARPENTER, W. C., Nichols, C., Polirer, S. A., & Wiener, J. A. Exploring the Evolution of Access: Classified, Privacy, and Proprietary Restrictions. The American Archivist, EUA, v. 74, n.1, p. 1-25, 2011. Disponível em: http://americanarchivist.org/doi/abs/10.17723/aarc.74.suppl1.p61prj6p86851l53. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
CLARK, Bob. In Defense of Presidential Libraries: Why the Failure to Build an Obama Library Is Bad for Democracy. The Public Historian, EUA, v. 40, n. 2, p. 96-103, 2018. Disponível em: https://online.ucpress.edu/tph/article/40/2/96/1806/In-Defense-of-PresidentialLibrariesWhy-the. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
COOK, B. W. Presidential Papers in Crisis Some Thoughts on Lies, Secrets, and Silence. Presidential Studies Quarterly, EUA, v. 26, n. 1, p. 285-292, 1996. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551567. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2020.
CUILLIER, D.; DAVIS, C. N. The art of access: Strategies for acquiring public records. CQ Press, 2019.
DAVID, J. Can We Finally See Those Records? An Update on the Automatic/Systematic Declassification Review Program. The American Archivist, EUA, v. 76, n. 2, p. 415-437, 2013. Disponível em: https://americanarchivist.org/doi/abs/10.17723/aarc.76.2.kr5mr37k15m12110. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
DE LUCA, L. Searching FOIA Libraries for government information. Government Information Quarterly, EUA, v. 37, n. 1, p. 101-417, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X18304702#bb0020. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2020.
FAGA, M. C. Improving declassification: A report to the president from the public interest declassification board. 1. ed. Washington, DC: Diane Publishing, 2008.
FERRIERO, D. S. NARA’s Role under the Presidential Records Act and the Federal Records Act. Prologue Magazine, EUA, v. 49, n. 2, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/summer/archivist-prafra. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2020.
GINSBERG, W. The Presidential Records Act: Background and Recent Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.thepostemail.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CRS-Report-onThe-Presidential-Records-Act.pdf. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2020.
HENSEN, S. L. The President's papers are the people's business. Washington Post, v. 16, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.archivists.org/statements/prespapers.asp?prnt=y. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2020.
HIRSHON, A. The scope, accessability and history of presidential papers. Government Publications Review, EUA, v. 1, n. 4, p. 363-390, 1974. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0093061X74900033.
HIRSHON, A. Recent developments in the accessibility of presidential papers and other presidential historical materials. In: HIRSHON, A. Government Publications. Pergamon, 1981. p. 175-192. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080252162500193.
HUFBAUER, B. Spotlights and shadows: presidents and their administrations in presidential museum exhibits. The Public Historian, EUA, v. 28, n. 3, p. 117- 132, 2006. Disponível em: https://online.ucpress.edu/tph/article/28/3/117/89916/Spotlights-and-ShadowsPresidents-and-Their. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2020.
KOSAR, K. R. Classified information policy and executive order 13526. Congressional Research Service Report, December, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/125799/153313.pdf. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2020.
KUMAR, M. J. Executive Order 13233 Further Implementation of the Presidential Records Act. Presidential Studies Quarterly, EUA, v. 32, n. 1, p. 194-209, 2002. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552376. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2020.
McGOWAN, C. Presidents and Their Papers. Minnesota Law Review, EUA, v. 68, p. 409, 1983. Disponível em: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/954. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
McKAY, P. R. Presidential papers: a property issue. The Library Quarterly, EUA, v. 52, n. 1, p. 21-40, 1982. Disponível em: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/601176. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
MENGEL, D. J. Access to United States Government Records at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archives Seminar, Japan, May 2007. Disponível em: http://www.archivists.org/publications/proceedings/accesstoarchives/07_David_MENGEL.pdf. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2020.
MONTGOMERY, B. P. Presidential Materials: Politics and the Presidential Records Act. The American Archivist, EUA, v. 66, n. 1, p. 102-138, 2003. Disponível em: https://americanarchivist.org/doi/abs/10.17723/aarc.66.1.8v8063806411716t. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
MONTGOMERY, B.P. Source Material: Nixon's Ghost Haunts the Presidential Records Act: The Reagan and George W. Bush Administrations. Presidential Studies Quarterly, EUA, v. 32, n. 4, p. 789-809, 2002. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0360-4918.2002.00249.x. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
MONTGOMERY, B. P. The Bush-Cheney administration's assault on open government. Praeger Publishers, 2008.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Archived White House Websites and Social Media. Disponível em: https://www.obamalibrary.gov/research/archived-white-house-websites-andsocial-media. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Archivists of the United States 1934 – Present. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/about/history/archivists. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION (NARA). Federal Register. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/federal-register.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. George W. Bush Electronic Records Now Part of the Electronic Records Archives. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2009/nr09-114.html. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Guidance oOn Presidential Records from the National Archives and Records Administration. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/files/guidanceon-presidential-records-from-the-national-archives-and-records-administration2020.pdf
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Learnabout Presidential Libraries. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/about. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. National Archives Responds to Senate Questions About White House Recordkeeping. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/press/pressreleases/2017/nr-43. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Presidential Libraries and Museums. Laws and Regulations. Presidential Records Act (PRA) of 1978. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1978-act.html. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. Strategic Directions: Appraisal Policy. September 2007. Disponível em: https://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/initiatives/appraisal.html. Acesso em:10 fev. 2021.
OBAMA, Barack. Executive order 13526: Classified national security information. United States. Office of the Federal Register. United States. Office of the Federal Register, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=30722. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
OTT, B. L. The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical studies in media communication, EUA, v. 34, n. 1, p. 59-68, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
PARRY-GILES, S. J. Archival Research and the American Presidency: The political and rhetorical complexities of presidential records. The Handbook of Rhetoric and Public Address, EUA, p.157-183, 2010. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444324105.ch6. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
PRESIDENTS. The White House, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2021.
PUBLIC CITIZEN. About Us. Disponível em: https://www.citizen.org/about/. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
REID, W. Public papers of the presidents. The American Archivist, EUA, v. 25, n. 4, p. 435-439, 1962. Disponível em: https://americanarchivist.org/doi/pdf/10.17723/aarc.25.4.j1367u3x6g26370q. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.
SMITH, N. K; STERN, G. M. A historical review of access to records in presidential libraries. The Public Historian, EUA v. 28, n. 3, p. 79-116, 2006. Disponível em: https://online.ucpress.edu/tph/article/28/3/79/89947/A-Historical-Review-ofAccess-to-Records-in. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2021.
SCOTT, R. Governor's records: public records. The American Archivist, EUA, v. 33, n. 1, p. 5-10, 1970. Disponível em: https://www.americanarchivist.org/doi/pdf/10.17723/aarc.33.1.a4x07201671l15q7. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2021.
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ARCHIVISTS. Joint Statement on Selection Criteria for the Archivist of the United States. 2004. Disponível em: https://www2.archivists.org/statements/joint-statement-on-selection-criteria-forthe-archivist-of-the-united-states. Acesso em: 16 jul. 2020.
SPENCER, P. Separation of Powers; Bill of Attainder; Presidential Papers; Chief Executive's Right to Privacy; Nixon v. Administrator of General Services. Akron Law Review, EUA, v. 11, n. 2, p. 373-386. 1978. Disponível em: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol11/iss2/8. Acesso em: 11 fev.2021.
UNITED STATES. Departament of Justice. Freedon of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.justice.gov/oip/freedom-information-act-5-usc-552. Acesso em: Acesso em: 11 de fevereiro de 2021.
UNITED STATES. District Court for the district ff Columbia. Armstrong v. Bush, 1989. Disponível em: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/721/343/1420019/. Acesso em: 11 de fevereiro de 2021.
UNITED STATES. Presidential Records Act, 44 U.S.C. §§2201-2207. 1978. Disponível em: https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title44/chapter22&edition=prelim. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2021.
UNITED STATES. Presidential Records Act, 44 U.S.C. §§2201-2209. 2014. Disponível em: https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title44/chapter22&edition=prelim. Acesso em: 17 jun. 2020.
TURLEY, J. Presidential Papers and Popular Government: The Convergence of Constitutional and Property Theory in Claims of Ownership and Control of Presidential Records. Cornell Law Review, nº 3, v. 88, p. 651, 2003. Disponível em: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216736926.pdf. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2021.
YUHAN, S. H. The Imperial Presidency Strikes Back: Executive Order 13,233, the National Archives, and the Capture of Presidential History. New York University Law Review, EUA, v. 79, p. 1570, 2004. Disponível em: https://heinonline.org/hol-cgibin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nylr79§ion=38. Acesso em: 17 jun. 2020
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2021-07-08
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Silva, A. R., & Vitoriano, M. C. de C. P. (2021). An overview of public archival policies for presidential records in the United States of America. Informação & Informação, 26(2), 515–542. https://doi.org/10.5433/1981-8920.2021v26n2p515
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