Control agents on the quality of Africanized honeybee queens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1773Keywords:
Apis mellifera. Selectivity. Non-target organism, Entomopathogenic fungus, Plant extract.Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, used in large field crops, and of the pomegranate Punica granatum aqueous extract, with insecticidal potential for insect control, on the quality of Africanized Apis mellifera queens. The control sample was composed of sterile distilled water with Tween®. The treatments were incorporated into a voile fabric, covered with an acrylic plate and packed with queen rearing nucleus hive, so the worker bees could be in contact with control agents (B. bassiana and P. granatum). In the next day, frames with 30 cell cups for queen rearing with larvae were introduced to produce queens, which were monitored at moment of emergency. Measurements included live weight, wing size, abdomen size, thorax size, the time of emergence, and analysis of the breeding area size. Histological analyses of the hypopharyngeal glands of attendant worker bees and of the midgut of virgin queens were performed. There was no reduction in the weight of queens, no changes in the length, width, and height of their thoraxes, no changes in the width and length of the wing, and no changes in total length. However, B. bassiana increased the weight of the queens and reduced emergency time. The control agents did not interfere in villi height and breeding area. No differences were found in tissues when the treatments were compared with their control. P. granatum extract and the fungus B. bassiana did not interfere in the quality of Africanized A. mellifera queens.Downloads
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References
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Al Mazra’awi, M. S., Shipp, J. L., Broadbent, A. B., & Kevan, P. G. (2006). Dissemination of Beauveria bassiana by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for control of tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on canola. Environmental Entomology, 35(6), 1569-1577. doi: 10.1603/0046-225x(2006)35[1569:dobbbh]2.0.co;2
Al-Tikrity, W. S., Hillmann, R. C., Benton, A. W., & Clarke, W. W., Jr. (1971) A new instrument for brood measurement in a honey bee colony. American Bee Journal, 111(1), 20-21.
Alves, S. B., Marchini, L. C., Pereira, R. M., & Braumgratz, L. L. (1996). Effects of some insect pathogens on the Africanized honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae). Journal Applied of Entomology, 120(1), 559-564. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1996.tb01652.x
Caldararo, N. (2015). Social behaviour and the superorganism: implications for disease and stability in complex animal societies and colony collapse disorder in honeybees. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 13(1), 82-98. doi: 10.7906/indecs.13.1.10
Costa-Maia, F. M., Lino-Lourenço, D. A., & Toledo, V. A. (2010). Aspectos econômicos e sustentáveis da polinização por abelhas. In T. N. Martin, A. J. Waclawovsky, F. Kuss, A. S. Mendes, & E. J. Brun (Eds.), Sistemas de produção agropecuária (ciências agrárias, animais e florestais) (pp. 45-67). Dois Vizinhos: UTFPR.
Cruz-Landim, C. (2009) Abelhas: morfologia e função dos sistemas. São Paulo: UNESP.
Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Maggi, M. D., Palacios, S., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2011). Repellent and acaricidal effects of botanical extracts on Varroa destructor. Parasitology Research, 108(1), 79-86. doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2043-3
Faquinello, P., Toledo, V. de A. A. de, Martins, E. N., Oliveira, C. A. L. de, Sereia, M. J., Costa-Maia, F. M., & Ruvolo-Takasusuki, M. C. C. (2011). Parameters for royal jelly production in Africanized honeybees. Sociobiology, 57(3), 495-510. doi: 10.12795/spal.2002.i11.21.
Fell, R. D., & Morse, R. A. (1984). Emergency queen cell production in the honey bee colony. Insectes Sociaux, 31(3), 221-237. doi: 10.1007/BF02223608
Freitas, B. M., & Pinheiro, J. N. (2012). Polinizadores e pesticidas: princípios de manejo para os agroecossistemas brasileiros. Brasília: MMA.
Freitas, B. M., & Silva, C. I. (2015) O papel dos polinizadores na produção agrícola no Brasil. In Associação Brasileira de Estudos das Abelhas A.B.E.L.H.A., Agricultura e polinizadores (pp. 9-18). São Paulo, SP: A.B.E.L.H.A.
Gandhi, N. & Pillai, S. (2011). Control of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) by pulverized leaves of Punica granatum (Lythraceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13(4), 535-540. Recuperado de http://www.fspublishers.org/ search_ list2. php?title=Control%20of%20Rhyzopertha%20dominica%20(Coleoptera:%20Bostrichidae)%20by%20pulverized%20leaves%20of%20Punica%20granatum%20(Lythraceae)%20and%20Murraya%20koenigii%20(Rutaceae)
Gandhi, N., Pillai, S., & Patel, P. (2010) Efficacy of pulverized Punica granatum (Lythraceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) leaves against stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(4), 616-620. Recuperado de http://www.fspublishers.org/search_list2.php?title=Efficacy%20of%20pulverized%20Punica%20granatum%20(Lythraceae)%20and%20Murraya%20koenigii%20(Rutaceae)%20leaves%20against%20stored%20grain%20pest%20Tribolium%20castaneum%20(Coleoptera:%20Tenebrionidae)
García-Fernández, P., Santiago-Álvarez, C., & Quesada-Moraga, E. (2008). Pathogenicity and thermal biology of mitosporic fungi as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie, 39(6), 662-673. doi: 10.1051/apido
Hamiduzzaman, M. M., Sinia, A., Guzman-Novoa, E., & Goodwin, P. H. (2012). Entomopathogenic fungi as potential biocontrol agents of the ecto-parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, and their effect on the immune response of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 111(3), 237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.09.001
Kaplan, J. (2012). Colony collapse disorder: an incomplete puzzle. Agricultural Research, 18(7), 4-8. Recuperado de https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2012/jul/colony.
Kaspar, B., Klaus, E., & Friedrich, R. (2007). Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker effects - A BLUP-Animal Model approach. Apidologie, 38(1), 77-85. doi: 10.1051/apido:2006050
Lu, C., Warchol, K. M., & Callahan, R. A. (2012). In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder. Bulletin of Insectology, 65(1), 99-106. Recuperado de http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/ vol65-2012-099-106lu.pdf
Meikle, W. G., Mercadier, G., Holst, N., Nansen, C., & Girod, V. (2007). Duration and spread of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes), used to treat varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100
Meikle, W. G., Mercadier, G., Holst, N., Nansen, C., & Girod, V. (2008). Impact of a treatment of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) on honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony health and on Varroa destructor mites (Acari: Varroidae). Apidologie, 39(2), 247-259. doi: 10.1051/apido:2007057
Metorima, F. N., Costa-Maia, F. M., Halak, A. L., Parpinelli, R. S., & Toledo, V. A. (2015). Morphometric measurements of Africanized honeybee queens kept in an incubator or in queen banking. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1), 91-96. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i1.24006
Oldroyd, B. P., & Goodman, R. D. (1990). On the relative importance of queens and workers to honey production. Apidologie, 21(2), 153-159. doi: 10.1051/apido:19900209
Potrich, M., Silva, R. T. L., Costa-Maia, F. M., Lozano, E. R., Rossi, R. M., Colombo, F. C., & Gouvea, A. de. (2018). Effect of entomopathogens on Africanized Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 62(1), 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.rbe.2017.12.002
Potrich, M., Silva, R. T. L., Maciel, R. M. A., Costa-Maia, F. M. C., Lozano, E. R., Rossi, R. M., Dallacort, S. (2020). Are plant extracts safe for honey bees (Apis mellifera)? Journal of Apicultural Research. doi: 10.1080/00218839.2020.1735733
Roja, M. G., Elliott, R. B., & Morales-Ramos, J. A. (2018) Mortality of Solenopsis invicta workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) after indirect exposure to spores of three entomopathogenic fungi. Journal of Insect Science, 18(3), 1-8. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iey050
Rucker, R. R., & Thurman, W. N. (2012). Colony collapse disorder: the market response to the bee disease. Montana: PERC Policy Series. Recuperado de https://www.perc.org/wp-content/uploads/old/ps50.pdf.
Silva, A. B., & Brito, J. M. (2015). Controle biológico de insetos-pragas e suas perspectivas para o futuro. Agropecuária Técnica, 36(1), 248-258. doi: 10.25066/agrotec.v36i1.26306
Silva, F. A. S. Assistat 7.7. (2014) Software estatístico. Campina Grande, PB: Assistência Estatística, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola do CTRN - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande.
Souza, D. A. de, Bezzera-Laure, M. A. F., Francoy, T. M., & Gonçalves, L. S. (2013). Experimental evaluation of the reproductive quality of Africanized queen bees (Apis mellifera) on the basis of body weight at emergence. Genetics and Molecular Research, 12(4), 5382-5391. doi: 10.4238/2013.November.7.13
Souza, D. A. de, Wang, Y., Kaftanoglu, O., De Jong, D., Amdam, G. V., Gonçalves, L. S., & Francoy, T. M. (2015). Morphometric identification of queens, workers, intermediates in in vitro reared honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS ONE, 10(4), 1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123663
Tarpy, D., Hatch, S., & Fletcher, D. (2000). The influence of queen age and quality during queen replacement in honeybee colonies. Animal Behaviour, 59(1), 97-101. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1999.1311
Tautz, F. (2010). O Fenômeno das abelhas. São Paulo, SP: Artmed.
Tofilski, A., & Czekonska, K. (2004). Emergency queen rearing in honeybee colonies with brood of known age. Apidologie, 35(3), 275-282. doi: 10.1051/apido :2004014
Uchôa, F. de A. B., Souza, D. C., Alves, A. A., Silva, F. A. S., Moura, J. de A., Nunes, J. R. A., & Sousa, J. da S. (2012). Effect of weight of Africanized queens (Apis mellifera L.) at birth in honey production in semi-arid Piauiense. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido, 8(1), 1-6. doi: 10.30969/acsa.v8i2.172
vanEngelsdorp, D., & Otis, G. W. (2000). Application of a modified selection index for honey bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(6), 1606-1612. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1606
vanEngelsdorp, D., Traynor, K. S., Andree, M., Lichtenberg, E. M., Chen, Y., Saegerman, C., & Cox-Foster, D. L. (2017). Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and bee age impact honey bee pathophysiology. PLoS ONE, 12(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179535
Woyke, J. (1971). Correlations between the age at which honeybee brood was grafted, characteristics of the resultant queens, and results of insemination. Journal of Apicultural Research, 10(1), 45-55. doi: 10.1080/00218839.1971.11099669
Xavier, V. M., Message, D., Picanço, M. C., Chediak, M., Santana, P. A., Jr., Ramos, R. S., & Martins, J. C. (2015). Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of botanical insecticides to honey bees. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iev110
Al Mazra’awi, M. (2007). Impact of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 7-11. Recuperado de https://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas3(1).htm.
Al Mazra’awi, M. S., Shipp, J. L., Broadbent, A. B., & Kevan, P. G. (2006). Dissemination of Beauveria bassiana by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for control of tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on canola. Environmental Entomology, 35(6), 1569-1577. doi: 10.1603/0046-225x(2006)35[1569:dobbbh]2.0.co;2
Al-Tikrity, W. S., Hillmann, R. C., Benton, A. W., & Clarke, W. W., Jr. (1971) A new instrument for brood measurement in a honey bee colony. American Bee Journal, 111(1), 20-21.
Alves, S. B., Marchini, L. C., Pereira, R. M., & Braumgratz, L. L. (1996). Effects of some insect pathogens on the Africanized honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae). Journal Applied of Entomology, 120(1), 559-564. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1996.tb01652.x
Caldararo, N. (2015). Social behaviour and the superorganism: implications for disease and stability in complex animal societies and colony collapse disorder in honeybees. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 13(1), 82-98. doi: 10.7906/indecs.13.1.10
Costa-Maia, F. M., Lino-Lourenço, D. A., & Toledo, V. A. (2010). Aspectos econômicos e sustentáveis da polinização por abelhas. In T. N. Martin, A. J. Waclawovsky, F. Kuss, A. S. Mendes, & E. J. Brun (Eds.), Sistemas de produção agropecuária (ciências agrárias, animais e florestais) (pp. 45-67). Dois Vizinhos: UTFPR.
Cruz-Landim, C. (2009) Abelhas: morfologia e função dos sistemas. São Paulo: UNESP.
Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Maggi, M. D., Palacios, S., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2011). Repellent and acaricidal effects of botanical extracts on Varroa destructor. Parasitology Research, 108(1), 79-86. doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2043-3
Faquinello, P., Toledo, V. de A. A. de, Martins, E. N., Oliveira, C. A. L. de, Sereia, M. J., Costa-Maia, F. M., & Ruvolo-Takasusuki, M. C. C. (2011). Parameters for royal jelly production in Africanized honeybees. Sociobiology, 57(3), 495-510. doi: 10.12795/spal.2002.i11.21.
Fell, R. D., & Morse, R. A. (1984). Emergency queen cell production in the honey bee colony. Insectes Sociaux, 31(3), 221-237. doi: 10.1007/BF02223608
Freitas, B. M., & Pinheiro, J. N. (2012). Polinizadores e pesticidas: princípios de manejo para os agroecossistemas brasileiros. Brasília: MMA.
Freitas, B. M., & Silva, C. I. (2015) O papel dos polinizadores na produção agrícola no Brasil. In Associação Brasileira de Estudos das Abelhas A.B.E.L.H.A., Agricultura e polinizadores (pp. 9-18). São Paulo, SP: A.B.E.L.H.A.
Gandhi, N. & Pillai, S. (2011). Control of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) by pulverized leaves of Punica granatum (Lythraceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13(4), 535-540. Recuperado de http://www.fspublishers.org/ search_ list2. php?title=Control%20of%20Rhyzopertha%20dominica%20(Coleoptera:%20Bostrichidae)%20by%20pulverized%20leaves%20of%20Punica%20granatum%20(Lythraceae)%20and%20Murraya%20koenigii%20(Rutaceae)
Gandhi, N., Pillai, S., & Patel, P. (2010) Efficacy of pulverized Punica granatum (Lythraceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) leaves against stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(4), 616-620. Recuperado de http://www.fspublishers.org/search_list2.php?title=Efficacy%20of%20pulverized%20Punica%20granatum%20(Lythraceae)%20and%20Murraya%20koenigii%20(Rutaceae)%20leaves%20against%20stored%20grain%20pest%20Tribolium%20castaneum%20(Coleoptera:%20Tenebrionidae)
García-Fernández, P., Santiago-Álvarez, C., & Quesada-Moraga, E. (2008). Pathogenicity and thermal biology of mitosporic fungi as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie, 39(6), 662-673. doi: 10.1051/apido
Hamiduzzaman, M. M., Sinia, A., Guzman-Novoa, E., & Goodwin, P. H. (2012). Entomopathogenic fungi as potential biocontrol agents of the ecto-parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, and their effect on the immune response of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 111(3), 237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.09.001
Kaplan, J. (2012). Colony collapse disorder: an incomplete puzzle. Agricultural Research, 18(7), 4-8. Recuperado de https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2012/jul/colony.
Kaspar, B., Klaus, E., & Friedrich, R. (2007). Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker effects - A BLUP-Animal Model approach. Apidologie, 38(1), 77-85. doi: 10.1051/apido:2006050
Lu, C., Warchol, K. M., & Callahan, R. A. (2012). In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder. Bulletin of Insectology, 65(1), 99-106. Recuperado de http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/ vol65-2012-099-106lu.pdf
Meikle, W. G., Mercadier, G., Holst, N., Nansen, C., & Girod, V. (2007). Duration and spread of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes), used to treat varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100
Meikle, W. G., Mercadier, G., Holst, N., Nansen, C., & Girod, V. (2008). Impact of a treatment of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) on honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony health and on Varroa destructor mites (Acari: Varroidae). Apidologie, 39(2), 247-259. doi: 10.1051/apido:2007057
Metorima, F. N., Costa-Maia, F. M., Halak, A. L., Parpinelli, R. S., & Toledo, V. A. (2015). Morphometric measurements of Africanized honeybee queens kept in an incubator or in queen banking. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1), 91-96. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i1.24006
Oldroyd, B. P., & Goodman, R. D. (1990). On the relative importance of queens and workers to honey production. Apidologie, 21(2), 153-159. doi: 10.1051/apido:19900209
Potrich, M., Silva, R. T. L., Costa-Maia, F. M., Lozano, E. R., Rossi, R. M., Colombo, F. C., & Gouvea, A. de. (2018). Effect of entomopathogens on Africanized Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 62(1), 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.rbe.2017.12.002
Potrich, M., Silva, R. T. L., Maciel, R. M. A., Costa-Maia, F. M. C., Lozano, E. R., Rossi, R. M., Dallacort, S. (2020). Are plant extracts safe for honey bees (Apis mellifera)? Journal of Apicultural Research. doi: 10.1080/00218839.2020.1735733
Roja, M. G., Elliott, R. B., & Morales-Ramos, J. A. (2018) Mortality of Solenopsis invicta workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) after indirect exposure to spores of three entomopathogenic fungi. Journal of Insect Science, 18(3), 1-8. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iey050
Rucker, R. R., & Thurman, W. N. (2012). Colony collapse disorder: the market response to the bee disease. Montana: PERC Policy Series. Recuperado de https://www.perc.org/wp-content/uploads/old/ps50.pdf.
Silva, A. B., & Brito, J. M. (2015). Controle biológico de insetos-pragas e suas perspectivas para o futuro. Agropecuária Técnica, 36(1), 248-258. doi: 10.25066/agrotec.v36i1.26306
Silva, F. A. S. Assistat 7.7. (2014) Software estatístico. Campina Grande, PB: Assistência Estatística, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola do CTRN - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande.
Souza, D. A. de, Bezzera-Laure, M. A. F., Francoy, T. M., & Gonçalves, L. S. (2013). Experimental evaluation of the reproductive quality of Africanized queen bees (Apis mellifera) on the basis of body weight at emergence. Genetics and Molecular Research, 12(4), 5382-5391. doi: 10.4238/2013.November.7.13
Souza, D. A. de, Wang, Y., Kaftanoglu, O., De Jong, D., Amdam, G. V., Gonçalves, L. S., & Francoy, T. M. (2015). Morphometric identification of queens, workers, intermediates in in vitro reared honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS ONE, 10(4), 1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123663
Tarpy, D., Hatch, S., & Fletcher, D. (2000). The influence of queen age and quality during queen replacement in honeybee colonies. Animal Behaviour, 59(1), 97-101. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1999.1311
Tautz, F. (2010). O Fenômeno das abelhas. São Paulo, SP: Artmed.
Tofilski, A., & Czekonska, K. (2004). Emergency queen rearing in honeybee colonies with brood of known age. Apidologie, 35(3), 275-282. doi: 10.1051/apido :2004014
Uchôa, F. de A. B., Souza, D. C., Alves, A. A., Silva, F. A. S., Moura, J. de A., Nunes, J. R. A., & Sousa, J. da S. (2012). Effect of weight of Africanized queens (Apis mellifera L.) at birth in honey production in semi-arid Piauiense. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido, 8(1), 1-6. doi: 10.30969/acsa.v8i2.172
vanEngelsdorp, D., & Otis, G. W. (2000). Application of a modified selection index for honey bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(6), 1606-1612. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1606
vanEngelsdorp, D., Traynor, K. S., Andree, M., Lichtenberg, E. M., Chen, Y., Saegerman, C., & Cox-Foster, D. L. (2017). Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and bee age impact honey bee pathophysiology. PLoS ONE, 12(7), 1-24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179535
Woyke, J. (1971). Correlations between the age at which honeybee brood was grafted, characteristics of the resultant queens, and results of insemination. Journal of Apicultural Research, 10(1), 45-55. doi: 10.1080/00218839.1971.11099669
Xavier, V. M., Message, D., Picanço, M. C., Chediak, M., Santana, P. A., Jr., Ramos, R. S., & Martins, J. C. (2015). Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of botanical insecticides to honey bees. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iev110
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2020-06-17
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Potrich, M., Colombo, F. C., Zanon, A. C., Lozano, E. R., Maciel, R. M. A., Tedesco, F. G., … Costa-Maia, F. M. (2020). Control agents on the quality of Africanized honeybee queens. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 41(5), 1773–1762. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1773
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