LONELINESS AS A PREDICTIVE VARIABLE IN ADULT DEPRESSION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2018v9n3suplp26Keywords:
affective disorders, emotional states, psychosocial factorsAbstract
Depression is a multifactorial and high prevalence disorder considered a global public health problem. There are several variables involved in the development and maintenance of this disorder, including psychological, social and biological ones. The objective of this research was to evaluate loneliness as a predictive factor in adult depression, after controlling other predictors such as anxiety, stress, neuroticism and clinical variables. The sample consisted of 297 university students from Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The scales used were EBADEP-A, DASS-21, UCLA, MHI-5 and IGFP-5. After multiple hierarchical regression, the results showed that mental health, neuroticism, anxiety and loneliness were the main predictors. Loneliness, after controlling for all variables, increased 1% of exclusive variance in the model and was one of the most relevant predictors of depression. Clinical evaluation and interventions should consider loneliness in clinical practice.
References
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Hayward, R. D., Taylor, W. D., Smoski, M. J., Steffens, D. C., Payne, M. E. (2013). Association of NEO personality domains and facets with presence, onset, and treatment outcomes of major depression among older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 88–96. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.012
Jaremka, L. M., Lindgren, M. E., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2013). Synergistic relationships among stress, depression and troubled relationships: Insights from psychoneuroimmunology. Depression and Anxiety, 30(4), 1-8. doi:10.1002/da.22078
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Kim, B. J., Linton, K., Cho, S., & Ha, J. H. (2016) The Relationship between neuroticism, hopelessness, and depression in older Korean immigrants. PLoS ONE, 11(1), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145520
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2nd ed., Psychology Foundation, Sydney.
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2004). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 4th ed., Psychology Foundation, Sydney.
Majd Ara, E., Telepasand, S., & Razaei, A. M. (2017). A structural model of depression based on interpersonal relationships: The mediating role of coping strategies and loneliness. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(2), 125-130. doi:10.5152/npa.2017.12711
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness, and depression in Young adulthood: A behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 339–348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7
McHorney, C. A., & Ware, J. E. (1995). Construction and validation of an alternate form of general mental health scale for the medical outcomes study short-form 36-item health survey. Medical Care, 33(1), 15-28.
Mezuk, B., Choi, M., DeSantis, A. S., Rapp, S. R., Roux, A. V. D., & Seeman, T. (2016). Loneliness, depression and inflammation: Evidence of the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 11(7), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158056
Moreira, L. C. O., & Bastos, P. R. H. O. (2015). Prevalência e fatores associados à ideação suicida na adolescência: Revisão de literatura. Revista Quadrimestral da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 19(3), 445-453. doi:10.1519/2175-3539/2015/0193857
Petito, A., Altamura, M., Iuso, S., Padalino, F. A., Sessa, F., D'Andrea, G., ... Bellomo. A. (2016). The Relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS ONE, 11(6), 1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156601
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-80.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). New York Allyn and Bacon.
Thorsen, S. V., Rugulies, R., Hjarsbech, P. U., & Bjorner, J. B. (2013). The predictive value of mental health for long-term sickness absence: The Major Depression Inventory (MDI) and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) compared. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(115), 1-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-115.
van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., … Peeters, F. (2017). Unraveiling the role of loneliness in depression: The relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117. doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1256143
Vicente, F., Espirito-Santo, H., Cardoso, D., Silva, F., Costa, M., Martins, S., ... & Lemos, L. (2014). Estudo longitudinal dos fatores associados à evolução de sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 63(4), 308-316. doi: 10.1590/0047-2085000000039
Vignola, R. S. B., & Tucci, A. M. (2014). Adaptation and validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. Research Report, 155, 104-109. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031
Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston: Medical Outcomes Trust.
WHO – World Health Organization [homepage internet]. Depression: A Global Public Health Concern. 2012; 6-8p. Recuperado de: http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf.
Zanon, C., Borsa, J. C., Bandeira, D. R., & Hutz, C. S. (2012). The relationship between ruminative thought and facets of neuroticism. Estudos de Psicologia, 29(2), 173-181. doi:10.1590/S0103-166X2012000200003
Baptista, M. N. (2012). Escala Baptista de Depressão (Versão Adulto) – EBDEP-A. São Paulo, SP: Vetor.
Barros, M. B. A., Lima, M. G., Azevedo, R. C. S., Medina, L. B. P., Lopes, C. S., Menezes, P. R., & Malta, D. C. (2017). Depressão e comportamentos de saúde em adultos brasileiros – PNS 2013. Revista de Saúde Pública, 51, 1s-10s. doi:10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051000084
Barroso, S. M., Midgett, A. H., Carvalho, R. G. N., & Andrade, V. S. (2016). Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 65(1), 68-75. doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000105
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J. … Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(97). doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x
Boivin, M, & Hymel S. (1997). Peer experiences and social self-perception: A sequential model. Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 135-145. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.1.135
Borges, L., Baptista, M. N., & Serpa, A. L. Oliveira. (2017). Structural analysis of depression indicators scale-children and adolescents (BAID-IJ): A bifactor-ESEM approach. Temas em Psicologia, 25(2), 545-552. doi:10.9788/TP2017.2-08
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014). Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition and Emotion, 28(1), 3–21. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.837379
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 453–463. doi:10.1037/a0017216
Damásio, B. F., Borsa, J. C., & Koller, S. H. (2014). Adaptation and psychometric properties of the brazilian version of the five-item Mental Health Index (MHI-5). Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(2), 323-330. doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427213
Fone, D. L., Dunstan, F., John, A., & Lloyd, K. (2007). Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(2), 158-163. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027458
Freire, R. C, Lopes, F. L., Veras, A. B., Valença, A. M., Mezzasalma, M. A., Nascimento, I. & Nardi, A. E. (2007). Personality traits spectrum in panic disorder and major depression. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 29(1), 31-34. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000009
Habert, J., Katzman, M. A., Oluboka, O. J., McIntyre, R. S., McIntosh, D., MacQueen, G. M., ... Kennedy, S. H. (2016). Functional recovery in Major Depressive Disorder: Focus on early optimized treatment. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 18(5), e1–e11. doi:10.4088/PCC.15r01926
Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hayward, R. D., Taylor, W. D., Smoski, M. J., Steffens, D. C., Payne, M. E. (2013). Association of NEO personality domains and facets with presence, onset, and treatment outcomes of major depression among older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 88–96. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.012
Jaremka, L. M., Lindgren, M. E., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2013). Synergistic relationships among stress, depression and troubled relationships: Insights from psychoneuroimmunology. Depression and Anxiety, 30(4), 1-8. doi:10.1002/da.22078
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory - Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
Kim, B. J., Linton, K., Cho, S., & Ha, J. H. (2016) The Relationship between neuroticism, hopelessness, and depression in older Korean immigrants. PLoS ONE, 11(1), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145520
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2nd ed., Psychology Foundation, Sydney.
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2004). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 4th ed., Psychology Foundation, Sydney.
Majd Ara, E., Telepasand, S., & Razaei, A. M. (2017). A structural model of depression based on interpersonal relationships: The mediating role of coping strategies and loneliness. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(2), 125-130. doi:10.5152/npa.2017.12711
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness, and depression in Young adulthood: A behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 339–348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7
McHorney, C. A., & Ware, J. E. (1995). Construction and validation of an alternate form of general mental health scale for the medical outcomes study short-form 36-item health survey. Medical Care, 33(1), 15-28.
Mezuk, B., Choi, M., DeSantis, A. S., Rapp, S. R., Roux, A. V. D., & Seeman, T. (2016). Loneliness, depression and inflammation: Evidence of the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 11(7), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158056
Moreira, L. C. O., & Bastos, P. R. H. O. (2015). Prevalência e fatores associados à ideação suicida na adolescência: Revisão de literatura. Revista Quadrimestral da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 19(3), 445-453. doi:10.1519/2175-3539/2015/0193857
Petito, A., Altamura, M., Iuso, S., Padalino, F. A., Sessa, F., D'Andrea, G., ... Bellomo. A. (2016). The Relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS ONE, 11(6), 1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156601
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-80.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). New York Allyn and Bacon.
Thorsen, S. V., Rugulies, R., Hjarsbech, P. U., & Bjorner, J. B. (2013). The predictive value of mental health for long-term sickness absence: The Major Depression Inventory (MDI) and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) compared. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(115), 1-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-115.
van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., … Peeters, F. (2017). Unraveiling the role of loneliness in depression: The relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117. doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1256143
Vicente, F., Espirito-Santo, H., Cardoso, D., Silva, F., Costa, M., Martins, S., ... & Lemos, L. (2014). Estudo longitudinal dos fatores associados à evolução de sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 63(4), 308-316. doi: 10.1590/0047-2085000000039
Vignola, R. S. B., & Tucci, A. M. (2014). Adaptation and validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. Research Report, 155, 104-109. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031
Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston: Medical Outcomes Trust.
WHO – World Health Organization [homepage internet]. Depression: A Global Public Health Concern. 2012; 6-8p. Recuperado de: http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf.
Zanon, C., Borsa, J. C., Bandeira, D. R., & Hutz, C. S. (2012). The relationship between ruminative thought and facets of neuroticism. Estudos de Psicologia, 29(2), 173-181. doi:10.1590/S0103-166X2012000200003
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2018-10-07
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Barroso, S. M., Baptista, M. N., & Zanon, C. (2018). LONELINESS AS A PREDICTIVE VARIABLE IN ADULT DEPRESSION. Estudos Interdisciplinares Em Psicologia, 9(3supl), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2018v9n3suplp26
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