Evaluation of attachment in adult: scales and psychometric properties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2021v12n3p57Keywords:
adult attachment, literature review, psychometry, psychometric propertiesAbstract
This study aims to present a literature review on attachment measures published from 2014 to 2019. Information was collected on the number of items, factors, response form, reliability data, main methods of investigation of the internal structure. The databases used were: BIREME, PubMed, PsycNET, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, SAGE, Springer and Redalyc. Of the 1384 articles, 10 that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed. The factors of the instruments varied from 1 to 5 factors and different methods of analysis. An important gap found was the absence of a Brazilian attachment instrument.
References
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*Andersen, C. M., Pedersen, A. F., Carlsen, A. H., Olesen, F., & Vedsted, P. (2017). Data quality and factor analysis of the Danish version of the Relationship Scale Questionnaire. PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0176810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176810
Barnum, E. L., & Perrone, K. M. (2017). Attachment, Self-Esteem and Subjective Well-Being Among Survivors of Childhood Sexual Trauma. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 39(1), 39–55. doi:10.17744/mehc.39.1.04
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Berry, K., Wearden, A., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2006). Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(4), 707–718. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.009
Blanton, H., M, L. J. (2018). Measurement in Social Psychology. Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Brown, J. D. (2009). Statistics Corner Questions and answers about language testing statistics: Principal components analysis and exploratory factor analysis— Definitions, differences, and choices. CiteSeerx, The College of Information Sciences and Technology. doi:10.1.1.372.1638
*Busonera, A., Martini, P. S., Zavattini, G. C., & Santona, A. (2014). Psychometric Properties of an Italian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Scale. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 785–801. doi:10.2466/03.21.PR0.114k23w9
Cassidy, J., Jones, J. D., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Contributions of Attachment Theory and Research: A Framework for Future Research, Translation, and Policy. Development and psychopathology, 25(4 0 2), 1415–1434. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000692
Damásio, B. F. (2012). Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliaçao Psicologica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 213-228. doi: 10.1677/a0200007
Dibble, J. L., Levine, T. R., & Park, H. S. (2012). The Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS): Reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 565–572. doi:10.1037/a0026265
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (p. 128–152). New York: Guilford Press.
*Firoozabadi, A., Abedi, Z., Aliyari, R., Zolfaghari, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2014). Psychometric Characteristics of the Persian (Farsi) Version of Attachment Style Questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(6), 506–514.
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 615–625. doi:10.1037/a0022898
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 705–725. doi:10.1037/00022898
Gillath, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E. E., & Stockdale, G. D. (2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 362–373. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.009
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2006). Consequential validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on Blanton and Jaccard (2006). American Psychologist, 61(1), 56–61. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.56
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(3), 430. doi: 10.1037%2F0022-3514.67.3.430.
Gumley, A. I., Taylor, H. E. F., Schwannauer, M., & MacBeth, A. (2014). A systematic review of attachment and psychosis: Measurement, construct validity and outcomes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129(4), 257–274. doi:10.1111/acps.12172
Hox, J. J., & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Family Science Review, 11 (20), 354-373
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
*Michael, T., & Snow, M. (2019). The Adult Scale of Parental Attachment-Short Form: Psychometric Properties, Factor Analyses, and Validation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(4), 509–529. doi:10.1007/s10447-019-09375-9
Moshkani, M. & Afrooz, G. (2018). Compare Big Five personality traits, attachment and self-perception between delinquent and normal adolescentes. MEJDS. 20(19), 9:53. doi:10.1007/q654211-1
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables; user's guide;[version 7]. CiteSeerx, The College of Information Sciences and Technology. doi: 10.1.1.310.2841
*Olbert, C. M., Penn, D. L., Reise, S. P., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., Lee, J., & Green, M. F. (2016). Assessment of attachment in psychosis: A psychometric cause for concern. Psychiatry Research, 246(5), 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.020
Özyurt, G., Öztürk, Y., Onat, M., Mutlu, C., & Akay, A. (2018). Attachment, emotion regulation and anger expression in adolescent depression: Did comorbid anxiety disorder not have a role? Current Psychology, 246(5), 77–83. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9985-5
Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 419–432. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
*Rocha, G. M. A., Peixoto, E. M., Nakano, T. de C., Motta, I. F. da, & Wiethaeuper, D. (2017). The Experiences in Close Relationships - Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS): Validity evidence and reliability. Psico-USF, 22(1), 121–132. doi:10.1590/1413-82712017220111
Scrima, F., Rioux, L., & Lorito, L. (2014). Three-Factor Structure of Adult Attachment in the Workplace: Comparison of British, French, and Italian Samples. Psychological Reports, 115(2), 627–642. doi:10.2466/49.PR0.115c25z2
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Snow, M. S., Sullivan, K., Martin, E. E., & Helm, H. (2005). The adult scale of parental attachment: Psychometric properties, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling. Manuscript, Department of Leadership and Counselor Education. The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 4 (1), 0-22. doi. 10/123004
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Α When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
*Tasca, G. A., Brugnera, A., Baldwin, D., Carlucci, S., Compare, A., Balfour, L., Proulx, G., Gick, M., & Lafontaine, M.-F. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-12: Attachment dimensions in a clinical sample with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(1), 18–27. doi:10.1002/eat.22807
*Trentini, C., Foschi, R., Lauriola, M., & Tambelli, R. (2015). The State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM): A construct and incremental validity study. Personality and Individual Differences, 85 (1), 251–257. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.016
*Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Galanopoulou, N., Gennimata, V., Mosa, E., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2016). Attachment orientations of Greek cancer patients in palliative care. A validation study of the Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR-M16). JBUON 21(4) 1005-1012. Recuperado de https://jbuon.com/archive/21-4-1005.pdf
Vanhecke T. E. (2008). Zotero. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA, 96(3), 275–276. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.96.3.022
Varghese, M. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College Student Cyberbullying: Self-Esteem, Depression, Loneliness, and Attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7–21. doi:10.1002/jocc.12055
*Vilar, R., Araujo, R. D. C., Coelho, G. L., Grangeiro, A. S., & Gouveia, V. V. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS) for a Brazilian Sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20 (1), 1-24.
Woolley, M. E., Bowen, G. L., & Bowen, N. K. (2004). Cognitive Pretesting and the Developmental Validity of Child Self-Report Instruments: Theory and Applications. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(3), 191–200. doi:10.1177/1049731503257882
Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185–198. doi:10.1002/job.2204
*Andersen, C. M., Pedersen, A. F., Carlsen, A. H., Olesen, F., & Vedsted, P. (2017). Data quality and factor analysis of the Danish version of the Relationship Scale Questionnaire. PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0176810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176810
Barnum, E. L., & Perrone, K. M. (2017). Attachment, Self-Esteem and Subjective Well-Being Among Survivors of Childhood Sexual Trauma. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 39(1), 39–55. doi:10.17744/mehc.39.1.04
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Berry, K., Wearden, A., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2006). Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(4), 707–718. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.009
Blanton, H., M, L. J. (2018). Measurement in Social Psychology. Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Brown, J. D. (2009). Statistics Corner Questions and answers about language testing statistics: Principal components analysis and exploratory factor analysis— Definitions, differences, and choices. CiteSeerx, The College of Information Sciences and Technology. doi:10.1.1.372.1638
*Busonera, A., Martini, P. S., Zavattini, G. C., & Santona, A. (2014). Psychometric Properties of an Italian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Scale. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 785–801. doi:10.2466/03.21.PR0.114k23w9
Cassidy, J., Jones, J. D., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Contributions of Attachment Theory and Research: A Framework for Future Research, Translation, and Policy. Development and psychopathology, 25(4 0 2), 1415–1434. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000692
Damásio, B. F. (2012). Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliaçao Psicologica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 213-228. doi: 10.1677/a0200007
Dibble, J. L., Levine, T. R., & Park, H. S. (2012). The Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS): Reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 565–572. doi:10.1037/a0026265
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (p. 128–152). New York: Guilford Press.
*Firoozabadi, A., Abedi, Z., Aliyari, R., Zolfaghari, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2014). Psychometric Characteristics of the Persian (Farsi) Version of Attachment Style Questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(6), 506–514.
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships—Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 615–625. doi:10.1037/a0022898
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 705–725. doi:10.1037/00022898
Gillath, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E. E., & Stockdale, G. D. (2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 362–373. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.009
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2006). Consequential validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on Blanton and Jaccard (2006). American Psychologist, 61(1), 56–61. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.56
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(3), 430. doi: 10.1037%2F0022-3514.67.3.430.
Gumley, A. I., Taylor, H. E. F., Schwannauer, M., & MacBeth, A. (2014). A systematic review of attachment and psychosis: Measurement, construct validity and outcomes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129(4), 257–274. doi:10.1111/acps.12172
Hox, J. J., & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Family Science Review, 11 (20), 354-373
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
*Michael, T., & Snow, M. (2019). The Adult Scale of Parental Attachment-Short Form: Psychometric Properties, Factor Analyses, and Validation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(4), 509–529. doi:10.1007/s10447-019-09375-9
Moshkani, M. & Afrooz, G. (2018). Compare Big Five personality traits, attachment and self-perception between delinquent and normal adolescentes. MEJDS. 20(19), 9:53. doi:10.1007/q654211-1
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables; user's guide;[version 7]. CiteSeerx, The College of Information Sciences and Technology. doi: 10.1.1.310.2841
*Olbert, C. M., Penn, D. L., Reise, S. P., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., Lee, J., & Green, M. F. (2016). Assessment of attachment in psychosis: A psychometric cause for concern. Psychiatry Research, 246(5), 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.020
Özyurt, G., Öztürk, Y., Onat, M., Mutlu, C., & Akay, A. (2018). Attachment, emotion regulation and anger expression in adolescent depression: Did comorbid anxiety disorder not have a role? Current Psychology, 246(5), 77–83. doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9985-5
Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 419–432. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
*Rocha, G. M. A., Peixoto, E. M., Nakano, T. de C., Motta, I. F. da, & Wiethaeuper, D. (2017). The Experiences in Close Relationships - Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS): Validity evidence and reliability. Psico-USF, 22(1), 121–132. doi:10.1590/1413-82712017220111
Scrima, F., Rioux, L., & Lorito, L. (2014). Three-Factor Structure of Adult Attachment in the Workplace: Comparison of British, French, and Italian Samples. Psychological Reports, 115(2), 627–642. doi:10.2466/49.PR0.115c25z2
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Snow, M. S., Sullivan, K., Martin, E. E., & Helm, H. (2005). The adult scale of parental attachment: Psychometric properties, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling. Manuscript, Department of Leadership and Counselor Education. The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 4 (1), 0-22. doi. 10/123004
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Α When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
*Tasca, G. A., Brugnera, A., Baldwin, D., Carlucci, S., Compare, A., Balfour, L., Proulx, G., Gick, M., & Lafontaine, M.-F. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-12: Attachment dimensions in a clinical sample with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(1), 18–27. doi:10.1002/eat.22807
*Trentini, C., Foschi, R., Lauriola, M., & Tambelli, R. (2015). The State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM): A construct and incremental validity study. Personality and Individual Differences, 85 (1), 251–257. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.016
*Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Galanopoulou, N., Gennimata, V., Mosa, E., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2016). Attachment orientations of Greek cancer patients in palliative care. A validation study of the Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR-M16). JBUON 21(4) 1005-1012. Recuperado de https://jbuon.com/archive/21-4-1005.pdf
Vanhecke T. E. (2008). Zotero. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA, 96(3), 275–276. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.96.3.022
Varghese, M. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College Student Cyberbullying: Self-Esteem, Depression, Loneliness, and Attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7–21. doi:10.1002/jocc.12055
*Vilar, R., Araujo, R. D. C., Coelho, G. L., Grangeiro, A. S., & Gouveia, V. V. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS) for a Brazilian Sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20 (1), 1-24.
Woolley, M. E., Bowen, G. L., & Bowen, N. K. (2004). Cognitive Pretesting and the Developmental Validity of Child Self-Report Instruments: Theory and Applications. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(3), 191–200. doi:10.1177/1049731503257882
Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185–198. doi:10.1002/job.2204
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2021-12-28
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Tartaro, G. K., & Baptista, M. N. (2021). Evaluation of attachment in adult: scales and psychometric properties. Estudos Interdisciplinares Em Psicologia, 12(3), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2021v12n3p57
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