Evaluation of the presence and quantification of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in samples of water intended for human consumption from artesian wells
Keywords:
Water quality, Escherichia coli, Artesian wells.Abstract
Water is essential for life and its contamination by pathogenic microorganisms offers great risk to human health and may cause illnesses ranging from mild gastroenteritis to life threatening diseases. Thus, water for human consumption should be free of pathogenic microorganisms and must not contain indicators of faecal contamination such as Escherichia coli presence. Given the importance of drinking water quality for health, this study aimed to verify the bacteriological quality of water used for human consumption from 200 artesian wells located in the city of Cambé - Paraná, from 2013 to 2017. The methodology used for the research of total coliforms and E. coli was the Colilert® chromogenic substrate method. Among the 200 analysed water samples, 113 (56.5%) were contaminated with total coliforms and 35 (17,5%) with E. coli. The analyses carried out during the five-year period allowed finding 14 (7%) treated water samples that showed contamination by bacteria of the coliform group. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is expected that both the population and the public agencies will be aware of the importance of water quality control for the prevention of diseases transmitted by this means.References
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Seoane GA. Calidad del agua de fuentes públicas e pozos particulares, com especial referencia al Término Municipal de Vigo. Rev Sanid Hig Publica. 1988;62:1303-316, 1988.
Amaral LA, Nader FA, Rossi JOD, Ferreira FLA, Barros LSS. Água de consumo humano como fator de risco à saúde em propriedades rurais. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2003 ago; 37(4):510-14. Doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102003000400017.
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Heller L, Pádua VL. Abastecimento de água para consumo humano. 2a ed. Belo Horizonte: UFMG; 2010.
World Health Organization [WHO], The United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF]. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 Update. [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2018 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/launch-version-report-jmp-water-sanitation-hygiene.pdf.
Craun GF, Brunkard JM, Yoder JS, Roberts VA, Carpenter J, Wade T, et al. Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):507-28. Doi: 10.1128/CMR.00077-09.
Stukel TA, Greenberg ER, Dain BJ, Reed FC, Jacobs NJ. A longitudinal study of rainfall and coliform contamination in small community drinking water supplies. Environ Sci Technol. 1990;24: 571-5.
World Health Organization [WHO]. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4. ed. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. [Internet]. [cited 2018 Feb 25]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. Improved enumeration methods for the recreational water quality indicators: enterococci and Escherichia coli. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency; 2000.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998; 11(1): 142-201.
Ishii S, Sadowsky MJ. Escherichia coli in the environment: implications for water quality and human health. Microbes and Environ. 2008;23(2):101-108.
Hrudey SE, Payment P, Huck PM, Gillham RW, Hrudey EJ. A fatal waterborne disease epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world. Water Sci. Technol. 2003; 47(3):7-14.
Rosenberg ML, Koplan JP, Wachsmuth IK, Wells JG, Gangarosa EJ, Guerrant RL, et al. Epidemic Diarrhea at Crater Lake from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a large waterborne outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 1997;86(6):714-18.
Park J, Kim JS, Kim S, Shin E, Oh KH, Kim Y, et al. A waterborne outbreak of multiple diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli infections associated with drinking water at a school camp. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;66:45-50.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. [Internet]. 2016. [citado 2018 fev 2]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/painel/painel.php?codmun=410370.
Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental. Portaria MS nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011 Dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Brasília; 2011.
Cunha AH, Tartler N, Santos RB, Fortuna JL. Analise microbiológica da água do rio Intanhém em Teixeira de Freitas – BA. Rev. Biociênc. 2010;16(2):86-93.
Gomes DJ, Meneses MC, Loiola MVC, Abrantes GB, Ferreira AGA, Medeiros OQD. Avaliação microbiológica de água de poços artesianos (quanto à presença de coliformes) no município de Sousa-PB. Intesa. 2016;10(1):92-8.
Kilungo A, Powers L, Arnold N, Whelan K, Paterson K, Young D. Evaluation of Well Designs to Improve Access to Safe and Clean Water in Rural Tanzania. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):64. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010064.
Yamaguchi UM, Cortez LER, Ottoni LCC, Oyama J. Qualidade microbiológica da água para consumo humano em instituição de ensino de Maringá-PR. O Mundo da Saúde,. 2013;37(3):312-20.
Moraesa DSDL, Jordão BQ. Degradação de recursos hídricos e seus efeitos sobre a saúde humana. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2002;36(3):370-4. Doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102002000300018.
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. Wellhead protection: a guide for Small Communities. Seminar publication. Washington: Office Water Washington; 1997.
Regan S, Hynds P, Flynn R. An overview of dissolved organic carbon in groundwater and implications for drinking water safety. Hydrogeol J. 2017;25(4):959-67. Doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1583-3.
Maran NH, Crispim BA, Lahnn SR, Araújo RPD, Grisolia AB, Oliveira KMPD. Depth and Well Type Related to Groundwater Microbiological Contamination. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(10):1036. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph13101036.
Souza MNAD, Oliveira CEMD, Lezo AC, Pereira CS, Pimenta LC. Presença de bactéria Escherichia coli em água proveniente de poços artesianos no município de Fernandópolis – SP. Ver FUNEC Cient: Nutr. 2014; 2(3):46-56.
Macedo TDL, Rempel C, Maciel MJ. Análise físico-química e microbiológica de água de poços artesianos em um município do Vale do Taquari-RS. Tecno-Lógica. 2018;22 (1): 58-65.
Souza JR, Moraes MEB, Sonoda SL, Santos HCRGS. A importância da qualidade da água e os seus múltiplos usos: caso Rio Almada, Sul da Bahia, Brasil. Rev Eletr Prodema. 2014;8(1):26-45.
Scott TM, Rose JB, Jenkins TM, Farrah SR, Lukasik J. Microbial source tracking: current methodology and future directions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(125796-803.
Chauhan A, Goyal P, Varma A, Jindal T. Microbiological evaluation of drinking water sold by roadside vendors of Delhi, India. Appl Water Sci. 2017;7(4):1635-44. Doi: 10.1007/s13201-015-0315-x.
Swerdlow DL, Woodruff BA, Brady RC, Griffin PM, Tippen S, Donnell HDJ, et al. A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992; 117(10):812-9.
Seoane GA. Calidad del agua de fuentes públicas e pozos particulares, com especial referencia al Término Municipal de Vigo. Rev Sanid Hig Publica. 1988;62:1303-316, 1988.
Amaral LA, Nader FA, Rossi JOD, Ferreira FLA, Barros LSS. Água de consumo humano como fator de risco à saúde em propriedades rurais. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2003 ago; 37(4):510-14. Doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102003000400017.
Haijoubi EH, Benyahya F, Bendahou A, Zahra FE, Behhari ME, Mamoune AF, et al. Estudo da qualidade bacteriológica da água utilizada na indústria agroalimentar no norte de Marrocos. The Pan African Med J. 2017; 26:13.
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2019-11-30
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Silva CR da, Sanches MS, Milhim BHG de A, Rocha SPD da, Pelayo JS. Evaluation of the presence and quantification of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in samples of water intended for human consumption from artesian wells. Semin. Cienc. Biol. Saude [Internet]. 2019 Nov. 30 [cited 2024 Aug. 24];40(2):129-40. Available from: https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/seminabio/article/view/33593
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