This text is related to the analysis of the Brazilian agrarian question based on its historical restrictions, emphasizing the movements of resistance and struggle for the land. The theoretical background of this analysis is obtained from the recovery of works by two classical authors -Kark Kautsky and Alexander V. Chayanov, as well as two Brazilian contemporary authors - Caio Prado Júnior and Jose de Souza Martins. The criteria for choosing both the classical and the Brazilian authors as well as their works, were defined based on the divergent interpretations about the agrarian question and the countrymen's political role within the capitalist way of production. The recovered interpretations intend to reach an understanding not only of the relations underlyng the agrarian conflicts but also of the evolution of the agriculture modernization, favouring the analysis of the new ways of struggle, undertaken by the rural movements.