Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease and a serious public health problem. This study investigated the behavior of canine VL (CVL) in the municipality of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil - where it is endemic - and its relationship with socioeconomic and environmental conditions. This is an ecological, descriptive and quantitative research that analyzed reported cases of CVL by using databases from Guanambi's Epidemiological Surveillance and Veterinary Hospital from 2017 to 2021. As for the CVL spatiality, notification of cases in the municipality's streets and neighborhoods and their relationship with climatic conditions, and population, socioeconomic and environmental indicators were analyzed. There were 1,061 cases of CVL, and the neighborhoods with the highest prevalence were Alto Caiçara and Beija-Flor, in the peripheral regions with low nominal monthly income. A variation in temperature and precipitation was observed in relation to the monthly average of dogs that tested positive. The municipality must establish strategies and actions seeking to improve the environmental conditions of each neighborhood, in order to minimize of vector proliferation.