Made in Medieval: a ‘exportação’ do Medievalismo e a compreensão da História Africana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1984-3356.2020v13n26p126Keywords:
África, Medievalismo, Historiografia, Mansa Musa, Império do MaliAbstract
Este artigo objetiva construir uma discussão acerca da viabilidade de se pensar a África ao Sul do Saara enquanto um espaço possuidor de uma “Idade Média”. Para tal, apresento uma breve discussão da genealogia do termo Medieval, Estudos Medievais e Medievalismo. Esta digressão é importante para que se perceba a relação íntima entre a historiografia sobre a Idade Média e a Europa. A partir disso, discuto as propostas “des-eurocentralizadoras” que vem com a abordagem pós-colonial dos Estudos Medievais e, a partir disso, discuto as implicações de se pensar um Medievo fora da Europa, em especial na África ao Sul do Saara. A partir destas reflexões, concluo que a tentativa de enquadrar espaços africanos na cronologia de uma Idade Média atua como uma forma de exportação de um Medievalismo Acadêmico: a África ao Sul do Saara se torna, mais do que um objeto de análise, um campo de criação de imagens idealizadas, romantizadas e instrumentalizadas com implicações epistemológicas e políticas para a compreensão histórica do continente. Portanto, o termo “África Medieval” não é neutro e precisa ser constantemente repensado e problematizado.
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References
Referências Bibliográficas
Fontes Primárias
MIGLIO, M. Giovanni Andrea Bussi: Prefazioni alle edizioni di Sweynheym e Pannartz. Milão: Il polifilo, 1978.
LEVTZION, N. & HOPKINS, J. F. P. (eds.) Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2011.
NIANE, D. T. Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali. Burnsville: Demco Media, 1995.
SAKO, A. The Epic of Sumanguru Kante. BULMAN, S. (ed.) & VYDRIN, V. F. (trad.). Boston: Brill, 2017.
Figuras
Figura 1: GALLICA. Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan]. In: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Espagnol 30. Disponível em: <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n> sob CC0 1.0. Acessado em 28/05/2020.
Figura 2: BURNS, K. Mansa Musa: The Lion of Mali. DILLON, L. & DILLON, D. (ilust.). Nova Iórque: Gulliver Books, 2001.
Websites
<https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n>. Acessado em 28/05/2020.
<https://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-politicians/royals/mansa-musa-net-worth/>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/videos/quest-for-gold/mansa-musas-golden-empire-3540.aspx>. Acessado em 25/05/2020.
Bibliografia Complementar
ALTSCHUL, N. R. Postcolonialism and the Study of the Middle Ages. History Compass, Hoboken, vol. 6, n. 2, 2008, pp. 588-606.
AURELL, J. El Nuevo Medievalismo y la Interpretación de los Textos Históricos. Hispania: Revista Española de Historia, Madri, vol. 66, n. 224, 2006, pp. 809-831.
BARROS, J. D. B. Teoria da História, vol. V: A Escola dos Annales e a Nova História. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2012.
BELL, N. M. The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Boston, vol. 5, n. 2, 1972, pp. 221-234.
BERZOCK, K. B. Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
BURNS, K. Mansa Musa: The Lion of Mali. DILLON, L. & DILLON, D. (ilust.). Nova Iórque: Gulliver Books, 2001.
BURR, G. L. Anent the Middle Ages. The American Historical Review, Washington, vol. 18, n. 4, 1913, pp. 710-726.
COHEN, J. J. Midcolonial. In: COHEN, J. J. (org.). The Postcolonial Middle Ages. Nova Iórque: Palgrave, 2000, pp. 1-19.
CONRAD, D. C. Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Nova Iórque: Facts on File, 2005.
CONRAD, S. What Time is Japan? Problems of Comparative (Intercultural) Historiography. History & Theory, Hoboken, vol. 38, n. 1, 1999, pp. 67-83.
COSTA E SILVA, A. A Enxada e a Lança: a África antes dos Portugueses. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2009.
DIAGANA, O. M. Dictionnaire Soninké-Français. Paris: Karthala, 2013.
DONN, L. & DONN, D. Ancient and Medieval Africa. [s. l.]: Social Studies Service, 2012.
DUMESTRE, G. Dictionnaire Bambara-Français, suivi d'un index abrégé Français-Bambara. Paris: Karthala, 2011.
DUSSEL, E. Europa, Modernidade e Eurocentrismo. In: LANDER, E. (org.). A Colonialidade do Saber: Eurocentrismo e Ciências Sociais. Perspectivas Latino-Americanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2005, pp. 25 - 34.
EMERY, E. The "Truth" about the Middle Ages: La Revue des Deux Mondes and Late Nineteenth-Century French Medievalism. Prose Studies, Abingdon-on-Thames, vol. 23, 2000, pp. 99-114.
FAUVELLE, F.-X. Le Rhinocéros d'Or: Histories du Moyen Âge Africain. Paris: Alma Editeur, 2013.
FUHRMANN, H. 'Sind eben alles Menschen gewesen': Gelehrtenleben im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: dargestellt am Beispiel der Monumenta Germaniae Historica und ihrer Mitarbeiter. Munique: C. H. Beck, 1996.
GAUNT, S. Can the Middle Ages be Postcolonial? Comparative Literature, Durham, vol. 61, n. 2, 2009, pp. 160-176.
GARLAKE, P. Afrika und seine Königreiche. Berlim: Europäische Bildungsgemeinschaft, 1975.
GEARY, P. O Mito das Nações: a Invenção do Nacionalismo. São Paulo: Conrad, 2002.
GEARY, P. & KLANICZAY, G. (org.). Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
GOMEZ, M. African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
HALL, M. & STEFOFF, R. Great Zimbabwe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
HALLAM, H. View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages. Nova Iórque: W.J. Widdleton, 1866.
HOLSINGER, B. W. Medieval Studies, Postcolonial Studies, and the Genealogies of Critique. Speculum, Chicago, vol. 77, n. 4, pp. 1195-1227.
KANE, O. O. Beyond Timbuktu: an Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
KRASNER, B. Mansa Musa: The Most Famous African Traveler to Mecca. Nova Iórque: Rosen Publishing, 2017.
LANGE, D. Ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsgebiet: die Geschichte des westafrikanischen Mittelalters. Saeculum, Göttingen, vol. 43, n. 4, 1992, pp. 291-306.
LEVTIZION, N. The Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Kings of Mali. The Journal of African History, Cambridge, vol. 4, n. 3, 1963, pp. 341-353.
MATTHEWS, D. From Mediaeval to Mediaevalism: a New Semantic Historic. The Review of English Studies, Oxford, vol. 62, n. 257, 2011, pp. 695-715.
MBEMBE, A. Afropolitanism. In: NJAMI, S. (edit.). Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent. Joanesburgo: Jacana, 2007, pp. 26 - 30.
McCRAW, M. Mansa Musa: The Richest Man in History. [s. l.]: Mike the Wolf, 2016.
McKISSACK, P. & McKISSACK, F. The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa. Nova Iórque, 1995.
MOMMSEN, T. E. Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'. Speculum, Chicago, vol. 17, n. 2, 1942, pp. 226-242.
MONTEIL, V. Islam Noir: une Religion à la Conquëte de l'Afrique. Paris: Seuil, 1980.
MONTEIL, C. La Légende du Ouagadou et l'origine des Soninké. Mémoires de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, Dakar, n. 23, 1953, pp. 359-408.
MUDIMBE, V. Y. A Invenção da África: Gnose, Filosofia e a Ordem do Conhecimento. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2019.
NIXON, S.; REHREN, T. & GUERRA, M. F. New Light on the Early Islamic West African Gold Trade: Coin Moulds from Tadmekka, Mali. Antiquity, Cambridge, vol. 85, n. 330, 2011, pp. 1353-1368.
NOGUEIRA, M. G. A Participação Judaica na Cartografia Medieval Maiorquina. Cadernos de Língua e Literatura Hebraica, São Paulo, n. 11, 2014, [s. p.].
OLIVER, R. A. & ATMORE, A. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
OYÈWÙMÍ, O. (ed.). Gender Epistemologies in Africa: Gendering Traditions, Spaces, Social Institutions and Identities. Londres: Palgrave, 2011.
REECE, K. West African Kingdoms: Empires of Gold and Trade. Vero Beach: Rourke, 2005.
REUTER, T. Medieval: Another Tyrannous Construct? The Medieval History Journal, Newbury Park, vol. 1, n. 1, 1998, pp. 25-45.
RICHARDSON, M. S. Medievalism, Historicism, and Nationalism in Early Nineteenth-Century German Opera. Tese de Doutorado em Teoria Musical - Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 2016.
ROBERTS, H. The Medieval Spirit of Pre-Raphaelitism. In:
CHEENEY, L. (org.). Pre-Raphaelitism and Medievalism in the Arts. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992, pp. 15 - 28.
ROMERO, F. Reinos Sudaneses - Pujança Econômica e Cultura na África Medieval. Revista Tempo, Espaço, Linguagem, Ponta Grossa, vol. 2, n. 3, 2011, pp. 187-197.
ROY, J.-L. Mansa Musa I, King of Kings: The Great Pilgrimage of an African King from Africa to Arabia, 1324-1325. Oakville: Mosaic Press, 2019.
SAHLINS, M. The Atemporal Dimensions of History: In the Old Kongo Kingdom, for Example. In: GRAEBER, D. & SAHLINS, M. On Kings. Londres: HAU Books, 2017, pp. 139 - 222.
SCHAEFFER, P. The Emergence of the Concept "Medieval" in Central European Humanism. The Sixteenth Century Journal, Kirksville, vol. 7, n. 2, 1976, pp. 21-30.
SCHULTZ, W. Mansa Mūsā's Gold in Mamluk Cairo: A Reappraisal of a World Civilizations Anecdote. In: PFEIFFER, J. & QUINN, S. A. (orgs.). History and Historiography in Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006, pp. 428-450.
SPIEGEL, G. Épater les médiévistes. History and Theory, Hobokne, n. 39, 2000, pp. 243-250.
STOKES, L. K. Medievalism in Early Nineteenth-Cenury German Musical Thought. In: MEYER, S. C. & YRI, K. (org.). The Oxford Handbook of Music and Medievalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 17-37.
SUTTON, J. E. G. The Africa Lords of the Intercontinental Gold Trade before the Black Death: Al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali. The Antiquaries Journal, Cambridge, n. 77, 1997, pp. 221-242.
UTZ, R. Coming to Terms with Medievalism. European Journal of English Studies, Londres, vol. 15, 2011, pp. 101-113.
VENTER, P. M. Understanding the Concept of "Time" in Daniel. Verbum et Ecclesia, Cidade do Cabo, vol. 21, n. 3, 2000, pp. 666-681.
VERDUIN, K. The Founding and the Founder: Medievalism and the Legacy of Leslie J. Workman. Studies in Medievalism, Suffolk, vol. 17, 2009, pp. 1-27.
WISNIEWSKI, D. Sundiata: Lion King of Mali. Nova Iorque: Clarion, 1992.
WOOD, I. N. Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century. In: LOUD, G. & STAUB, M. (org.). The Making of Medieval History. York: York Medieval Press, 2017, pp. 37-54.
WOOD, I. N. The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
WYNNE-JONES, S & LaVIOLETTE. The Swahili World. Londres: Routledge, 2018.
ZAMOSKY, L. Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali. Huntington Beach: Teacher Created Materials, 2007.
Fontes Primárias
MIGLIO, M. Giovanni Andrea Bussi: Prefazioni alle edizioni di Sweynheym e Pannartz. Milão: Il polifilo, 1978.
LEVTZION, N. & HOPKINS, J. F. P. (eds.) Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2011.
NIANE, D. T. Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali. Burnsville: Demco Media, 1995.
SAKO, A. The Epic of Sumanguru Kante. BULMAN, S. (ed.) & VYDRIN, V. F. (trad.). Boston: Brill, 2017.
Figuras
Figura 1: GALLICA. Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan]. In: Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Espagnol 30. Disponível em: <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n> sob CC0 1.0. Acessado em 28/05/2020.
Figura 2: BURNS, K. Mansa Musa: The Lion of Mali. DILLON, L. & DILLON, D. (ilust.). Nova Iórque: Gulliver Books, 2001.
Websites
<https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n>. Acessado em 28/05/2020.
<https://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-politicians/royals/mansa-musa-net-worth/>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa>. Acessado em 27/05/2020.
<https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/videos/quest-for-gold/mansa-musas-golden-empire-3540.aspx>. Acessado em 25/05/2020.
Bibliografia Complementar
ALTSCHUL, N. R. Postcolonialism and the Study of the Middle Ages. History Compass, Hoboken, vol. 6, n. 2, 2008, pp. 588-606.
AURELL, J. El Nuevo Medievalismo y la Interpretación de los Textos Históricos. Hispania: Revista Española de Historia, Madri, vol. 66, n. 224, 2006, pp. 809-831.
BARROS, J. D. B. Teoria da História, vol. V: A Escola dos Annales e a Nova História. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2012.
BELL, N. M. The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Boston, vol. 5, n. 2, 1972, pp. 221-234.
BERZOCK, K. B. Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
BURNS, K. Mansa Musa: The Lion of Mali. DILLON, L. & DILLON, D. (ilust.). Nova Iórque: Gulliver Books, 2001.
BURR, G. L. Anent the Middle Ages. The American Historical Review, Washington, vol. 18, n. 4, 1913, pp. 710-726.
COHEN, J. J. Midcolonial. In: COHEN, J. J. (org.). The Postcolonial Middle Ages. Nova Iórque: Palgrave, 2000, pp. 1-19.
CONRAD, D. C. Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Nova Iórque: Facts on File, 2005.
CONRAD, S. What Time is Japan? Problems of Comparative (Intercultural) Historiography. History & Theory, Hoboken, vol. 38, n. 1, 1999, pp. 67-83.
COSTA E SILVA, A. A Enxada e a Lança: a África antes dos Portugueses. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2009.
DIAGANA, O. M. Dictionnaire Soninké-Français. Paris: Karthala, 2013.
DONN, L. & DONN, D. Ancient and Medieval Africa. [s. l.]: Social Studies Service, 2012.
DUMESTRE, G. Dictionnaire Bambara-Français, suivi d'un index abrégé Français-Bambara. Paris: Karthala, 2011.
DUSSEL, E. Europa, Modernidade e Eurocentrismo. In: LANDER, E. (org.). A Colonialidade do Saber: Eurocentrismo e Ciências Sociais. Perspectivas Latino-Americanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2005, pp. 25 - 34.
EMERY, E. The "Truth" about the Middle Ages: La Revue des Deux Mondes and Late Nineteenth-Century French Medievalism. Prose Studies, Abingdon-on-Thames, vol. 23, 2000, pp. 99-114.
FAUVELLE, F.-X. Le Rhinocéros d'Or: Histories du Moyen Âge Africain. Paris: Alma Editeur, 2013.
FUHRMANN, H. 'Sind eben alles Menschen gewesen': Gelehrtenleben im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: dargestellt am Beispiel der Monumenta Germaniae Historica und ihrer Mitarbeiter. Munique: C. H. Beck, 1996.
GAUNT, S. Can the Middle Ages be Postcolonial? Comparative Literature, Durham, vol. 61, n. 2, 2009, pp. 160-176.
GARLAKE, P. Afrika und seine Königreiche. Berlim: Europäische Bildungsgemeinschaft, 1975.
GEARY, P. O Mito das Nações: a Invenção do Nacionalismo. São Paulo: Conrad, 2002.
GEARY, P. & KLANICZAY, G. (org.). Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
GOMEZ, M. African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
HALL, M. & STEFOFF, R. Great Zimbabwe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
HALLAM, H. View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages. Nova Iórque: W.J. Widdleton, 1866.
HOLSINGER, B. W. Medieval Studies, Postcolonial Studies, and the Genealogies of Critique. Speculum, Chicago, vol. 77, n. 4, pp. 1195-1227.
KANE, O. O. Beyond Timbuktu: an Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
KRASNER, B. Mansa Musa: The Most Famous African Traveler to Mecca. Nova Iórque: Rosen Publishing, 2017.
LANGE, D. Ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsgebiet: die Geschichte des westafrikanischen Mittelalters. Saeculum, Göttingen, vol. 43, n. 4, 1992, pp. 291-306.
LEVTIZION, N. The Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Kings of Mali. The Journal of African History, Cambridge, vol. 4, n. 3, 1963, pp. 341-353.
MATTHEWS, D. From Mediaeval to Mediaevalism: a New Semantic Historic. The Review of English Studies, Oxford, vol. 62, n. 257, 2011, pp. 695-715.
MBEMBE, A. Afropolitanism. In: NJAMI, S. (edit.). Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent. Joanesburgo: Jacana, 2007, pp. 26 - 30.
McCRAW, M. Mansa Musa: The Richest Man in History. [s. l.]: Mike the Wolf, 2016.
McKISSACK, P. & McKISSACK, F. The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa. Nova Iórque, 1995.
MOMMSEN, T. E. Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'. Speculum, Chicago, vol. 17, n. 2, 1942, pp. 226-242.
MONTEIL, V. Islam Noir: une Religion à la Conquëte de l'Afrique. Paris: Seuil, 1980.
MONTEIL, C. La Légende du Ouagadou et l'origine des Soninké. Mémoires de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, Dakar, n. 23, 1953, pp. 359-408.
MUDIMBE, V. Y. A Invenção da África: Gnose, Filosofia e a Ordem do Conhecimento. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2019.
NIXON, S.; REHREN, T. & GUERRA, M. F. New Light on the Early Islamic West African Gold Trade: Coin Moulds from Tadmekka, Mali. Antiquity, Cambridge, vol. 85, n. 330, 2011, pp. 1353-1368.
NOGUEIRA, M. G. A Participação Judaica na Cartografia Medieval Maiorquina. Cadernos de Língua e Literatura Hebraica, São Paulo, n. 11, 2014, [s. p.].
OLIVER, R. A. & ATMORE, A. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
OYÈWÙMÍ, O. (ed.). Gender Epistemologies in Africa: Gendering Traditions, Spaces, Social Institutions and Identities. Londres: Palgrave, 2011.
REECE, K. West African Kingdoms: Empires of Gold and Trade. Vero Beach: Rourke, 2005.
REUTER, T. Medieval: Another Tyrannous Construct? The Medieval History Journal, Newbury Park, vol. 1, n. 1, 1998, pp. 25-45.
RICHARDSON, M. S. Medievalism, Historicism, and Nationalism in Early Nineteenth-Century German Opera. Tese de Doutorado em Teoria Musical - Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 2016.
ROBERTS, H. The Medieval Spirit of Pre-Raphaelitism. In:
CHEENEY, L. (org.). Pre-Raphaelitism and Medievalism in the Arts. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992, pp. 15 - 28.
ROMERO, F. Reinos Sudaneses - Pujança Econômica e Cultura na África Medieval. Revista Tempo, Espaço, Linguagem, Ponta Grossa, vol. 2, n. 3, 2011, pp. 187-197.
ROY, J.-L. Mansa Musa I, King of Kings: The Great Pilgrimage of an African King from Africa to Arabia, 1324-1325. Oakville: Mosaic Press, 2019.
SAHLINS, M. The Atemporal Dimensions of History: In the Old Kongo Kingdom, for Example. In: GRAEBER, D. & SAHLINS, M. On Kings. Londres: HAU Books, 2017, pp. 139 - 222.
SCHAEFFER, P. The Emergence of the Concept "Medieval" in Central European Humanism. The Sixteenth Century Journal, Kirksville, vol. 7, n. 2, 1976, pp. 21-30.
SCHULTZ, W. Mansa Mūsā's Gold in Mamluk Cairo: A Reappraisal of a World Civilizations Anecdote. In: PFEIFFER, J. & QUINN, S. A. (orgs.). History and Historiography in Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006, pp. 428-450.
SPIEGEL, G. Épater les médiévistes. History and Theory, Hobokne, n. 39, 2000, pp. 243-250.
STOKES, L. K. Medievalism in Early Nineteenth-Cenury German Musical Thought. In: MEYER, S. C. & YRI, K. (org.). The Oxford Handbook of Music and Medievalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 17-37.
SUTTON, J. E. G. The Africa Lords of the Intercontinental Gold Trade before the Black Death: Al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali. The Antiquaries Journal, Cambridge, n. 77, 1997, pp. 221-242.
UTZ, R. Coming to Terms with Medievalism. European Journal of English Studies, Londres, vol. 15, 2011, pp. 101-113.
VENTER, P. M. Understanding the Concept of "Time" in Daniel. Verbum et Ecclesia, Cidade do Cabo, vol. 21, n. 3, 2000, pp. 666-681.
VERDUIN, K. The Founding and the Founder: Medievalism and the Legacy of Leslie J. Workman. Studies in Medievalism, Suffolk, vol. 17, 2009, pp. 1-27.
WISNIEWSKI, D. Sundiata: Lion King of Mali. Nova Iorque: Clarion, 1992.
WOOD, I. N. Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century. In: LOUD, G. & STAUB, M. (org.). The Making of Medieval History. York: York Medieval Press, 2017, pp. 37-54.
WOOD, I. N. The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
WYNNE-JONES, S & LaVIOLETTE. The Swahili World. Londres: Routledge, 2018.
ZAMOSKY, L. Mansa Musa: Leader of Mali. Huntington Beach: Teacher Created Materials, 2007.
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2020-12-09
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VIEIRA PINTO, Otávio Luiz. Made in Medieval: a ‘exportação’ do Medievalismo e a compreensão da História Africana. Antíteses, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 26, p. 126–155, 2020. DOI: 10.5433/1984-3356.2020v13n26p126. Disponível em: https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/antiteses/article/view/40439. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.
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